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SCHOOL OF VOCATIONAL ENGINEERING, HEALTH AND SCIENCES

BUIL6250 – ANALYSE AND DESIGN FOUNDATIONS AND FOOTINGS, SEMESTER 1, 2018

WEEK 15 (May 21 – May 25, 2018) TUTORIAL

DUE DATE: Friday, June 01, 2018 (complete, get signed by the teacher and submit on CANVAS)

PROBLEM 1
A housing estate is to be located on a site adjacent to a river. Because of problems with periodic flooding,
the developer will be raising the level of the site by placing 3 m of granular fill over the entire area.

Immediately after placing the fill, it is planned to drive 500 mm diameter concrete piles through the fill and to
found the piles 2 m into the dense sand which lies 8m below the current land surface. Refer to Figure 1 below
for details.

Top of the proposed fill


Concrete Pile

3m Existing ground level PROPOSED FILL

2m Water table
CLAY

8m

2m DENSE SAND

Figure 1: Soil profile at a construction site

Properties of various soils layers are given in Table 1 in page 2. Based on the information presented, answer
the given questions.

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Table 1: Properties of the soil layers

𝒌𝑵𝟑 𝒌𝑵𝟑 𝜹 𝑲𝒔
Soil layer 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 𝜸𝒅𝒓𝒚 𝑪𝒖 (kPa) ∅ 𝜶
𝒎 𝒎 ∅ 𝑲𝟎
Proposed Not
17 15 0 250 0.9 1.5
sand fill applicable
Not Not
Clay 18 16 60 00 0.6
applicable applicable
Not
Dense sand 19 17 0 350 1 2.0
applicable

Use 𝜔 = 1.0 for the clay layer

A. Determine the safe load bearing capacity of a single pile using a factor of safety of 3 on both the skin
friction and end bearing resistance.

𝐑𝐄𝐂𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐅𝐈𝐋𝐋
Q s1 = fs As = [K s σ′v tan(δ)] × As
KS
= 1.5 → K S = 1.5 × K 0 = 1.5 × [1 − sin(∅)] = 1.5 × [1 − sin(250 )] = 0.87
K0
δ
= 0.9 → δ = 0.9 × ∅0 = 0.9 × 250 = 22.50

σ′v = 1.5 × 15 = 22.5 kPa
As = π × 0.5 × 3.0 = 4.71 m2

𝐐𝐬𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕 × 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓 × 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟎 ) × 𝟒. 𝟕𝟏


= 𝟑𝟖. 𝟏𝟗 𝐤𝐍 (𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐝𝐨𝐰𝐧𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐝𝐮𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐧𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐬𝐤𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧)

𝐍𝐎𝐓𝐄: Since this granular layer is a recent fill, it will move downward creating negative
skin friction and putting additional load on the pile.

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𝐂𝐋𝐀𝐘 𝐋𝐀𝐘𝐄𝐑
Q s2 = ca × As = [αCu ] × πDL = [0.6 × 60] × π × 0.5 × 8 = 452.16 kN (acting upward)

𝐃𝐄𝐍𝐒𝐄 𝐒𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐋𝐀𝐘𝐄𝐑


𝐒𝐤𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Q s1 = fs As = [K s σ′v tan(δ)] × As
KS
= 2 → K S = 2 × K 0 = 2 × [1 − sin(∅)] = 2 × [1 − sin(350 )] = 0.85
K0
δ
= 1 → δ = 1 × ∅0 = 1 × 350 = 350

σ′V = [{(3 x 15) + (2 × 16) + (6 x 18) + (1 x 19)} − (7 x 10)] = 134 kPa
As = π × 0.5 × 2.0 = 3.14 m2
𝐐𝐬𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 × 𝟏𝟑𝟒 × 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟑𝟓𝟎 ) × 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎. 𝟒𝟑 𝐤𝐍 (𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐮𝐩𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐝)

𝐁𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞
Q b = q b × Ab = σ′v (Nq − 1) × Ab
σ′V = [{(3 x 15) + (2 × 16) + (6 x 18) + (2 x 19)} − (8 x 10)] = 143 kPa
Nq = 55 (from figure)
𝟎. 𝟓𝟐
𝐐𝐛 = 𝟏𝟒𝟑 × (𝟓𝟓 − 𝟏) × 𝛑 × = 𝟏𝟓𝟏𝟓. 𝟒𝟒 𝐤𝐍 (𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐮𝐩𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐝)
𝟒

