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Thermal insulation materials are specifi- There are three general material types Cellular Insulations
cally designed to reduce the heat flow into which thermal insulation materials
by limiting heat conduction, convection, can be categorized. Cellular insulations contain small indi-
radiation or all three while performing vidual cells separated from each other.
one or more of the following functions: The cellular material may be glass or
Fibrous Insulations foamed plastic such as polystyrene
Conserving energy by reducing heat (closed cell), polyurethane, polyiso-
loss or gain Fibrous insulations are composed of cyanurate, polyolefin, or elastomer.
small diameter fibers which finely divide
Controlling surface temperatures for
the air space. The fibers may be perpen-
personnel protection and comfort
dicular or parallel to the surface being Granular Insulations
Facilitating vapor flow and water insulated, and they may or may not be
condensation of a process bonded together. Granular insulations have small nodules
Silica, glass, rock wool, slag wool and which contain voids or hollows. These
Increasing operating efficiency of
alumina silica fibers are used. The most are not considered true cellular materials
heating / ventilating / cooling, plumb-
widely used insulations of this type are since gas can be transferred between
ing, steam, process and power
glass fiber and mineral wool. the individual spaces. This type may be
systems found in commercial and
produced as a loose or pourable mate-
industrial installations
rial, or combined with a binder and
Assisting mechanical systems in fibers to make a rigid insulation.
meeting standard criteria in food and
cosmetic plants Examples of these insulations are
calcium silicate, expanded vermiculite,
perlite, cellulose, diatomaceous earth
and expanded polystyrene.
2
Main Modes of Heat Transfer
Convection is usually the dominant form Radiation is the only form of heat trans- Conduction is the most significant
of heat transfer in liquids and gases. fer that can occur in the absence of means of heat transfer in a solid. On a
Convection comprises the combined any form of medium (i.e., in a vacuum). microscopic scale, conduction occurs as
effects of conduction and fluid flow. In Thermal radiation is based on the emis- hot, rapidly moving or vibrating atoms
convection, enthalpy transfer occurs by sion of electromagnetic radiation, which and molecules interact with neighboring
the movement of hot or cold portions of carries energy away from the surface. At atoms and molecules, transferring some
the fluid/gas together with heat transfer the same time, the surface is constantly of their energy (heat) to these neigh-
by conduction. bombarded by radiation from the sur- boring atoms. The free movement of
roundings, resulting in the transfer of electrons also contributes to conductive
energy to the surface. heat transfer. To quantify the ease with
which a particular medium conducts,
the thermal conductivity, also known
as the conduction coefficient, λ, has
been employed. The thermal conduc-
tivity λ is defined as the quantity of
heat, Q, transmitted in time (t) through
a thickness (x), in a direction normal to
a surface of area (A), due to a tempera-
ture difference (∆T).
. T - T . ∆T
Q = -λ A 2 1 ; q = -λ
∆ x ∆ x
3
Testing Insulation Materials
During development and quality control, How is a particular insulation materi- To answer questions like these, mate-
the extent to which thermal insulation al performing? rial properties such as thermal diffu-
materials fulfill their performance expec- sivity and thermal conductivity must
How can I insulate cryo tanks in the
tations is continuously scrutinized. Some be known. To analyze insulations with
best possible way?
of the questions which arise include: respect to their heat transfer behavior, a
What is the optimum insulation for heat flow meter (HFM) or guarded hot
furnaces operating under different plate (GHP) is usually used.
temperature, gas or pressure condi-
tions? For highly conductive ceramics, metals
or diamond composites, the Laser Flash
What is the heating / cooling load of
method (LFA) is often employed. The
a building?
thermal conductivity of refractory mate-
How does this change with the rials is determined on large samples with
weather, and how can I improve it? hot wire systems.
