CEBU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
& ARCHITECTURE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ACTIVITY BOOK & LABORATORY MANUAL

IN

MECHANICAL WORKSHOP THEORY AND PRACTICE

ME – 201

Marlito V. Patunob
Faculty, ME Department
Lead Author

Jonathan N. Reyes
Faculty, ME Department
Co-Author

3rd Revision (Nov. 2008)

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 LABORATORY GUIDELINES
The following guidelines apply generally to both lecture and laboratory classes, it must
be properly observed during class lecture activities and on hands-on laboratory classes.

 SAFETY – Mechanical workshop activities involves using basic hand tools, standard
machine tools and some special measuring instruments. If used improperly and
carelessly it can lead to accidents. Safety is the utmost importance inside the
workshop.

 PROPER CARE OF TOOLS AND MEASURING INSTRUMENTS – Hand tools

and measuring tools are expensive and it must be properly taken cared. Any tools or
instruments damaged by the student will be subjected for replacement of the same
kind.

 WEARING OF APRON – An approved apron must be worn at all times during

laboratory classes. A student without wearing an apron will not be allowed to work
inside the laboratory.

 PUNCTUALITY & PROMPTNESS – is required in both lecture and laboratory

classes as well as in submission of the required reports, project plans, working
drawings and laboratory projects. Penalties for absences and tardiness are severely
enforced. “No Make-up” policy applies to “No Show” cases whether excused or
unexcused.

 LABORATORY PROJECT MAKING – All individual or group project/s must be

made during the designated laboratory hours. Only the instructor can recommends
special sessions of make-up laboratory classes if the need arises. Project/s that were
proven made outside the school laboratory will not be accepted and will have a
corresponding grade of NC (No Credit).

 GRADING SYSTEM – the subject is a combined lecture and laboratory classes and
grades will be based on class standing and project making. The grade is computed as
follows:

Midterm Grade : 30% Prelim Exam + 40%Class Standing + 30% Midterm Exam

Final Grade : 20%Midterm Grade + 20%Final Class Standing + 20%Final Exam

+ 40% Project Making

Project Making : 20% Speed + 40% Accuracy + 40% Surface Finish

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 Table of Contents

Page

I. Laboratory Guidelines 1
II. Table of Contents 2
III. Safety in the Machine Shop 3
IV. Activity No.1 6
Title: Safety Signs and Slogans
V. Machine Shop Catechism 6
VI. Basic Measurement and Instruments 11
 Activity No.2 16
Title: Conversion of Units of Measurements
 Activity No.3 19
Title: Steel Rule Reading
VII. Precision Measuring Instruments 20
 Activity No.4 26
Title: Metric Vernier Caliper Reading
 Activity No.5 27
Title: English Vernier Caliper Reading
 Activity No.6 28
Title: Metric Micrometer Caliper Reading
 Activity No.7 29
Title: English Micrometer Caliper Reading
 Experiment No. 1 30
Title: Precision and Non-Precision Instruments
VIII. Hand Tools and Bench Work 33
 Experiment No. 2 40
Title: Familiarization of Hand Tools
IX. Basic Layout Tools and Accessories 42
 Experiment No. 3 45
Title: Sheet Metal Works
 Experiment No. 4 48
Title: Heat Treatment of Steels
 Experiment No. 5 51
Title: Welding

Safety in the Machine Shop

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Introduction
All hands and machine tools can be dangerous if used improperly or
carelessly. Working safely is of the first things a student should learn
because of the safe way is usually the most correct and efficient way. A
person learning to operate machine tools must first learn the safety
regulations and precautions for each tool or machine. Far too many
accidents are caused by carelessness in work habits and it can affect
someone for the rest of his life. A loss of eyesight due to not wearing of
safety glasses, or the loss of a limb due to loose clothing caught in the
machine. It is easier and much more sensible to develop safe work habits
than to suffer the consequences of an accident. Safety is everyone’s
business and responsibility. THINK SAFE, WORK SAFE, and BE
SAFE.

Safety on the job

The safety programs initiated by accident prevention associations,
safety councils, government agencies, and industrial firms are
constantly attempting to reduce the number of industrial accidents.
Accidents don’t just happen; they are caused. The cause of an
accident can usually be traced to carelessness on someone’s part.
Accidents can be avoided, and a person learning the machine shop
trade must first develop safe work habits. A safe worker should:

 Be neat, tidy, and safely dressed for the job he or

she is performing.
 Develop a responsibility for personal safety and
the safety of fellow workers.
 Think safety and work safety at all times.

Safety in the shop

Safety in the machine shop may be divided into two broad categories:

 Those practices which will prevent injury to the workers.

 Those practices which will prevent damage to machines and equipment
results in personal injuries.

In considering these categories, one must consider personal grooming, proper housekeeping, safe
work practices and fire prevention.

 Personal Grooming
The following rules should be observed when working in the machine shop.

1. Always wear approved safety glasses in any area of the machine shop. Most plants
now insist that all employees and visitors wear safety glasses or some eye protection
device when entering the shop area.

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 NOTE: Never think that because you are wearing glasses your eyes are safe. If the
lenses are not made of approved safety shatterproof glass, serious eye injury can
result.
2. Never wear loose clothing when operating any machine.
a. Always roll up your sleeves or short sleeves
b. Clothing should be made of hard, smooth material that will not catch easily in a
machine. Loose fitting sweaters should not be worn for this reason.
c. Remove or tuck in a necktie before starting a machine. If you want to wear a
tie, make it a bow tie.
d. When wearing a shop apron, always tie it at the back and never in front of you so
that the apron strings will not get caught in the rotating parts.
3. Remove wrist watches, rings, and bracelets; these can get caught in the machine
causing painful and often serious injury.
4. Never wear gloves when operating a machine.
5. Long hair must be protected by a hair net or approved
protective shop cap.
6. Canvass shoes or open toe sandals must never be worn
in a machine shop since they offer no protection to the
feet against sharp chips or falling objects. In industry,
most companies make it mandatory for the employees
to wear safety shoes

 Housekeeping
The operator should remember that good housekeeping will never interfere with
safety or efficiency: therefore, the following points should be observed.
1. Always stop the machine before you attempt to clean it.
2. Always keep the machine and hand tools clean. Oily surfaces can be dangerous.
Metal chips left on the table surface may interfere with the safe clamping of a
workpiece.
3. Always use a brush and not a cloth to removed any chips.
4. Oily surfaces should be cleaned with a cloth.
5. Do not place tools and materials on the machine table – use a bench near the
machine.
6. Keep the floor free from oil and grease.
7. Never place tools or materials on the floor
close to a machine where they will interfere
with the operator’s ability to move safely
around the machine.
8. Sweep up the metal chips on the floor
frequently. They become embedded in the
soles of shoes and can cause dangerous
slippage if a person walks on a concrete floor.
9. Return bar stock to the storage rack after cutting off the required length.
10. Never use compressed air to remove chips from a machine. Not only it is
dangerous practice because of flying metal chips, but small chips can become
wedged between machine parts and cause undue wear.

