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Dysthymia 6%
2. SEROTONIN
- most commonly associated with
depression
- depletion of serotonin may precipitate
depression
3. DOPAMINE
- reduced in depression; increased in mania;
D1 receptors and mesolimbic dopamine
pathway.
4. OTHERS
- Abnormal levels of choline
- Reductions of GABA
- G proteins or other second messengers.
- Hypercortisolema
- elevated basal thyroid-stimulating hormone
(TSH) level or an increased TSH response to
a 500-mg infusion of the hypothalamic
neuropeptide thyroid-releasing hormone
(TRH).
• NEUROANATOMY:
- limbic system, basal ganglia and the
hypothalamus
C. Genetic
- if one parent has a mood disorder,
a child will have a risk of between 10 and 25
percent for mood disorder.
II. Psychosocial Factors
2. Personality Factors
- Persons with certain personality disorders: OCD,
histrionic, and borderline, may be at greater risk for
depression
3. Cognitive Theory
Aaron Beck postulated a cognitive triad of
depression that consists of :
(1) views about the self : a negative self-precept;
(2) about the environment: a tendency to experience
the world as hostile and demanding, and
(3) about the future : the expectation of suffering and
failure.
4. Learned Helplessness
A. The criteria are met both for a manic episode and for a
major depressive episode nearly every day during at
least a 1-week period.