In addition, further thermophysical
How can I improve the heat transfer
properties such as specific heat (cp) can
from an electronic component?
be analyzed with high-temperature
How do I design a heat exchanger differential scanning calorimeters (DSC),
system to achieve the required while density and length changes can
efficiency, and what are the best be investigated with dilatometers.
materials to use?
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4
Standards for Testing of
Insulation Materials
5
Determination of Thermal Conductivity – Instruments
Thermal Conductivity
λ
The R value is a measure of thermal k= = U value (k value)
d
resistance used in the building and
construction industry. The higher the
number, the better the effectiveness of
the building insulation. R value is the
reciprocal of U value.
d
R= = thermal resistance
λ .
(∆T = R q)
6
Thermal Conductivity Tester
TCT 426
Principle of Operation
Measurement Techniques
Additional Information
visit www.netzsch.com/n22123
7
Determination of Thermal Conductivity – Instruments
visit www.netzsch.com/n12511
8
Principle of Operation
Thickness gauge
Load
Load
Hoisting device The sample is placed between two
heated plates set at different tempera-
Upper heat sink tures. The heat flow through the sample
acquisition system
is measured by heat flux transducers.
Hot plate
After reaching thermal equilibrium,
Heat flux transducer
Direction of
the test is carried out. Only the sample
Test sample
heat flow center is used for analysis. The heat flux
Heat flux transducer transducer output is calibrated with a
Cold plate NIST certified reference standard.
Peltier system
Lower heat sink
Cooling system
Schematic design of the NETZSCH HFM 436/3/1 Lambda (plate temperatures between 0°C and 100°C)
Plate Temperature Ranges Fixed, 0°C to 40°C Variable, 0°C to 100°C Variable, -30°C to 90°C Variable, -20°C to 70°C
Cooling System Forced Air Forced Air External Chiller External Chiller
Plate Temperature Control Peltier System Peltier System Peltier System Peltier System
Number of Programmable
1 10 10 10
Temperatures
Specimen Size (L x W x H) mm 305 x 305 x 100 305 x 305 x 100 305 x 305 x 100 610 x 610 x 200
Thermal Conductivity Range 0.002 to 2.0 W/(m·K) 0.002 to 2.0 W/(m·K) 0.002 to 2.0 W/(m·K) 0.002 to 1.0 W/(m·K)
Accuracy ± 1 to 3 % ± 1 to 3 % ± 1 to 3 % ± 1 to 3 %
Dimensions (L x W x H) mm 480 x 630 x 510 480 x 630 x 510 480 x 630 x 510 800 x 950 x 800
9
Determination of Thermal Conductivity – Instruments
The GHP 456 Titan® is the ideal tool vacuum-tight housing. Depending on Unique Features
for researchers and scientists in the the pump employed (rotary or turbo
field of insulation testing. Based on pump systems), measurements can be Motorized hoist for the vacuum
the well-known, standardized guarded carried out under vacuum down to 10-4 housing and plates
hot plate technique (see page 5), mbar (0.01 Pa) as well as under very Artificial environment (sectional fur-
the system features unrivaled perfor- pure atmospheres (oxidizing or inert) nace) for reduced lateral heat loss
mance. Aluminum plates are used to or defined pressure levels. The system High-resolution temperature meas-
cover a temperature range from -160°C is fully symmetrical and requires two urement (1 mK) using separately
to 250°C. The GHP principle is based samples for each test. This arrangement calibrated temperature sensors
on an absolute measurement method ensures the maximum possible accuracy Guaranteed mechanical stability of
and therefore requires no calibration of better than 2%. Each plate, the guard the plates even at minimum or maxi-
standards. ring and the furnace are connected to a mum service temperature
The instrument works with sheeted, indi- separate control system and a stabilized Elimination of radial heat flow via
vidually calibrated PT100 resist- power supply. The fully-digital five-stage wiring (sensors, power supply)
ance temperature sensors (resolution PID control system ensures that plate Newly developed computerized
1 mK, accuracy in the range of temperatures are reached quickly and temperature control system for
100 mK). The plate stack is placed in a that perfect stability is achieved. increased test speed
10
Principle of Operation
Thermal conductivity
0 to 2 W/(m·K)
range
11
Determination of Specific Heat – Enthalpies –
Mass Change – Composition
12
DSC Analysis Possibilities TG Analysis Possibilities Complete System Solutions
Specific heat Mass changes Important hardware extensions, like
Melting / crystallization behavior Temperature stability automatic sample changers (ASC), and
Solid-solid transitions Oxidation software features make the DSC 404 F1
Polymorphism Reduction behavior Pegasus® and STA 449 F1 Jupiter® the
Degree of crystallinity Decomposition most versatile DSC and STA systems for
Glass transitions Corrosion studies research & development, quality assur-
Cross-linking reactions Compositional analysis ance, failure analysis and process opti-
Oxidative stability Thermokinetics mization. For evolved gas analysis, the
Purity determination systems can be coupled to a QMS and/
Thermokinetics or FT-IR system, even if equipped with
an automatic sample changer.