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  Safe Work Practices
1. Do not operate any machine before understanding its mechanism and knowing
how to stop it quickly. Knowing how to stop the machine quickly can prevent a
serious injury.
2. Before operating any machine, be sure that the safety devices are in place and in
working order. Remember, safety devices are for the operator’s protection and
should not be removed.
3. Always disconnect the power and lock it off at
the switch box when making repairs to any
machine. A sign should be placed on the
machine noting that it is out of order.
4. Always be sure that the cutting tool and the
workpiece are properly mounted before starting
the machine.
5. Keep hands away from moving parts. It is
dangerous practice to “feel” the surface of the revolving work or to stop a
machine by hand.
6. Always stop a machine before measuring, cleaning, or making any adjustments. It
is dangerous to do any type or work around moving parts of a machine.
7. Never use a rag near the moving parts of a machine. The rag maybe drawn into
the machine, along with the hand that is holding it.
8. Never have more than one person operate a machine at the same time.
9. Get first aid immediately for any injury, no matter how small. Report the injury
and be sure that the smallest cut is treated to prevent the chance of a serious
infection.
10. Before you handle any workpiece, remove all burrs and sharp edges with a file.
11. Do not attempt to lift heavy or odd shaped objects which are difficult to handle on
your own.
12. Be sure the work is clamped securely in the vise or to a machine table.
13. It is safer to pull a wrench than to push on it.
14. Never start a machine until you are sure that the cutting tool and machine parts
will clear the workpiece.
15. Use the proper wrench for the job, and replace nuts when worn out.

 Fire Prevention
1. Always dispose oily rags in proper metal containers.
2. Be sure of the proper procedure before lighting a gas furnace.
3. Know the location and the operation of every fire extinguisher.
4. Know the location of a nearest fire exit from the building.
5. Know the location of the nearest fire-alarm box and its operating
procedure.

ME 201
WORKSHOP SHOP THEORY AND PRACTICE I

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 Activity No. 1

Name : _______________________________ Date : ____________

I. Title : Safety Signs and Slogans

II. Materials :
Illustration board, plastic cover, rulers, pens and any drawing instruments and
coloring medium used for sketching.

III. Instructions :
 Write a slogan that should be adopted by all machine shop that is considered good
and safe practice. Put it on the space provided below.
 Make a sketch or drawing of your slogan in an illustration board and have your
slogan checked before sketching.
 Use any drawing media to make your project look good and presentable.

IV. Slogan :

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

V. Answer the following questions :

1. It has been said that safety is an attitude. Explain this statement.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

2. Is it necessary to learn safety or it is better to pick it up by experience? Explain.

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 _____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

3. How can you practice safety everyday in the home, street, and shops?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

4. Why does industry spend so much time and money to reduce accidents?

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Machine Shop Catechism

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Introduction
What is Machine Shop? A machine shop is a place in which metal parts are cut to the
size required and put together to form mechanical units or machines, the machines so
made to be used directly or indirectly in the production of the necessities and luxuries of
civilization. Machine shop is the basis of all mechanical production.

What May Constitute the Equipment of a Machine Shop? Machine shop equipment
consist, in part, of a certain standard machine tools, the kind, and the size, and the
number of machines depending, of course, upon the product of the shop. Machine shop
equipment includes the tools used at the bench and on the floor as well as the measuring
and adjusting tools, the work holding and tool holding accessories, and the small tools
used in the machines.

What Is Meant by Bench Work and Floor Work? Bench work in a machine shop consist
of laying out, assembling, and the final fitting of parts. When heavy operations are
performed on heavy work, the term floor work applies.

Classification of Employees of a Commercial Manufacturing Shop

Machine shop is one of the essential unit in the typical production plant. In the machine
shop, the special machines or “manufacturing machines” machines run by machine
operators, or assemblers, or machine hands. The employees of commercial manufacturing
shops may be classified according to grades of attainment discussed in the following
paragraph.

 Machine Operator
A machine operator is one who operates a manufacturing machine just doing one class of
work. He is able to do many things on this machine such as starting and stopping the
machine, making minor adjustments of the work and cutting tool, and removing the
workpiece when the operation has been completed.
 Assembler
The assembler takes the parts already made and inspected and put them together. In
general, this work calls for some skill and some common sense. In the final fitting and
adjustment of the job, mechanical ability is required as well as good trade adjustment.
 Machine Hand
A specialized machine hand is one who has very little general knowledge in machine
shop but who has operated a special machine long enough to be skillful in a variety of
work on this machine. He is able to do his own set-up work and make the necessary
adjustments.

 Bench and Floor Hands

Bench and Floor Hands possess information and skill regarding a number of so-called
hand operations such as filling, scraping, assembling, and adjusting. A skilled bench

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 hand, in general machine shop work, has the ability also to read blue prints readily and to
do layout work. In addition, a first-class bench hand or floor hand has had, usually,
considerably experience in machine operations.
 The Machinist
The general machinist has had enough experience, has acquired enough information, has
developed enough judgment, and possesses “head” enough to be able to set up
intelligently and operate any standard machine tool and perform any bench or floor
operations.

