Optimal Sitting and Sizing of Capacitor

Using Iterative Search Method for

Enhancement of Reliability of
Distribution System

Vikas Singh Bhadoria, Nidhi Singh Pal, Vivek Shrivastava

and Shiva Pujan Jaiswal

Abstract A secure and reliable distribution network is unavoidable prerequisite for

socioeconomical development of any nation. Capacitors can be used for improving
the voltage profile and reliability, and these can reduce reactive component of current.
The aim of this paper is to present a mathematical model to fix an optimum size
capacitor at optimum location in a radial distribution system for reactive power
compensation. An iterative search technique is developed for loss minimization and
voltage improvement of system. Authors also provide the effect of capacitor on the
reliability of 34 radial bus systems.

Keywords Distribution system · Capacitor · Iterative technique · SAIDI · SAIFI

1 Introduction

The main objective of power system is to generate power and distribute among the
different utilization points with high quality, reliability, and safety at passable econ-
omy. In deregulated power system, generation, transmission, and distributions are
responsible for economical and reliable operation of power system. Over the past,
utilities are less bothered about the reliability of distribution system, because of low
economical benefit as compared to generation and transmission. Therefore, 90% of

V. S. Bhadoria · N. S. Pal
Department of Electrical Engineering, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, India
e-mail: vikasbhadoria@gmail.com
N. S. Pal
e-mail: nidhi@gbu.ac.in
V. Shrivastava
Department of Electrical Engineering UEC, RTU, Kota, India
e-mail: shvivek@gmail.com
S. P. Jaiswal (B)
Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics Engineering,
Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP, India
e-mail: shivajaiswal@gmail.com

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 123

S. N. Singh et al. (eds.), Advances in Energy and Power Systems, Lecture Notes
in Electrical Engineering 508, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0662-4_11
124 V. S. Bhadoria et al.

customer’s services are affected due to failure in distribution system [1]. Customers
are compelled to face permanent load shedding, momentarily load shedding, or volt-
age sag due to the fault. But competitive market of power forced utilities to satisfy
customer requirements by enhancing system adequacy and security. To minimize gap
between demand and supply of electricity, it is necessary for power industry to inte-
grate some equipment for loss minimization, reactive power compensation, power
quality improvement, enhancement of voltage profile, and cost reduction with high
level of customer’s satisfaction. Distribution systems have high I 2 R (up to 13%)
as compared to transmission line because of loss, low voltage, and high current.
The main problems of power utilities are high difference between peak load and
valley load, perverse network structure, lack of reactive power compensation, and
poor voltage regulation [2]. Reactive component of current in distribution network
causes energy loss, voltage drop, and low power transfer capability of lines. In lit-
erature, numbers of techniques are available to counter the above problems such as
distributed generation [3], Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices [4],
network reconfiguration, load balance, On Load Tap Changer (OLTC), generator
power factor control, power curtailment, energy storage, active filters, shun reactor
and capacitor bank [5]. Losses in distribution systems, which are about 33.7–64.9%
of the whole power system loss and poor power quality, are major problems. Higher
losses result in low transfer capability of line by limiting the thermal limits and volt-
age limits. To improve the reliability and minimize the energy loss, capacitor bank
is one of the best solutions for utilities. Capacitors are capable to reduce energy loss,
voltage correction with low investment as compared to other technique. Capacitors
are appearing to be a simple device which consist of two metal sheets separated by
a dielectric insulating material with no moving part. Actually, the power capacitor
is a complex device and technically developed with sophisticated manufacturing
technique. Power capacitors use very thin dielectric materials which are capable to
handle very high electric stresses. Due to the tremendous improvement in dielec-
tric material, capacitor size increases from 15–25 KVAR to 200–300 KVAR range.
Power capacitor manufacturers use all-film technology, which is more efficient than
previous Kraft paper base capacitors [6]. Inappropriate selection of size and location
of capacitor lead to uneconomical system and even imperil protection of distribution
system. Various capacitor fixing methodologies are available in the literature such
as analytical method which use mathematical model to find the suitable location and
size of capacitor, numerical method based on iterative methods, genetic-based tech-
nique, heuristic method, artificial intelligence, and fuzzy logic [7]. The aim of this
paper is to find the suitable size and location of capacitor using iterative technique
[8]. Objective function is to minimize the total line loss and voltage profile improve-
ment by reactive power optimization. Authors firstly minimize energy losses, and
then, it is shown that reliability indices of system are also improved.
Optimal Sitting and Sizing of Capacitor Using Iterative Search … 125

