15ce021mjp JRP Jjberectionofbuilding11 03 2015 PDF

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ERECTION OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION EASY TO MADE
Conference Paper · April 2015
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Dr. Jayeshkumar Pitroda Jaydev JAGMOHANDAS Bhavsar

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International Conference on: “Engineering: Issues, opportunities and Challenges for Development”
ISBN: 978-81-929339-1-7
ERECTION OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION EASY

TO MADE
Mohak Patel1, Jayeshkumar Pitroda2, J.J.Bhavsar3
Final Year Student, ME C E & M., BVM Engineering College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India 1
Assistant professor, Civil Engineering Dept., BVM Engineering College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India 2
Associate professor, Civil Engineering Dept., BVM Engineering College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India 3
Abstract: Buildings and installations should be designed of such prefabricated component

which, while being functionally efficient, would also meet erection effectiveness
requirements. The process effectiveness of a structure is a degree of feasibility of its
manufacture, transportation and erection with minimum consumption of materials, labor and
other resources. The erection effectiveness is ease of erection with minimum consumption of
Labor, time and other means. Characteristic of erection effectiveness are an efficient pre-
assembly of structures, relatively equal weights of erection units, high degree of
prefabrication and accuracy of manufacture, and last but not the simplicity of butt joints and
provision of fastening devices.
Keywords: Erection,Preafabrication, labour,Easy Construction
I. INTRODUCTION
(a)Definition
Erection is a process of the structure is erected in accordance with the sequential erection
procedure, pre –assembly of member and the movement and location of heavy members are
considered perior to installation.
(b) Overview of erection
An erection cycle is a series of operations for placing a component in its design
position. The operations requiring an erecting crane and, therefore, consumption of machine
time are as follows: slinging, lifting and delivering the component to a point of erection,
guiding, positioning and placing it in design position, temporary fastening of components,
unslinging and returning load-lifting hook to the initial position.
The operations which require no cranes and are performed with the use of fastening-
and-trueing and other devices comprise trueing of components and their final fastening in
design position.
11th April, 2015, S.N. Patel Institute of Technology & Research Centre, Umrakh, Bardoli 1
ISBN: 978-81-929339-1-7
The time necessary for slinging, lifting, carrying to place of installation and
unslinging varies negligibly, as it is governed mainly by the skill of erectors and; to a lesser
degree, by the design of slinging devices. The duration of operations involving guidance,
spatial orientation, placement and unslinging the component may vary greatly depending on
the efficiency of slinging arrangements. These operations account for 50 to 60% of the total
erection cycle time, and for up to 70% of labor requirements. As all the now available
erecting cranes are provided with a flexible suspension of the load-lifting hook, the main
problem in reducing the necessary time and enhancing the precision of erection is to limit the
freedom of movement of a component being erected. A semi-positive method which involves
the use of various kinds of jigs and fixtures accurately position elements.
The limited-free and the semi-positive methods are the ones most frequently used
currencies. These methods are bound to produce, sometime in the future, a positive method,
wherein the accurate positioning of components will be achieved not only through the use of
special self-fastening component connectors, but also by a coordinated and controllable
motion of a component throughout the erection cycle.
II.ERECTION OPRATING CYCLE

Erecting structural steelwork for building construction takes place in a dynamic,
changing environment where there are many hazards and risks. Proper and timely planning
and coordination are the most effective ways to manage those hazards and risks. Projects
involving structural steel construction have four main stages where risks to health and safety
need to be considered: Design, Fabrication,Transport, Erection
The erection of component structures involves preparatory and main stages. The
"preparatory stage includes transportation, storage and pre-assembly, whereas the main stage
of the erection work comprises preparation for lifting, lifting, trueing and temporarily
fastening structures, grouting joints and applying anticorrosion coats.
Schematic of erection work organization
1. Manufacturing Plant
2. Central area preassembly
3. Site storage
4. Area for preassembly of structures in to units
5. Area for manufacturing structures
6. Installation being buit
ISBN: 978-81-929339-1-7
Figure 1 Schematic variants of the prefabricated component erection organization
The figure 1 illustrates schematic variants of the prefabricated component erection

