Mathematics Form 3 – Chapter 2 Notes Prepared by Kelvin

Form 3 - Chapter 2 – Polygons II [Notes Completely]

Review Form 1 - Chapter 10 - Polygons
10.1 Polygons
Regular Polygons

10.2 Symmetry
To determine and drawing the line(s) of
symmetry of shape
1. A shape has symmetry if one half of the shape can fit
exactly over the other half.
2. A shape can have one or more linens of symmetry.
10.3 Triangles
Geometric properties and name of triangles
1. A triangle is a three-sided polygon.
2. A triangle is classified based on:
a) The length of its sides (Figure 7)
b) The size of its angles (Figure 8&9)

10.4 Quadrilaterals
To determine and drawing the line(s) of symmetry of quadrilateral
1. A quadrilateral is a polygon with 4 straight sides and 4 vertices.
2. Example of quadrilateral and their symmetry. Table 1
Quadrilaterals Symmetry of quadrilaterals (diagram) Number of line(s) of symmetry

Square 4

Rectangle 2
Parallelogram 0
Rhombus 2
Trapezium 1

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Mathematics Form 3 – Chapter 2 Notes Prepared by Kelvin
Trapezium 0

Kite 1

Geometric properties and name of quadrilateral

Example of quadrilateral and their properties. Table 2
Quadrilaterals Properties

Square

Rectangle

Parallelogram

Rhombus

Trapezium
Kite
Form 3 - Chapter 2 – Polygons II
2.1 Regular Polygon
1- A regular polygon has all sides of equal length and all interior angles of equal size.
2- The number of ________________ of a regular polygon is the same as its _________.
Name of Diagram of Number of
Polygons Polygons Sides Angles Vertices Symmetries Diagonals
Triangle 3 3

Quadrilateral 4 4

Pentagon 5 5

Hexagon 6 6

Heptagon 7 7

Octagon 8 8

Nonagon 9 9

Decagon 10 10

Table 3
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Mathematics Form 3 – Chapter 2 Notes Prepared by Kelvin

Polygons
- A polygon is a plane shape with straight sides.
- Polygons are 2-dimensional shapes.
- They are made of straight lines, has no curve and the shape is closed (all the lines connect up).

Polygon Not a Polygon Not a Polygon

(straight sides) (has a curve) (open, not closed)
Types of Polygons
Regular or Irregular
A regular polygon has all angles equal and all sides equal, otherwise it is irregular

Regular Irregular
Concave or Convex
A convex polygon has no angles pointing inwards, no internal angle can be more than 180°.
If any internal angle is greater than 180° then the polygon is concave.

Convex Concave
Simple or Complex
A simple polygon has only one boundary and it doesn't cross over itself.
A complex polygon intersects itself. Many rules about polygons don't work when it is complex.

Simple Polygon Complex Polygon

(this one's a Pentagon) (also a Pentagon)

More Examples

Concave Complex Polygon

Irregular Hexagon
Octagon (a "star polygon", in this case a pentagram)

2.2 Exterior and Interior Angles of Polygons

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Mathematics Form 3 – Chapter 2 Notes Prepared by Kelvin
1- Exterior angle is ___________________________________________________.
2- Interior angle is ____________________________________________________.
3- External angle and interior angle at a vertex are supplementary that is 180o.
4- The formula of finding external angle, interior angle and its number sides.
Each of external angle Number sides of regular polygon
Sum of external angle 360o (From external angle)
n
360o or 360o
180o- (interior angle) (external angle)
= (external angle)
Sum of interior angle Each of interior angle Number sides of regular polygon
(n - 2) X 180o (From interior angle)
o
(number of the triangle) X 180
n or 360o
= (n - 2) X 180o 180o- (exterior angle) 180o- (interior angle) = (external angle)
= (internal angle)
5- The completely notes of external angle, interior angle and its number sides.
Name of Number Sum of Each of external Each of interior Sum of
Polygons of sides external angle angle angle interior angle
Triangle 3
Quadrilateral 4
Pentagon 5
Hexagon 6
Heptagon 7
Octagon 8
Nonagon 9
Decagon 10
6- Example 1: What is the exterior angle of a regular octagon?
(n - 2) X 180o Answer Space:
n
or
180o- (exterior angle)
= (internal angle)

7- Example 2: A polygon has a n sides. Given one of its interior angles is 126o while
other interior angles are each equal to 162o. Calculate the number of sides of the polygon.
Answer Space:

Interior Angles - An angle inside a shape

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Mathematics Form 3 – Chapter 2 Notes Prepared by Kelvin

Triangles Now tilt a line by 10°:

90° + 60° + 30° = 180° 80° + 70° + 30° = 180°
One angle went up by 10°,
other angle went down by 10°

The Interior Angles of a Triangle add up to 180°

Now tilt a line by 10°:

Quadrilaterals (Squares) 80° + 100° + 90° + 90° = 360°

(A Quadrilateral has 4 straight sides) It still adds up to 360°
90° + 90° + 90° + 90° = 360°

The Interior Angles of a Quadrilateral add up to 360°

Because there are 2 triangles in a square.

The interior angles in a triangle add up to 180° and for

the square they add up to 360° because the square can
be made from two triangles!

Pentagon

A pentagon has 5 sides, can be made from three triangles,

so its interior angle is 3 × 180° = 540° and
when it is regular (all angles the same),
then each interior angle is 540° / 5 = 108°.

The Interior Angles of a Pentagon add up to 540°

Exercise 1:
The diagram shows a pentagon.
What is the size of the angle x°?
A 115°
B 200°
C 235°
D 245°

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Mathematics Form 3 – Chapter 2 Notes Prepared by Kelvin
Exterior Angles – An angle between any side of a shape
– A line extended from the next side.
- The Exterior Angles of a Polygon add up to 360°
When we add up the Interior Angle and Exterior Angle we get
a straight line 180°. They are Supplementary Angles.
Exercise 2:
The exterior angles of a heptagon are y°, 2y°, 3y°, 3y°, 4y°, 5y°
and 6y°
What is the value of y?
A y = 10 C y = 12.86
B y = 12 D y = 15
Exercise 3:
The exterior angles of an octagon are x°, 2x°, 3x°, 4x°, 5x°, 6x°, 7x°, and 8x°
What is the size of the smallest interior angle of this octagon?
A 10° C 80°
B 45° D 100°
External Knowledge: - (for polygons)
Sides Names Each Interior Angle Each External Angle
1 Monogon Henagon - -
2 Digon - -
3 Trigon Triangle 60°
4 Tetragon Quadrilateral 90°
5 Pentagon 108°
6 Hexagon 120°
7 Heptagon Septagon 128.571°
8 Octagon 135°
9 Nonagon Enneagon 140°
10 Decagon 144°
11 Hendecagon Undecagon 147.273°
12 Decagon Dodecagon 150°
13 Trisdecagon Tridecagon 152.308°
14 Tetradecagon 154.286°
15 Pentadecagon Pentedecagon 156°
16 Hexadecagon Hexdecagon 157.5°
17 Heptadecagon 158.824°
18 Octadecagon 160°
19 Enneadecagon 161.053°
20 Icosagon 162°
External Knowledge: - (for complex polygons/star polygons -gram)
Regular pentagram Regular hexagram
Internal angle (degrees) 36° Internal angle (degrees) 60°
External angle (degrees) ___° External angle (degrees) ___ °

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Mathematics Form 3 – Chapter 2 Notes Prepared by Kelvin
Activity 1:

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Mathematics Form 3 – Chapter 2 Notes Prepared by Kelvin
Activity 2:

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