Additional Information
visit www.netzsch.com/n24271
13
Determination of Thermal Expansion –
Analysis of Resins in Fiber Insulation
Dilatometry (DIL)
For highly precise measurement of compounds, insulation materials, DIL Analysis Possibilities
dimension changes to solids, melts, glasses, ceramic products, composite
powders and pastes at a programmed materials, plastics, etc. Thermal expansion
temperature change and with negli- Coefficient of thermal expansion
gible sample strain, dilatometry (DIL) NETZSCH offers a broad variety of Expansivity
is the method of choice. Dilatometers pushrod dilatometers. All DIL instru- Volumetric expansion
have a wide range of applications, such ments fulfill the respective instrument Density change
as in the fabrication of metallic alloys, and applications standards for dilatom- Sintering temperature
compressed and sintered refractory etry and thermo-mechanical analysis. Shrinkage steps
Glass transition temperatures
Softening points
Phase transitions
Influence of additives
Additional Information Optimizing of firing processes
Rate-controlled sintering
visit www.netzsch.com/n20034
Kinetic studies
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Dielectric Analysis (DEA)
Excitation – Voltage
∆ Amplitude
+ +− + + − − − − −
− + − −
−
+
+ − −+ +
− −
+
+ − + + + + +
−
Behavior of ions and dipoles inside an external electrical field
15
Applications – Foam Insulations
There are four major rigid plastic foam expanded polystyrene (EPS). The rigid expansion agent is pentane. The most
insulations commonly used for residen- cellular structure provides thermal and important mechanical property of EPS
tial, commercial and industrial insu- acoustical insulation, strength with low insulation and building products is their
lation: expanded polystyrene (EPS), weight, and coverage with few heat loss resistance to compressive stresses which
extruded polystyrene (XPS), polyure- paths. Unlike the other common form of increase as the density becomes higher.
thane (PUR), and polyisocyanurate (PIR). polystyrene, extruded polystyrene, EPS is
not made using chlorofluorocarbons The thermal conductivity of such mate-
One of the most popular materials for (CFCs), which are harmful to the rials is generally within 0.02 and 0.045
the thermal insulation of buildings is environment. In the case of EPS, the W / (mK).
Polystyrene (PS)
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Extruded Polystyrene Foam (XPS)
17
Applications – Aerogels and Fiber Insulations
Aerogels
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Rock Mineral Wool
Rock mineral wool has excellent ther- High-tech production techniques are DEA Measurement
mal, acoustic and fire insulation proper- based on spinning molten rock on high-
ties. It has the flexibility to be used in a speed spinning wheels. For insulations, For the DEA measurement, a mineral
variety of unique applications ranging the fibers are typically bonded together wool infiltrated with the uncured resin
from traditional building to high-yield with a resin, reducing dust and allowing was analyzed. Presented is the logarithm
horticultural functions. Its high melting the formation of a more or less well- of the ion viscosity and loss factor of
temperatures (>1000°C) make it ideal defined block of material. the polyester resin on the wool versus
for fire protection and retardation. temperature. During heating, the ion
viscosity decreases above approx. 70°C
and the loss factor increases in the
same temperature range. This is due to
the softening of the dried resin. Above
153°C, the ion viscosity increases up to
approx. 237°C. This indicates a decrease
in the ion mobility and therefore repre-
sents the curing process of the resin.