organization.
Steps 1 and 6. Delivery of pre-assembled structures directly from the manufacturing
works and their erection from transport vehicles. (An example of such organization is the
erection of buildings by assembly of large-size panels or box-type components.)
Steps 1, 2 and 6. Intermediate storage of components of structures in a central pre-
assembly area and their subsequent transportation to areas served by an erecting crane. (This
variant is suitable for sites with a large-volume of erection work, metal structures, then being
shipped from manufacturers as transportable elements which are put together at a central pre-
assembly area.)
Steps 1, 4 and 6 or 1, 2, 4 and 6. Delivery of elements of constructions to the site and
their pre-assembly into erection units in an area swept by an erecting crane. (This procedure
has found a successful application for erecting blast furnaces, various shell-type const-
ructions, roofs of industrial buildings and others.)
Steps 1, 3, and 6 or 1, 2, 3 and 6. Delivery of structures from manufacturing works or
from pre-assembly area and their storage at a construction site in an area where an erecting
crane is available. (This version results from particular conditions at the site or the poor
organization of erection work.)
Steps 5 and 6. Manufacture of structures directly in an area provided with an erecting
crane.
ISBN: 978-81-929339-1-7
III.METHOD OF ERECTION BUILDINGS

(a) Erection of Multi – Story Frame Buildings
When two cranes are employed, they are arranged so as to eliminate dead areas, i.e area not
served by the cranes. Also, their boom should not interfere each other operation. For these the
cranes are spaced more than two radii of reach apart so as to provide a space sufficient for
their safe operation. Sometime the cranes operate in sequence, with one lagging behind the
others. The cranes are then spaced apart at a distance greater than two radii of the boom
reach. Wall construction is erected simultaneously with the load bearing elements of the
framework or in a separate sequence. Shown in figure 2.
Fig:2 Erection of multi story frame building

Source: http://www.fgg.uni-lj.si/~/pmoze/ESDEP/master/wg10/l0100.htm
Composite beam and composite floor slab
Composite construction consists of downst and I-section steel beams with shear connectors
welded to the top flange to enable the beam to act compositely with an in-situ composite floor
slab. In residential buildings, the beams are usually chosen to be shallow so that the overall
floor depth is less than 500mm. The maximum span of these beams is normally about 30
times their depth (therefore up to 9m), which is within the range of application in residential
buildings.
The composite slab comprises profiled steel decking of various shapes that span 3 to 4m
between secondary beams. Composite floor slabs are typically 130 mm to 150mm deep in
residential buildings, depending on the deck height.
ISBN: 978-81-929339-1-7
The profiled steel decking supports the wet weight of the concrete and construction loading.
Sufficient composite action occurs between the decking and concrete so that it is generally
the construction condition that controls the maximum spans that can be achieved. Where the
decking is propped during construction, longer spans can be achieved.
a. Steel beam and precast concrete slab
In the residential sector, precast concrete slabs are often used, and they may be supported
on steel beams that align with the walls so that they do not project into the room space.
The precast concrete slabs may be designed to act compositely with the steel beams and if so,
the steel beams must be at least 190mm wide to provide support to the precast units and to
allow sufficient space around the shear connectors.
b. Slim floor beams with precast concrete slabs
In shallow floor construction, the steel beam and floor slab occupy the same depth so that
an uninterrupted floor is created without down-stand beams. Slim floor beams generally
consist of sections with a steel plate welded on the bottom flange, so that the plate supports
the floor slab, which may be in the form of a precast concrete slab or a composite slab with
deep decking. Asymmetric slim floor beams can also be used. These are beams with a bottom
flange wider than the top flange and can span up to 9m. This is similar to the distance that can
be spanned by a precast floor slab, although for residential buildings, spans of 6 to 8m are
more typical.
A 60 to 100mm thick concrete topping provides a level floor surface and adds to
the acoustic insulation and fire resistance of the floor. The partial encasement of the steel
section in the concrete means that 60 minutes fire resistance can be achieved without
additional fire protection.
c. procurment
Procurement in the residential building sector is generally contractor or developer-led. An
architect employed by the developer would first prepare the scheme drawings for planning
approval, which would include the materials to be used in the facade and roof but not
necessarily in the primary structure. For medium–rise buildings, solutions in concrete, steel
or timber would be equally feasible at this stage of the scheme design.
Having gained planning approval on a scheme layout, the detailed design would be
carried out to the level required for competitive tendering by a main contractor. The chosen
contractor‟s tender would be based on a form of construction that is most cost-effective for
ISBN: 978-81-929339-1-7
the particular project and location, which would depend on issues such as site logistics,
availability of suitable sub-contractors, minimum ground and temporary works, etc.
Steel technologies would be considered strongly at this stage because they are procured
through specialist sub-contractors with a proven track record, and are installed rapidly on site
with minimum contractual risk. The design of the light steel structure is carried out by the
specialist supplier and coordinated with the overall building design. The specialist supplier
would generally carry out the site installation.
A recent important innovation is that of Building Information Management (BIM)
systems in which the design team, contractor and specialist suppliers share in a common
design and drawing system. Steel systems of all types are designed and detailed by
compatible software that is used in the manufacturing process and can be incorporated into
the BIM system easily.
d. Economic benefits of steel construction in residential buildings
Table 1 shows the Economic benefits of steel construction in residential buildings.
TABLE:1 ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION IN RESIDENTIAL