Knowledge One Must have to be and Expert Machinist

He must have the understanding of certain fixed principles which obtain in all machine-shop
practice, for example: The action of metal cutting tools, Elementary Metallurgy, Cutting
speeds, Feeds and feeding devices, Strength of materials, Gear trains, Measurements.
He must have a sufficient knowledge of arithmetic to read measurements from the various
instruments, and to make necessary calculations for cutting speeds, gear velocities, angles,
threads, etc.

He should have sufficient knowledge of the principles of mechanical drawings to be able at

least to read blueprints of machine details.

Essential Characteristics of a Machinist

 Care of Self
A machine is a good servant but a cruel teacher. It is dreadful thing to lose a finger in
order to learn that revolving gears are dangerous things to handle. A well trained
machinist is careful through habit.
 Care of Machine
A mechanic is always careful not only of the appearance but also of the good condition of
the machine.
 Orderliness
The truth of the need of “ A place for everything and everything in its place “ is nowhere
better exemplified than in a shop where a number of people at various times use the same
machines and tools.
 Accuracy
It is very often for machinist to work within 1/1000 of an inch. This easy enough with the
machine tools and measuring tools found in the shop.

 Speed
An expert machinist studies the methods and means of doing the job; makes sure that the
machine, cutting tools, and measuring tools are in good condition; and then with care,
and without undue haste.
 Judgment
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 A man is successful in any business in about the same proportion as he requires
judgment. Judgment is the ability to decide correctly after comparing ideas, methods or
facts.
 Confidence
The man who through study, thought, and careful applications has confidence in his own
ability to accomplish results has in his confidence a factor which makes success.
 Safe Work Habits
An apprentice must at once learn to work safely so that the men working near him will
not be injured. Poor work habits and unsafe practices often lead to disappointment to the
young man entering the trade.

How are these Characteristics Acquired?

A skilled artisan is one who has the power to think and execute with knowledge and
ability. To think is to employ the mental capacity distinguishing ideas and methods. To
execute with expert ability means to employ the senses with confidence and accuracy.

The man who aspires to leadership in any trade or profession must study and must
work. Theory and practice work hand in hand toward skill, knowledge, and efficiency,
and a man’s value to himself and to his employer is always in proportion to his efficiency.
Skill must be acquired by studying how and why certain operations are done and in
connection with this study, a considerable experience in performing these or similar
operations is essential.

Basic Measurement and Instruments

Introduction
The world has depended on some form of measurements system since the beginning of
civilization. Presently there are two major systems of measurement used in the world.
The inch system, often called the English system of measurement, is still widely used in
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 the United States and the Metric system, The SI unit of measurements most widely used
by European and some Asiatic countries.
Basic measurement can be termed as those measurements taken by use of a rule or any
other non-precision measuring tool, whether it can be in inch or metric standard. Linear
measurements on flat surfaces are perhaps the most common measurements made in
general practice in the machine shop. The tool used varies with the size of the dimension,
the nature of work, and the degree of accuracy required.
Accuracy: The student in the machine work should begin at once to understand accuracy
in its relative terms. He should appreciate from the start the value of various measuring
tools in obtaining the degree of accuracy the given operation demands.
Inch System
The unit of length in this system is the inch, which may be divided into fractional or
decimal fraction divisions. The fractional system is based on the binary system having
base 2. The decimal-fraction system has a base 10 whereby may be written as a product
of ten and/or a fraction of ten.

FRACTION DECIMAL

One-tenth 1/10 0.1

One-hundredth 1/100 0.01

One-thousandth 1/1000 0.001

One ten-thousandth 1/10000 0.0001

Metric System
Linear metric dimensions are expressed in multiples and submultiples of the meter. In the
machine shop trade, the millimeter is used for the expression of most metric dimensions.
Fractions of the millimeter are expressed in decimals.

Note : In the machine shop measurements, most dimensions will be given in millimeters
(mm). Very large dimensions would be given in meters (m) and millimeters (mm).

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 Here is a list of some common prefixes, and symbols which you are likely to encounter in
your work in the machine shop.

FREFIX MEANING MULTIPLIER SYMBOL

mega one million 1,000,000 M
kilo one thousand 1,000 k
hecto one hundred 100 h
deka ten 10 da
deci one-tenth 0.1 d
centi one-hundredth 0.01 c
milli one-thousandth 0.001 m
micro one-millionth 0.000001 

A brief comparison of common inch and metric equivalents are:

1 inch = 25.4 mm
1 yd = 36 inches
1m = 39.37 inches
1000 m = 1 km
1 km = 0.621 mi
1 mi = 1.609 km

Non-Precision Measuring Instruments

Non-precision measuring tools are those measuring instruments that does not require
high degree of accuracy or they can be read using bare eyes without using a magnifying
device.

Common Non-Precision Measuring Tools

1. Steel Rules – Among the most useful tool in the machine shop. Although these are
actually rules or rulers, most machinist call them scales. They are made in a variety of
kinds such as spring tempered, flexible, narrow and hooked.

 Metric Steel Rules – usually graduated in millimeter and half-millimeter, are

used for making linear metric measurements which do not require great accuracy.
A wide variety of metric rules are available in lengths from 15 cm to 1m.

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 Figure 3-1. Steel rule of cm and mm Metric scales,

 English Steel Rules – the common binary fractions found on inch steel rules are
1/64, 1/32, 1/16, and 1/8 of an inch. Several varieties of inch steel rules may be
used in machine shop work, such as spring tempered, flexible, narrow, and hook.
Lengths range from 1 to 72 inches. Again, these rules are used for measurements
which do not require great accuracy.

Figure 3-2. Steel rule of 1/16 and 1/32 English scales,

2. Calipers - A caliper is a tool used for measuring diameters. It is always used with a
steel scale and, at times, with a micrometer. The caliper itself cannot be read
directly as a steel scale and therefore, when the measurement is taken with a caliper,
the opening is measured on the steel scale or micrometer.

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  Outside Calipers - Outside calipers are tool used to measure the outside surface
of either round or flat work. They are measured in several styles such as spring
joint and firm joint calipers.

Figure 3-3. Outside Caliper Figure 3-4. Setting outside caliper to

the size of the work.

Caution: Never attempt to measure work while it is moving or revolving. Not only it
is dangerous practice which could result in an accident, but also any measurements
taken will not be accurate.