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SCHOOL OF VOCATIONAL ENGINEERING, HEALTH AND SCIENCES

𝐂𝐀𝐏𝐀𝐂𝐈𝐓𝐘 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐒𝐈𝐍𝐆𝐋𝐄 𝐏𝐈𝐋𝐄


Let the total net column load that can be applied on a single pile = P kN

Then total load applied on every single pile


= P + negative skin friction from recent fill = P + 38.19 kN

𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐲 𝐥𝐚𝐲𝐞𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐞 𝐬𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐥𝐚𝐲𝐞𝐫 =
Skin friction from clay layer +
skin friction from dense sand layer +
base resistance in the dense sand layer

= 𝟒𝟓𝟐. 𝟏𝟔 𝐤𝐍 + 𝟐𝟓𝟎. 𝟒𝟑 𝐤𝐍 + 𝟏𝟓𝟏𝟓. 𝟒𝟒 𝐤𝐍 = 𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟑 𝐤𝐍

2218.03
∴ = P + 38.19
Factor of safety
𝐏 = 𝟕𝟎𝟏. 𝟏𝟓 𝐤𝐍

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SCHOOL OF VOCATIONAL ENGINEERING, HEALTH AND SCIENCES

B. Determine the capacity of a group of four of the above piles when the piles are installed at a center-to-
center spacing of 1.5 m (refer to Figure 2 below for details of the arrangement of the piles in the group).

1500 mm

1500 mm
Figure 2: Plan view of the pile group

𝐂𝐀𝐏𝐀𝐂𝐈𝐓𝐘 𝐎𝐅 𝐏𝐈𝐋𝐄 𝐆𝐑𝐎𝐔𝐏

θ[(n−1)m+(m−1)n]
Efficiency of the pile group, E = 1 − [90×m×n]

d 500
θ = tan−1 = tan−1 = 18.430
s 1500

18.43[(2 − 1)2 + (2 − 1)2]


E=1− = 0.8
[90 × 2 × 2]
∴ 𝐂𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐠𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐩 𝐨𝐟 𝟒 𝐩𝐢𝐥𝐞𝐬 = 𝟎. 𝟖 × (𝟒 × 𝟕𝟎𝟏. 𝟏𝟓 𝐤𝐍) = 𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟑. 𝟔𝟖 𝐤𝐍

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SCHOOL OF VOCATIONAL ENGINEERING, HEALTH AND SCIENCES

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SCHOOL OF VOCATIONAL ENGINEERING, HEALTH AND SCIENCES

USEFUL FORMULAS AND FIGURE


FOR SAND, FOR CLAY,
𝑓𝑠 = 𝐾𝑠 𝜎𝑣′ tan(𝛿) 𝑞𝑏 = 𝜔𝑁𝐶 𝐶𝑢𝑏
𝑞𝑏 = 𝜎𝑣′ (𝑁𝑞 − 1) 𝐶𝑎 = 𝛼𝐶𝑢

θ[(n − 1)m + (m − 1)n] 𝐾0 = 1 − sin(∅)


E= 1−
[90 × m × n]

𝐶𝑎 = Ultimate unit skin friction in clay 𝑁𝐶 and 𝑁𝑞 = Bearing capacity factors


𝐶𝑢 = Undrained cohesion of clay 𝑞𝑏 = Ultimate unit base resistance
𝐶𝑢𝑏 = Undrained cohesion of clay at the base of the pile s = Centre-to-center spacing of piles
d= Diameter of the pile 𝛼 = Adhesion factor in clay
E = Efficiency of the pile group ∅ = Friction angle of soil
𝐾0 = Coefficient of earth pressure at rest 𝜎𝑣′ = Vertical effective stress
𝐾𝑠 = Earth pressure coefficient at the pile soil interface 𝜔 = Reduction factor for base resistance in clay
m = no. of pile rows d
n = no. of piles in a row θ = tan−1
s

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