BUILDINGS
Factor Improvement Economic benefit

Speed of 20 to 40% reduction in The economic benefit depends on the
construction construction time relative to type of project- for example, a student
site-intensive construction, residence has to be delivered often
depending on the scale of the within one academic year. For
project residential buildings, an individual
apartment cannot be occupied until the
building is complete and so there is an
imperative for speed of construction in
terms of cash flow
Site Site management costs are Site management costs can be reduced
management reduced because of the shorter by 20 to 30% which can lead to a 3 to
costs construction period 4% saving in terms of overall building
cost.
ISBN: 978-81-929339-1-7
Minimum floor Slim floor systems have been A 5% reduction in floor to floor height
to floor height developed to minimise the can lead to one additional floor in 20,
overall floor zone to as little as and to a similar reduction in cladding
400mm including a resilient cost, which is equivalent to about 1% in
floor covering and ceiling total building cost. Floor to floor height
often must conform to multiples of brick
dimensions e.g. 2850 mm
Foundations Steel construction is less than Foundation costs for residential
half the weight of an buildings represent 5 to 10% of the
equivalent concrete structure, building cost. A 30% reduction in
which is equivalent to a 30% foundation loads can lead to a 1.5 to 3%
reduction in overall foundation overall saving in terms of construction
loads cost
Mixed-use Long span steel construction at The lightweight nature of the steel
buildings the podium level provides structure of the upper residential levels
more flexible use of space minimises the loads on the podium level
below, which depends on the and therefore saves on the cost of the
function of the building podium structure
Code for Achieving Code levels 4 and 5 The off-site nature of construction
Sustainable or 6 requires attention to many process and improved thermal and
Homescomplia factors that influence the Code acoustic insulation properties of steel
nce points scoring construction lead to additional Code
points
Source:http://www.steelconstruction.info/Residential_and_mixed-use_buildings
IV. SPEED OF CONSTRUCTION
All steel construction uses pre-fabricated components that are rapidly installed on site. Short
construction periods leads to savings in site preliminaries, earlier return on investment and
reduced interest charges. Speed of construction in urban residential projects is important to
minimise disturbance to adjoining properties.
a. Cranes
Multi-storey structures are often erected using a tower crane. The number of cranes required
on a project is influenced by:
ISBN: 978-81-929339-1-7
The site „footprint‟ cranes provide a sensible coverage of the building site, including off-
loading of materials.
The size of the project ca more than one crane be utilised effectively.
Commercial decisions on cost and programme benefits.
b. Light weight
Steel structures weigh less than half of an equivalent concrete structure and light steel
framing or modular systems weigh less than a quarter of a concrete structure, which saves on
foundation costs, and on the supporting podium costs in a mixed-use building.
c. Quality and safety
Off-site prefabrication improves quality by factory controlled production, and reduces

dependency on site trades and the weather. Working in a controlled, manufacturing
environment is substantially safer than working on site. The use of pre-fabricated components
reduces site activity for frame construction by up to 75%, thereby substantially contributing
to overall construction safety.
V.FACTORS AFFECTING CRITERIAS OF ERECTION
The capacity of latticed tower number and connection can be described by relatively simply
formulae. Modeling and designing is relatively easy. Deflection of guyed lattices tower will
be much higher as compared to self supported tower and monopoles. The dynamic overall
behavior of lattice tower is ideal for wind turbines. The configuration of lattice tower can be
easily adjusted to accommodate several electric circuits and various types of conductor
configurations. An erection problem is when a man can not get or keep an erection that is
firm enough to have intercourse. You may be unable to get an erection wall or you may lose
the erection during intercourse before you are ready. If the condition continuous , it is called
erectile by function.
(a) Construction equipment
Only trained and qualified operate construction equipment. Crew member should wear high
visibility clothes when working with or near construction equipment, especially cranes. Have
a predetermined method of communication between equipment operators and crew members.
Electrical equipment never climb a tower when the turbine is running or spinning. Never try
ISBN: 978-81-929339-1-7
to “catch” a runway rotor on the tower. If necessary and appropriate, use rope or straps to
secure the rotor to the naclle. Never secure the rotor directly to the tower , as blade damage is
likely to occur if the machine yaws.
VI.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