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Figure 3-5. Measuring the size of the caliper opening with a rule.

 Inside Calipers - Inside calipers are used to measure the diameters of holes or the
width of keyways and slots.

Figure 3-6. Inside Caliper Figure 3-7. Adjusting inside caliper to

the size of a hole

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 Figure 3-8. Measuring the setting of inside caliper with a Micrometer.

ME 201
WORKSHOP SHOP THEORY AND PRACTICE I

Activity No.2

Name : _______________________________ Date : ____________

Title : Conversion of units of measurements

I. English Conversion of Units

1. 4 feet = ______ inches 6. 3.45 yards = ______ inches

2. 55 inches = ______ yards 7. 1.50 miles = ______ feet

3. 5.5 yards = ______ feet 8. 2.5 ft2 = ______ inch2

4. 16 inches = ______ yard 9. 144 inch2 = ______ ft2

5. 1000 feet = ______ miles 10. 2.0 ft3 = ______ inch3

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II. Metric Conversion of Units

1. 40 mm = ______ cm 6. 345 cm = ______ m

2. 1.5 km = _____ m 7. 3.5 km = ______ cm

3. 550 cm = ______ km 8. 2.5 cm2 = ______ mm2

4. 245 dm = ______ mm 9. 1440 km2 = ______ m2

5. 1000 mm = ______ km 10. 2.0 m3 = ______ dm3

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III. English / Metric Conversion of Units

1. 2 feet = ______ cm 6. 32 km = ______ miles

2. 50 inches = ______ m 7. 50 m = ______ feet

3. 5.0 yards = ______ dm 8. 25 cm = ______ inches

4. 6 inches = ______ mm 9. 144 dm = ______ yards

5. 1000 feet = ______ km 10. 6.0 dm = ______ inches

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 ME 201
WORKSHOP SHOP THEORY AND PRACTICE I

Activity No.3

Name : _______________________________ Date : ____________

Title : Steel Rule Reading

I. English Rule

1. ________ in. INCH 1/16"

1 2 3

2. ________ in. 1 2 3 4 5

3. ________ in.
4. ________ in.
5. ________ in.
6. ________ in.
INCH 1/32"

7. ________ in. 3 4 5 6

8. ________ in.
6 7 8 9 10

9. ________ in.
10. ________ in.
II. Metric Rule

11. ________ mm
12. ________ mm
mm

13. ________ mm 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

11 12 13 14 15

14. ________ mm
15. ________ mm
16. ________ cm
17. ________ cm
18. ________ cm cm

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

19. ________ cm 16 17 18 19 20

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20. ________ cm

Precision Measuring Instruments

Introduction
Precision measuring instruments measure the actual size of the part. The machinist must
use some form of precision measuring instrument to obtain this desired size. Precision
measuring tools may be divided into five categories, namely, tools used for outside
measurement, inside measurement, depth measurement, thread measurement, and height
measurement.

Common Precision Measuring Tools

 Vernier Caliper
In 1631, a Frenchman named Pierre Vernier invented the first Vernier caliper.Vernier
Calipers are precision measuring tools used to make accurate measurements to within
0.001 inch verniers or to 0.02 mm for metric verniers. The bar and the movable jaw
may be graduated on both sides or both edges. One side is used to make outside
measurements, the other side for taking inside measurements. Vernier calipers are
available in inch and metric graduations, some types have both inch and metric
graduation caliper.
Parts of the Vernier Caliper
The vernier caliper, regardless of the standard measurement used, consist of an L-shaped
frame and a movable jaw. The L-shaped frame consist of a bar, which shows the main
scale graduations, and a fixed jaw. The movable, which slides along the bar, contains the
vernier scale. Adjustments for size are made by means of an adjusting nut. Reading may
be locked in place by means of a clamp screws or thumb locks.

Most bars are graduated on both sides or on both edges, one for outside measurements
and the other set for inside measurements. The outer tips of the jaws are cut away to form
nibs which permit inside measurements to be taken.

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 Figure 4-1. Parts of a Vernier Caliper

To Read A Metric Vernier Caliper

Steps :

1. Read the last graduation of the main scale before the zero mark “0” of the Vernier
scale. The reading represent the number of millimeters and let it be Main Scale
Reading (MSR).
2. Find the line on the Vernier scale which coincides with the line on the Main cale and
call this as the Vernier Scale Reading (VSR).
3. Add the Main Scale Reading (MSR) and the Vernier Scale Reading (VSR) and have
the Vernier Caliper Reading (VCR) as the result.

Formula:

MSR = 23.00 mm

+ VSR = 0.40 mm
VCR = 23.40 mm

Figure 4-2. A 23.40mm Vernier Caliper Reading

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 To Read An English Vernier Caliper
Steps:

1. Read the last graduation of the main scale before the zero mark “0” of the Vernier
Scale. The reading represent the number of sixteenths on the English scale and let it
be as the Main Scale Reading (MSR).
2. Find the line on the Vernier Scale which coincides with the line on the main scale and
call this as the Vernier Scale Reading (VSR).
3. Add the Main Scale Reading (MSR) and the Vernier Scale Reading (VSR) and have
the Vernier Caliper Reading (VCR) as the result.

Formula:

MSR = 11/16 in.

+VSR = 3/64 in.

VCR = 47/64 in.

Figure 4-3. A 47/64 in. Vernier Caliper Reading

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 Micrometer Caliper
The Micrometer Caliper, usually called the micrometer, is the most commonly used
measuring instrument when accuracy is required. It was invented by Jean Palmer, a
Frenchman, in 1848. The regular micrometer, usually referred to in the shop as a mike, is
used for measuring outside dimensions. It is available in many sizes. There are several
other types of micrometers, but all follow the same fundamental principle.

Parts of the Micrometer Caliper

Figure 4-4. Standard parts and construction of a micrometer caliper.

The five principal parts of the micrometer are the frame, anvil, spindle, sleeve, and thimble.