The curing process is finished at this
temperature.
Curing process of
mineral wool infiltrated
with an uncured resin
19
Applications – Fiber Insulations
Temperature-Modulated DSC
Glass fiber insulation is a fibrous product Application temperatures vary from heat transfer, the effective thermal
manufactured from silicate sand and -40°C to 535°C. The same glass fiber conductivity decreases with higher
bonded together with specially formu- sample was measured at different loads density. However, due to the lower
lated resins. Glass is one of the most in the HFM 436, resulting in a different thickness, the thermal resistance
widely used insulations. It offers flexibility, thickness and therefore different density. decreases as well.
resiliency and superior thermal values. Due to a reduced radiative/convective
Thermal conductivity of the glass fiber insulation at different loads Thermal resistance of the glass fiber insulation at different loads
20
Glass Wool
Glass wool is a form of fiberglass where the fibers together. Due to its inter- STA Measurement
very thin strands of glass are arranged twined flexible fibers, glass wool offers
into a spongy texture similar to steel excellent fire-resistant properties as a The STA measurement (TGA-DSC)
wool. The cohesion and mechanical thermal insulation material and is also of glass wool (approx. 50 mg) was
strength of the product is achieved by widely used as an absorbent material in carried out between RT and 1400°C
the presence of a binder that cements acoustic treatments. under an air atmosphere. The three
massloss steps occurring up to
600°C are due to the evaporation of
humidity and the exothermic burn-up
of the organic binder. The step in the
DSC signal at 727°C is due to the
glass transition. The exothermic DSC
peak at 950°C (ΔH -287 J/g) is due to
crystallization; the endothermic effects
between approx. 1050°C and 1250°C
with an entire enthalpy of 549 J/g
are due to melting. It is likely that the
slight mass changes above 700°C are
STA measurement of a
due to oxidation and evaporation of
glass wool sample impurities.
21
Expertise in Service
All over the world, the name NETZSCH Installation and commissioning
stands for comprehensive support and Hotline service
expert, reliable service, before and Preventive maintenance
after sale. Our qualified personnel Calibration service
from the technical service and IQ / OQ / PQ
application departments are always On-site repairs with emergency
available for consultation. service for NETZSCH components
Moving / exchange service
In special training programs tailored Technical information service
for you and your employees, you will Spare parts assistance
learn to tap the full potential of your
instrument.
22
Our Expertise – Applications Laboratories
23
The NETZSCH Group is a mid-sized, family-owned German company engaging in
the manufacture of machinery and instrumentation with worldwide production,
sales, and service branches.
The three Business Units – Analyzing & Testing, Grinding & Dispersing and
Pumps & Systems – provide tailored solutions for highest-level needs. Over
3,000 employees at 163 sales and production centers in 28 countries across
the globe guarantee that expert service is never far from our customers.
When it comes to Thermal Analysis, Calorimetry (adiabatic & reaction) and the
determination of Thermophysical Properties, NETZSCH has it covered. Our 50 years
of applications experience, broad state-of-the-art product line and comprehensive
service offerings ensure that our solutions will not only meet your every requirement
but also exceed your every expectation.
NGB · Thermal Insulation Materials · EN · 500 · 0214 · LH · Technical specifications are subject to change.
www.netzsch.com/n13229
NETZSCH-Gerätebau GmbH
Wittelsbacherstraße 42
95100 Selb
Germany
Tel.: +49 9287 881-0
Fax: +49 9287 881 505
at@netzsch.com