(a) Advantages
1) High capacity- enabling the realization of important projects.
2) Factory made products.
3) Shorter construction time- less than half of conventional cast in situ construction.
4) Independent of adverse weather conditions during construction.
5) Continuing erection during winter time until -20 °C.
6) Quality surveillance system.
7) Opportunities for good architecture.
8) Healthy buildings.
9) Reduced energy consumption.
10) Environmentally friendly way of building with optimum use of materials, recycling of
waste products, less noise and dust etc.
11) Cost effective solutions.
12) Reduction in construction time.
13) Safety in construction.
14) Increase in the quality of construction.
15) Reduction of construction waste.
b. Disadvantages
Leaks can form in the joints in prefabricated components.
1) Transportation costs may be higher for voluminous prefabricated sections than for the
materials of which they are made, which can often be packed more efficiently.
2) Large prefabricated sections require heavy-duty cranes and precision measurement
and handling to place in position.
3) Larger groups of buildings of the same type of prefabricated elements tend to look
drab and monotonous.
ISBN: 978-81-929339-1-7
VII.CASE STUDIES OF MULTI STORY FRAME BUILDING

A. Case Study – 1 [Forum Mall, Bengaluru]
Fig 3: City Center Mall

Source: http://www.steelconstruction.info/Cost_of_structural_steelwork
1) Forum Mall Intelligent Building Details:
High rise construction (10-15 storeys) is a typical feature of city centre construction. These
buildings will often require longer structural grid spans to achieve more open space in the
lettable floor areas, increasing the weight of the steel frame. To maximise floor-to-ceiling
heights and increase flexibility for the building fit out, cellular beams may be adopted with
openings through the web for the distribution of services. Shown in figure 3.
City centre buildings are generally constructed on existing confined or irregular sites, which
influence the building form and is likely to prevent the use of a regular column grid and may
result in alterations to floor plates on the upper storeys. In mixed-useschemes, transfer
structuresmay reduce the wider grids of office or retail areas at lower levels to a more
rationalised residential grid on upper floors. All of these factors contribute to a higher
average weight of the steel frame, typically 75-85kg/m² including fittings and, along with the
increased complexity, result in significantly higher structural frame cost ranges than for the
simpler, more regular low rise buildings.
The rate range given in the cost table below is generally applicable for buildings up to about
15 storeys; tall buildings above 15 storeys start to have fewer comparables in terms of
benchmarks and are likely to have a much higher proportion of complex elements, non-
ISBN: 978-81-929339-1-7
standard sectionssections and complicated logistics, especially when constructed on tight city
centre sites. The rate range for tall buildings can be 15-20% higher than the top of the
standard range.
CONCLUSION
From the literature review and case studies it has been concluded that, Erection of building. It
can be said that Erection of building is very important modern construction technique in the
context of economy, facility, modern technology and comfort. It is very useful for special
purpose projects like for the use of residential building, parking area, industrial flooring like
flooring of large area, it has minimum consumption of materials, labour and time, Decrease
project cost And nowadays Erection multi story building process are very easily used in the
construction residential using any modern techniques and machineries.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The Authors thankfully acknowledge Dr. C. L. Patel, Chairman, Charutar Vidya Mandal,
Er.V.M.Patel, Hon. Jt. Secretary, Charutar Vidya Mandal, Dr. F.S.Umrigar, Principal, BVM
Engineering College, Dr. L. B. Zala, Professor and Head, Civil Engineering Department,
BVM Engineering College, Prof. J. J. Bhavsar, Associate Professor and P.G. Coordinator
(Construction Engineering and Management), B.V.M. Engineering College, Mr. Yatinbhai
Desai, Jay Maharaj construction, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India for their motivations,
infrastructural support and cooperation to carry out this research.
REFERENCES
[1] A Guide to Restraining steel( vic road, December 1998)
[2] Approved Document L1A(Conservation of fuel and power (New dewelling)2013. Department of
Communities and Local Government
[3] BS EN 520:2004+A1:2009 Gypsum plasterboards. Definitions, requirements and test methods. BSI
[4] Building Regulations England and Wales Approved Document Part E Resistance to the Passage of Sound,
2003 incorporating 2004 and 2010 Amendments
[5] Code for Sustainable Homes Setting the Sustainability Standards for New Homes, 2008 and Summary of
Technical Changes, 2010
[6] Code of practice for worksite safety, Trafic management (via road, December 2004)
[7] http://www.nzi.co.nz/Policy%20Wording/NZI%20Erection%20All%20Risks%20Policy%20Wording%20(
NZ2138-3).pdf
[8] http://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/13032/Safe_Erections_Web.pdf
[9] http://www.steelconstruction.info/Construction
[10] http://www.steel-insdag.org/teachingmaterial/chapter41.pdf
ISBN: 978-81-929339-1-7
[11] http://www.rigidbuilding.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/steel-buildings-erection-safety-manual.pdf
[12] http://kirby.vn/images/Erection%20method%20statement.pdf
[13] http://www.steelconstruction.info/Cost_of_structural_steelwork
[14] http://www.steelconstruction.info/Multi-storey_office_buildings
[15] https://www.google.co.in/search?q=multi+storey+framed+building&espv=2&biw=1366&bih=585&tbm=is
ch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=E07rVPzFIZOiugTd9oKYCw&ved=0CCgQsAQ#imgdii=_
[16] http://www.steelconstruction.info/Construction
[17] Smart LIFE - Lessons Learned. BRE Press, 2008
[18] The Green Guide to Specification, 4th ed., BRE and Oxford Brookes University, 2009.
AUTHOR’S BIOGRAPHY
Mohak Patel was born in 1992 in Surat City. He received his Bachelor of
Engineering degree in Civil Engineering from the Chotubhai Gopalbhai
Patel Iintsitude of technology(maliba), Gujarat Technological University,
in 2014. At present, he is First year student of Master's Degree in
Construction Engineering & Management from Birla Vishvakarma
Mahavidyalaya, Gujarat Technological University. He has published
papers in National Conferences.
Prof. Jayeshkumar R. Pitroda received his Bachelor of Engineering