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The frame holds and supports the whole components of the Micrometer Caliper and where
the hand is placed when taking up measurements. The anvil is the left end side of the
Micrometer from where the zero reference of measurements is taken. The spindle has the
other side of the measuring face and moves along the axis in line with the anvil when the
thimble is turned. The sleeve or also known as the barrel is where graduations is imprinted
and located between the spindle and the thimble of the micrometer. The thimble is
responsible for the forward and backward movement of the spindle. It also consist some
graduations for more accurate readings.

To Read A Metric Micrometer Caliper

Steps :

1. Note the number of the last main division showing above the line to the left of the
thimble. Multiply this by 1mm and let it be your Sleeve Reading (SR).
2. If there is a half-millimeter line showing below the index line, between the whole
millimeter and the thimble, then add 0.5mm on your sleeve reading.
3. Check the line on the thimble that coincides with the index line of
the sleeve and have this as your Thimble Reading (TR).
4. Add the sleeve reading and the thimble reading to obtain the Micrometer Caliper
Reading (MCR).

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 Formula:

SR = 25.5 mm

+ TR = 0.31 mm
MCR = 25.81 mm

Figure 4-5. A 25.81 mm Micrometer Caliper Reading

To Read An English Micrometer Caliper

Steps :

1. Note the number of the last main division showing above the line to the left of the
thimble. Multiply this by 0.100 and let it be your Sleeve Reading (SR).
2. Note the number of small lines visible to the right of the last number shown. Multiply
this by 0.025.
3. Check the line on the thimble that coincides with the index line of the sleeve and
have this as your Thimble Reading (TR).
4. Add the sleeve reading and `8the thimble reading to obtain the Micrometer Caliper
Reading (MCR).

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Department of Mechanical Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology
 Formula:

SR = 0.425 in.

+ TR = 0.020 in.
MCR = 0.445 in.

Figure 4-6. A 0.445 in. Micrometer Caliper Reading

 Vernier Height Gage

Accurate height measurement is very important in layout and inspection work. With the
proper attachments, the vernier height gage is very useful and versatile tool for these
purpose.

The Vernier Height Gage is a precision instrument used in toolrooms and inspection
departments on layout, and jig and fixture work to measure the mark off distances
accurately. Basically, a vernier height gage is a vernier caliper with a hardened, ground,
26
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology
 and lapped base instead of a fixed jaw and is always used with a surface plate or an
accurate flat surface. The sliding jaw assembly can be raised or lowered to any position
along the beam. Fine adjustments are made by means of an adjusting nut. The vernier
height gage is read in the same manner as the vernier caliper.

The vernier height gage is very well suited to accurate layout work and may be used for
this purpose if a scriber is mounted on the movable jaw. The scriber height may be set
either by means of the vernier scale or by setting the scriber to the top of a gage block
buildup of the desired length.

27
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology
 Figure 4-7. Parts of a vernier height gage

ME 201
WORKSHOP SHOP THEORY AND PRACTICE I

Activity No.4

Name : _______________________________ Date : ____________

Title : Metric Vernier Caliper Reading

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Department of Mechanical Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology
 ME 201
WORKSHOP SHOP THEORY AND PRACTICE I

Activity No.5

Name : _______________________________ Date : ____________

Title : English Vernier Caliper Reading

29
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology
 ME 201
WORKSHOP SHOP THEORY AND PRACTICE I

Activity No.6

Name : _______________________________ Date : ____________

Title : Metric Micrometer Caliper Reading

30
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology
 ME 201
WORKSHOP SHOP THEORY AND PRACTICE I

Activity No.7

Name : _______________________________ Date : ____________

Title : English Micrometer Caliper Reading

31
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology
 ME 201 – N1
WORKSHOP THEORY AND PRACTICE I

EXPERIMENT NO. 1

Prelim Report
_______________________ _____________________
Name Cours &Year
___________________ _____________________
Group Instructor

I. TITLE : PRECISION AND NON-PRECISION MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

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Department of Mechanical Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology
II. OBJECTIVES :
1. To identify different kinds of precision and non-precision measuring
instruments.
2. To know the basic uses of common measuring instruments.
3. To distinguish a non-precision from a precision measuring instruments.

III. TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT:

Steel rule, outside and inside calipers, vernier caliper, micrometer caliper, test
specimen round and square bar.
IV. PROCEDURES:

A. Measuring with outside caliper

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

B. Measuring with Inside Caliper

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

C. Measuring with Vernier Caliper

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Department of Mechanical Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

D. Measuring with Micrometer Caliper

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

V. TABULATED DATA:

TABLE A. Outside Dimensions

Outside Dimensions Inside Dimensions

Outside Vernier Micromete Inside Vernier Micrometer

Item
Caliper r Caliper Caliper Caliper
Caliper Caliper
No.
(inches) (inches) (inches) (mm) (mm) (mm)

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Department of Mechanical Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology
 B

VI. COMPUTATIONS: (Use separate page/s)

VII. SKETCH: (Use separate page/s)

VIII. CONCLUSION: (Answer the following questions for your final report only)

1. What is the importance of measurements in today’s technology?

2. Differentiate precision from non-precision measuring instruments?
3. List down three other precision measuring instruments and describe each use and
purpose.
4. List down some practices in taking good care of precision measuring instruments.

NOTE : Similar conclusions will not be accepted! Make a research in our library or
construct your own conclusions.

Hand Tools and Bench Work

Introduction
A machinist must be skilled in the use of the numerous hand tools, which have been
designed to make work easier. In addition to knowing how to use hand tools properly, the
machinist must also know the various types of tools available to do a particular job, how
to select the best type and type and size for a given job, and how to care for and store
tools when not in use.

Hand tools may be divided into two classes: non-cutting and cutting tool types. Non-
cutting tools are basically used for holding, assembling and dismantling parts while
Cutting type tools involve bench work such as sawing, filing, scraping, reaming, and
tapping.