2 Problem Formulation

A set of nonlinear, algebraic power flow equations are solved by Newton–Raphson

algorithms to find losses and voltage at each node;


n
Si  Pi + j Q i  Vi Yik∗ Vk∗ (1)
k1

n
Si  |Vi ||Vk |e jθik (G ik − j Bik ) (2)
k1

n
Si  |Vi ||Vk |(cos θik + j sin θik )(G ik − j Bik ) (3)
k1

Resolving into active and reactive component,


n
Pi  PGi − PDi  |Vi ||Vk |(G ik cos θik + Bik sin θik ) (4)
k1
 n
Q i  Q Gi − Q Di  |Vi ||Vk |(G ik cos θik − Bik sin θik ) (5)
k1

The active and reactive loss in a line between the busses can be calculated by

Pm2 + Q 2m
Ploss (i.k)  × Rm (6)
|Vi − Vk |2
P 2 + Q 2m
Q loss (i.k)  m × Xm (7)
|Vi − Vk |2

From Eqs. (6) and (7), active and reactive loss of the system is equal to the addition
of all line power loss and given by


n
PT,loss  Ploss (i, k) (8)
k1
n
Q T,loss  Q loss (i, k) (9)
k1

Total apparent loss is given by Eq. (10)


ST,loss  PT,loss
2
+ Q 2T,loss (10)
126 V. S. Bhadoria et al.

Objective Function

In this paper, iterative method is used to find the optimal location and optimum size
of capacitor and objective is to minimize total losses. The mathematical expression
of objective function is given by
 
Minimize( f )  min ST,loss (11)

Reliability Indices

The proposed optimization technique is not only to improve performance of distribu-

tion system but also improve reliability indices such as System Average Interruption
Frequency Index (SAIFI) and System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI).
In a predefined time period, how many times customers are subjected to average
number of interruption is indicated by SAIFI. SAIDI indicates the total duration
of interruption on an average customer in given time interval [9]. Mathematically,
SAIFI and SAIDI are given by Eqs. (12) and (13)
Total number of customer interruption
SAIFI 
Total
n
number of customer served
λ i Ni
 i1
n interruptions/system customer (12)
i1 Ni

SAIDI indicates that the total duration of interruption on an average customer in

given time interval is
Sum of customer interruption duration
SAIDI 
nTotal number of customer served
i1 Ui Ni
  n hrs/system customer (13)
i1 Ni

where λ  failure rate, N  number of customer, U  annual outage time, i  load

point.

3 Result and Analysis

In this paper, a 34-bus radial distribution system is taken as a test case. Line data and
bus data as well as data required to calculate reliability indices, such as numbers of
customer, failure rate, and repair rate of each component, etc., are taken from [10].
Table 1 demonstrates the results of the iterative technique. From results, it is clear
that installation of 3.3 MVAR capacitor with failure rare 0.1156 f/year and repair rate
3 h at bus number 8 will result in 23% loss reduction and significance improvement
of reliability indices.
Optimal Sitting and Sizing of Capacitor Using Iterative Search … 127

Table 1 Results of the iterative technique

Case Power loss (kW) SAIDI SAIFI
Without capacitor 221.72 6.088135 1.27333
With capacitor 170.06 6.06275 1.26068

0.16
Without capacitor
0.14
With capacitor
0.12
Line Losses (MW)

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
Line Number

Fig. 1 Active power losses in each line with and without capacitor

0.03
Without capacitor
With capacitor
0.025
Line Losses (MVAR)

0.02

0.015

0.01

0.005

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
Line Number

Fig. 2 Reactive power losses in each line with and without capacitor

Figures 1 and 2 show that active and reactive power loss in each line is significantly
reduced by addition of capacitor; i.e., transfer capability of lines is also enhanced.
Installation of capacitor will also improve the voltage profile of the system. Voltage
profile of the system with and without capacitor is shown in Fig. 3.
128 V. S. Bhadoria et al.

1
Without Capacitor
0.99 With Capacitor

0.98

0.97
Voltage (pu)

0.96

0.95

0.94

0.93

0.92
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 3334
Bus Number

Fig. 3 Voltage profile of the system with and without capacitor

4 Conclusion

An iterative technique is used for the size and location optimization of capacitor in
34-bus distribution system. Results show the effectiveness of the algorithm. Improve-
ment in SAIDI and SAIFI shows that optimal installation of capacitor also improves
the overall reliability of the system. Although voltage parameter is not included in the
objective function during the optimization process, still this installation enhances the
voltage profile of the system. Overall, it can be concluded that optimum installation
of capacitor not only reduces the system losses but it enhances the reliability and
voltage profile of the system.

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