degree in Civil Engineering from the Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya,
Sardar Patel University in 2000. In 2009 he received his Master's Degree
in Construction Engineering and Management from Birla Vishvakarma
Mahavidyalaya, Sardar Patel University. He joined Birla Vishvakarma
Mahavidyalaya Engineering College as a faculty in 2009, where he is
Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering Department with a total
experience of 14 years in the field of Research, Designing and education.
He is guiding M.E. (Construction Engineering & Management) Thesis
work in the field of Civil/Construction Engineering. He has published
many papers in National Conferences and International Journals.
Prof. Jaydevbhai J. Bhavsar received his Bachelor of Engineering degree

in Civil Engineering from the Birla VishvakarmaMahavidyalaya, Sardar
Patel University in 1978. In 1986 he received his Master's Degree in
Building Science and Technology from University of Roorkee. He joined
Birla VishvakarmaMahavidyalaya Engineering College as a faculty
where he is an Assistant lecturer of Civil Engineering Department with a
total experience of 32 years in the field of Research, Designing and
education. He is guiding M.E. (Construction Engineering &
Management) Thesis work in the field of Civil/ Construction
Engineering. He has published many papers in National Conferences and
International Journals.
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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

ERECTION OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION EASY TO MADE

Conference Paper · April 2015

Dr. Jayeshkumar Pitroda Jaydev JAGMOHANDAS Bhavsar

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Construction Management Approach View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

ERECTION OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION EASY

Abstract: Buildings and installations should be designed of such prefabricated component

Keywords: Erection,Preafabrication, labour,Easy Construction

II.ERECTION OPRATING CYCLE

Figure 1 Schematic variants of the prefabricated component erection organization

The figure 1 illustrates schematic variants of the prefabricated component erection

III.METHOD OF ERECTION BUILDINGS

Fig:2 Erection of multi story frame building

Composite beam and composite floor slab

d. Economic benefits of steel construction in residential buildings

Table 1 shows the Economic benefits of steel construction in residential buildings.

TABLE:1 ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION IN RESIDENTIAL

Factor Improvement Economic benefit

IV. SPEED OF CONSTRUCTION

Commercial decisions on cost and programme benefits.

c. Quality and safety

Off-site prefabrication improves quality by factory controlled production, and reduces

V.FACTORS AFFECTING CRITERIAS OF ERECTION

(a) Construction equipment

VI.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Leaks can form in the joints in prefabricated components.

VII.CASE STUDIES OF MULTI STORY FRAME BUILDING

Fig 3: City Center Mall

1) Forum Mall Intelligent Building Details:

Prof. Jayeshkumar R. Pitroda received his Bachelor of Engineering

Prof. Jaydevbhai J. Bhavsar received his Bachelor of Engineering degree

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