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Department of Mechanical Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology
Types of Non-Cutting Hand Tools

 Bench Vise
Bench vise is used to hold small work securely
for sawing, chipping, filing, polishing, drilling,
reaming, and tapping operations. Vises are
mounted close to the edge of the bench; they
permit long work to be held in a vertical
position. Vises may be made of a cast iron or
cast steel. The vise size is determined by the
width of the jaw. The machinist vise may be of
the solid base of swivel base type. The swivel
base vise differs from the solid base type by
having a swivel plate added to the bottom of the
vise. This allows the vise to be swung in any
circular positions. When gripping finished work
or soft materials, use jaw caps made of brass,
aluminum, or copper to protect the work from
being marred of damaged. Figure 6-1. A swivel bench vise and a vise
jaw caps
 Hammers
There are many types of hammers used by the
machinist, the most common being the ball-peen
hammer. The larger striking surface is called the
face, and the smaller, rounded end is the peen. Ball
peen hammers are made in variety of sizes, with the
head masses ranging from approximately 2 ounces
to 3 lbs. The smaller sizes are used for layout work
and the larger ones are for general work. The peen is
Figure 6-2. Ball-peen hammer
generally used in riveting or peening operations.

 Screwdrivers
A screwdriver is a hand tool that is designed to turn screws. The shank is made of
steel set into a wooden or plastic handle. The blade is shaped or flattened to fit
recesses in the heads of screws or bolts. Screwdrivers are made in many sizes. (Figure
6-3) Shows a set of Jewelers’s screwdrivers.

 A Stubby screwdriver (Figure 6-4) helps to start

screws where space is limited.
Figure 6-3. Stubby Screwdriver

 A Heavy-duty screwdriver is of average length but is

made with a heavy blade and a square shank. The
shape of the shank permits the use of a wrench to
assist in tightening a screw. Heavy (thick) material is
Figure 6-4. Heavy Duty
Screwdriver
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology
 used so that the blade and shank will resist being
twisted when a wrench is used.

 A Philips screwdriver is specially designed to fit the

heads of Philips screws. It differs from the other
screwdrivers in that the end of the blade is fluted
instead of flattened.

 A Double-ended offset screwdriver is used for

turning screws in awkward places where there is not
enough room to use a regular screwdriver.
Figure 6-5. Double ended offset screwdriver
 A Jeweler’s Screwdriver Precision screwdrivers
and jewelers screwdrivers are great for working on
small electronic devices. A great addition to any
electronic technicians toolbag

Figure 6-6. A set of Jewelers’

screwdrivers

 Wrenches
Many types of wrenches are used in machine shop work each being suited for a
specific purpose. The name of the wrench is derived from either its use, its shape or
its construction. The more common types of wrenches used in a machine shop are as
follows:

 Open-end wrenches may be single-ended or double-

ended. The openings on these wrenches are usually
offset at a 15° angle to permit turning the nut or bolt
head in limited spaces by “flopping” the wrench. Figure 6-7. Open-ended wrench

 Double-ended wrenches usually have a different

size opening at each end to accommodate two
different size bolt heads or nuts. These wrenches are
available in both inch and metric sizes.
Figure 6-8. Double-ended wrench
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Department of Mechanical Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology
  Box-ended 12 –point wrenches, completely surround the nut and are useful in close
quarters where only a small rotation of the nut can be obtained at one time. The box
end has 12 precisely cut notches around the inside face which fit closely over the
points on the outside of the nut. Because this wrench
cannot slip when the proper size is used, it is
preferred over most other styles of wrenches. The
wrenches usually have a different size at each end and
are available in inch and metric sizes. Figure 6-9. Box-ended wrench

 Socket wrenches are similar to box wrenches in that

they are usually made with 12 points and surround
the nut. These sockets are also available in inch and
metric sizes. Several types of drives, including
ratchet and torque wrench handles, are available for
the various sockets. When nuts or bolts must be
tightened to within certain limits to prevent warping,
socket wrenches are used in conjunction with a
torque-wrench handle.

 Adjustable wrenches may be adjusted with in a certain

range to fit several sizes of nuts or bolt heads. This
wrench is particularly useful for odd-size nuts or when
another wrench of the proper size is not available.
Unfortunately, this type of wrench can slip when not
properly adjusted to the floats of the nut. This may Figure 6-10. Adjustable wrench
result in injury to the operator and damage to the
corners of the nut.

When using the adjustable wrench, it should be

tightened securely to the faces of the nut and the
turning force applied in the direction indicated.
Figure 6-11. Adjustable
 Allen setscrew wrenches, commonly wrench Direction
called socket head setscrews. They are
made of tool steel and are available in
sets to suit the wide variety of screw
sizes. The indicated size of the wrench h
is same as the distance across the flats of
the wrench. These wrenches are available
in both inch and metric sizes.

 Pliers

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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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 Pliers are useful for gripping and holding small parts for certain machining operations
(such as drilling small holes) or when assembling parts. Pliers are made in many types
and sizes and are named by their shape, their function, or their construction. The more
common types of pliers used in a machine are:

 Combination or slip-joint pliers are adjustable to

grip both large and small work pieces. They may be
used to grip certain work when small hoes must be
drilled or for bending or twisting light, thin Figure 6-12. Combination plier
materials.

 Side-cutting pliers are used mainly for cutting,

gripping, and bending of small-diameter (1/8 in. or
less) rods or wire.

 Needle-nose pliers are available in both straight and

bent-nose types. They are useful for holding very
small parts, for positioning them in hard-to-get-at
places, and for bending or forming wire.
Figure 6-13. Long-nose plier

 Diagonal cutters are used solely for cutting wire

and small pieces of soft metal.

Figure 6-14. Diagonal cutter

 Vise-grip pliers provide and extremely high gripping power because of the adjustable
lever action. The screw in the hand provides adjustment for various sizes of work.
This type of pliers is available in several different styles such as standard jaws, needle
jaws, and C-clamp jaws.

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Department of Mechanical Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology
 Figure 6-15. Vise grip plier

Types of Cutting Hand Tools

Sawing, Filing and Scraping

Hacksaws, files, and scrapers are very common tools in the machine shop and often the
most incorrectly used and abused. The proper use of these tools will not come
immediately. It is only through practice that the student or apprentice will become
proficient in the use of these tools.

 The Hand Hacksaw

The pistol-grip hand hacksaw is composed of
three main parts: the frame, the handle, and the
blade. The frame can be of either the solid or
adjustable type. The solid frame is more rigid and
will accommodate blades of only one specific
length. The adjustable frame is more commonly
used and will take blades, which range from 10 to
12 in. (250 to 300 mm) long. A wing nut at the
back of the frame provides adjustment for the
blade tensioning.
Hacksaw blades are made of high-speed molybdenum or tungsten-alloy steel that has
been hardened and tempered. There are two types: the solid, or all-hard, blade and the
flexible blade. Solid blades are hardened throughout and are very brittle. They break
easily if not used properly. Only the teeth of the flexible blade are hardened, while the
back of the blade is soft and flexible. Although this type of blade will stand more
abuse than the all-hard blade, it will not stand up as long for general use.

Solid blades are usually used on brass, tool steel, cast iron and larger sections of mild
steel since they do not run out of line when pressure is applied. Flexible blades may
be used on channel iron, tubing, copper and aluminum since they do not break as
easily on material with thin cross sections.

Blades are manufactured in various pitches (number of teeth per inch), such as 14, 18,
24, and 32. The pitch is the most
important factor to consider when
selecting the proper blade for a job. An
18-tooth blade (18 teeth per inch) is
recommended for general use. When
selecting a blade, choose as coarse a

40
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology
 blade as possible in order to provide plenty of chip clearance and to cut through the
work as quickly as possible. The blade selected should have at least two teeth in
contact with the work at all times. This will prevent the work from jamming between
the teeth and stripping the teeth from the blade.

 Files
A file is a hand cutting tool made of high-carbon
steel, having a series of teeth cut on the body by
parallel chisel cuts. Files are used to remove
surplus metal and to produce finished surfaces.
Files are manufactured in a variety of types and
shapes, each for a specific purpose. They may be
divided into two classes: single cut and double
cut.

Single-cut files have a single row of parallel teeth

running diagonally across the face. They include
mill, long-angle lathe and saw files. Single-cut
files are used when a smooth finish is desired or
when hard materials are to be finished.

Double-cut files have two intersecting rows of teeth. The first row is usually coarser
and is called the overcut. The other row is called the upcut. These intersecting rows
produce hundreds of cutting teeth, which provide for fast removal of metal and easy
clearing of chips.

 Degrees of Coarseness

Both single-and double-cut files are

manufactured in various degrees of coarseness,
such as rough, coarse, bastard, second cut,
smooth and dead smooth. Those most commonly
used by the machinist are the bastard, second cut,
and smooth.

 Machinists’ Files
The types of files most commonly used are the flat, hand round, half-round, square,
pillar, three-quarter (triangular), warding, and knife.

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Department of Mechanical Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology
 Scrapers
When a truer surface is required than can be produced by machining, the surface may be
finished by scraping. However, this is a long and tedious process. Most bearing surfaces
(flat and curved) are now finished by grinding honing, or broaching.

Scraping is a process of removing small amounts of metal from specific areas to produce
an accurate bearing surface. It is used to produce flat surfaces on cast-iron surface plates
or in fitting brass and Babbitt bearings to shafts.

Scrapers are made in various shapes, depending on the surface to be scraped. They are
generally made of high-grade tool steel, hardened and tempered. Carbide tipped scrapers
are very popular because they maintain the cutting edge longer than other types.

ME 201 – N1
WORKSHOP THEORY AND PRACTICE I

EXPERIMENT NO. 2

Prelim Report
_______________________ _____________________
Name Cours &Year
___________________ _____________________
Group Instructor

42
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology
I. TITLE : FAMILIARIZATION OF HAND TOOLS

II. OBJECTIVES :

1. To identify different kinds of cutting and non-cutting hand tools.

2. To know the basic uses of common hand cutting tools.
3. To know the basic uses of common hand non-cutting tools.

III. TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT:

Hand hacksaw, files, hammers, wrenches, pliers, scraper, chisels, screwdrivers.

IV. PROCEDURES:

A. Using the hand hacksaw

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
B. Using the File

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

C. Using the screwdrivers and wrenches

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

V. TABULATED DATA: (none)

VI. COMPUTATIONS: (none)

43
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology
VII. SKETCH: (Use separate page/s)

VIII. CONCLUSION: (Answer the following questions for your final report only)

1. What is kind of steel are hand tools are made? Why?

2. Differentiate cutting hand tools from a non-cutting hand tools.
3. Why are wrench handles made so short?
4. If too much force is applied to a wrench, what is liable to happen?
5. What is a fair cutting speed for a hand hacksaw?

NOTE : Similar conclusions will not be accepted! Make a research in our library or
construct your own conclusions.

Basic Layout Tools And Accessories

Introduction
Laying out is the process of scribing or marking center points, circles, arcs, or straight
lines on metal to indicate the shape of the object. The layout will help the machinist
determine the amount of material to be removed, although the size for rough and finish
cuts must be checked by actual measurements.

All layouts must be made from a baseline or finished surface to ensure an accurate layout,
correct dimensions, and proper location of holes. The importance of proper layout cannot
be over-emphasized. The accuracy of the finished product depends greatly on the
accuracy of the layout.

Basic Layout Tools

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Department of Mechanical Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology
  Scribers
The scriber has a hardened steel point, or points, and may be used in conjunction with
a combination square, a rule, or a straight edge to draw straight lines. On some
scribers, one end is bent at an angle to allow marking lines in hard to reach paces. To
be accurate, any layout requires fine lines; therefore the scriber point must always be
sharp.

Figure 5-2. Scribing line using

rule as a guide guide
Figure 5-1. Typical Scribers

 Dividers
A divider consists of a pair of steel legs adjusted by a
screw and nut and held together by a circular spring
at one end, in which is inserted a handle. It is
available in sizes from 2 to 8 in. the size is the length
of the legs from the pivot to the point. Dividers are
used for measuring the distance between points, for
transferring a measurement directly from a rule, and
for scribing circle and arcs on metal.

 Trammel
A trammel, also called a beam compass is a type of
divider preferred for scribing large circles. It
consists of a steel bar and two legs. In the end of
each leg is a steel point. The legs are locked on the
bar by tightening a knurled nut on the top of the leg.
One of the legs has an adjusting screw attached. In
setting the trammel to a required dimensions, one
leg is secured to one end of the bar; the other leg,
with the adjusting screw, is moved from the first leg
to approximate the correct distance.

 Hermaphrodite Caliper
A hermaphrodite caliper has two legs, which work
on a hinge joint. One leg is similar to a leg of a

45
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology
 divider and the other is similar in shape to a leg of
an inside caliper. Hermaphrodite calipers may be
used to scribe arcs, or as a marking gage in layout
work. To set hermaphrodite caliper to a rule, adjust
the scriber leg until it is slightly shorter than the
curved leg. Then, with the curved leg set on the end
of a rule, adjust the scriber leg to a point opposite
the required length on the rule.

 Surface Gage
A surface gage is a tool consisting of a steel base
with a rotating clamp, which holds a steel spindle.
On the spindle is clamped a scriber. The base has a
V-shaped groove, which makes it convenient for
use on cylindrical work. A linear guide is provided
by two gage pins, which may be pushed down
through the base. The spindle may be rotated to
any required positions, even below the flat surface
of the base. A rocker adjusting screw is used so
that the spindle may be adjusted to the exact
dimensions required.

 Try Square
A try square is a small, light square that has a
hardened steel blade without graduations. The blade
is firmly held onto the beam by means of a special
clamp screw. It is used for checking the squareness
of many types of small work when extreme
accuracy is not required.

 Combination Square
A combination square is widely used tool for laying out, squaring, and checking
work. It consist of a square head and a steel rule. It differs from any other squares
because it has a 45 miter face in addition to the 90 face. The head may be made of a
hardened steel or cast iron and can be moved along the rule and clamped securely at
any desired measurement or position.

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Department of Mechanical Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology
  Center Square
A center square consist of a 90 angular head, which fits on
a steel rule. It can be clamped at any position along the rule.
The edge of the rule bisects the right angle of the head. It is
used to locate the centers of round workpieces. While the
angular head is held tight against the circumference of the
stock, two lines are scribed about 90 apart along the rule.
The intersection of these two lines is the center of the circle.

Layout Accessories

 Layout Solutions
The surface of the metal is usually coated with a layout
solution to make lines visible. There are several types of
layout solutions available. Regardless of the type used, the
surface should be clean and free of grease. The most
commonly used layout tool solution is layout dye or
bluing. This quick drying solution, when coated lightly on
the surface of any metal, will produce a background for
sharp, clear cut lines. Layout dye may be applied with a
cloth, a brush, adauber, or sprayed on the work surface.

 SURFACE PLATES
A surface plate is a very important and expensive piece of equipment used for laying
out and inspecting workpieces. The importance of surface plate is that it provides a
true, smooth, plane surface from which accurate measurements may be made. These
plates are made of either cast iron or granite plates. Rough work and tools such as
files should never be placed on a precision surface plate. When not in use, the plate is
usually protected by a wood cover.

47
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology
 ME 201 – N1
WORKSHOP THEORY AND PRACTICE I

EXPERIMENT NO. 3

Prelim Report
_______________________ _____________________
Name Cours &Year
___________________ _____________________
Group Instructor

I. TITLE : SHEET METAL WORKS

II. OBJECTIVES :

1. To identify different kinds of developments and intersections of sheet

metal.
2. To generate a layout of a developed pattern into the sheet metal surface.
3. To cut the developed pattern with precision and accuracy.
4. To joint the cut developed pattern and weld.

III. TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT:

Steel rule, vernier caliper, scriber, thin snipper, sheet metal gage 22.

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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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IV. PROCEDURES:

A. Development of Plane and Prism

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

B. Development of Plane and cylinder

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

C. Development of oblique prism

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

D. Development of Plane and Pyramid

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Department of Mechanical Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

D. Development of Plane and Cone

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

V. TABULATED DATA (none)

VI. COMPUTATIONS: (none)

VII. SKETCH: (Use separate page/s)

VIII. CONCLUSION: (Answer the following questions for your final report only)

NOTE : Similar conclusions will not be accepted! Make a research in our library or
construct your own conclusions.

50
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology
 ME 201 – N1
WORKSHOP THEORY AND PRACTICE I

EXPERIMENT NO. 4

Prelim Report
_______________________ _____________________
Name Cours &Year
___________________ _____________________
Group Instructor
I. TITLE : HEAT TREATMENT OF STEELS

II. OBJECTIVES :

1. To identify different kinds of heat treatment processes.

2. To identify the different types of heat treatable steels.
3. To know the different temperature ranges in heat treating a steel.
4. To apply the different quenching medium used in heat treatment.

III. TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT:

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Department of Mechanical Engineering
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 Furnace, tongs, water, oils, sand, test specimen (tool steel # 4140)

IV. PROCEDURES:

A. Hardening

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
B. Tempering

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

C. Annealing

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

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Department of Mechanical Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology
D. Quenching

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

V. TABULATED DATA: (none)

VI. COMPUTATIONS: (Use separate page/s)

VII. SKETCH: (Use separate page/s)

VIII. CONCLUSION: (Answer the following questions for your final report only)

NOTE : Similar conclusions will not be accepted! Make a research in our library or construct your
own conclusions.

53
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology
 ME 201 – N1
WORKSHOP THEORY AND PRACTICE I

EXPERIMENT NO. 5

Prelim Report
_______________________ _____________________
Name Cours &Year
___________________ _____________________
Group Instructor

I. TITLE : WELDING

II. OBJECTIVES :

1. To identify different kinds of welding processes.

2. To identify the different types of heat weld and weld joints.
3. To know the different welding symbols.
4. To apply welding at different positions and strokes.

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Department of Mechanical Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology
III. TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT:

Welding machine, chipping hammer, welding electrodes, welding suit, glooves,

welding booth, test specimen (flat steel bar)

IV. PROCEDURES:

A. Flat weld (horizontal stroke)

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

B. Flat weld (vertical stroke)

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

C. T- butt joint

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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Department of Mechanical Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology
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D. Overhead welding

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V. TABULATED DATA: (none)

VI. COMPUTATIONS: (Use separate page/s)

VII. SKETCH: (Use separate page/s)

VIII. CONCLUSION: (Answer the following questions for your final report only)

NOTE : Similar conclusions will not be accepted! Make a research in our library or
construct your own conclusions.

56
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology