A Mid-semerster minor project report on

Universal Charger using SMPS

submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

B. Tech
In
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

By

T.H.S HARSHA 1507395

GAURANG MUNJE 1507414
KAUSHIK PODDER 1507417
ANWESH SAHU 1507451
SOURAV KUMAR 1507456

under the guidance of

Prof. P.K PATRA

School of Electronics Engineering

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 KALINGA INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
(Deemed to be University)
BHUBANESWAR
MARCH 2018

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled “UNIVERSAL CHARGER USING SMPS”
submitted by

T.H.S HARSHA 1507395

GAURANG MUNJE 1507414
KAUSHIK PODDER 1507417
ANWESH SAHU 1507451
SOURAV KUMAR 1507456

in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering is a bona fide record of the
work carried out under my(our) guidance and supervision at School of Electronics
Engineering, KIIT University.

Signature of Supervisor 1
Prof. P.K Patra
School of Electronics Engineering
KIIT University

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The Project was evaluated by us on _____________

EXAMINER 1 EXAMINER 2
EXAMINER 3 EXAMINER 4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We feel immense pleasure and feel privileged in expressing our deepest and
most sincere gratitude to our supervisor Professor P.K Patra, for his excellent
guidance throughout our project work. His kindness, dedication, hard work and
attention to detail have been a great inspiration to us. Our heartfelt thanks to you
sir for the unlimited support and patience shown to us. We would particularly
like to thank him for all his help in patiently and carefully correcting all our
manuscripts.

T.H.S HARSHA 1507395

GAURANG MUNJE 1507414
3
KAUSHIK PODDER 1507417
ANWESH SAHU 1507451
SOURAV KUMAR 1507456
 Table of Contents

Abstract

Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: What are SMPS?

Chapter 3: SMPS in Computers

Chapter 4: Advantages of SMPS Chargers

Chapter 5: Operation of SMPS

Chapter 6: Conclusion

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 ABSTRACT

Universal charger or common charger can refer to: A

Battery charger that can draw power from a variety of
input voltages. Open Mobile Terminal Universal
Charging System, a proposed global standard
battery charger (external power supply) specification for
mobile phones. A battery charger does not give constant
voltage to battery. Each battery has recommended or efficient
charge pattern. Li-ion batteries are charged with constant
current.
For initial time until battery voltage reaches 4.2V and then
switch to constant voltage while reducing current.
SMPS - A Switch Mode Power Supply, or a switching regulator
or any regulated power supply for that matter maintains constant
voltage at its output.
The current drawn from the supply is dependent on load
connected and will ALWAYS follow Ohm’s law. This is subject
to the maximum current capacity of the supply.

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 CHAPTER: 1
INTRODUCTION

A battery charger, or Universal Charger, is a device used to put energy

into a secondary cell or rechargeable battery by forcing an electric
current through it.
The charging protocol (how much voltage or current for how long, and
what to do when charging is complete, for instance) depends on the size
and type of the battery being charged. Some battery types have high
tolerance for overcharging (i.e., continued charging after the battery has
been fully charged) and can be recharged by connection to a constant
voltage source or a constant current source, depending on battery type.
Simple chargers of this type must be manually disconnected at the end
of the charge cycle, and some battery types absolutely require, or may
use a timer, to cut off charging current at some fixed time, approximately
when charging is complete. Other battery types cannot withstand over-
charging, being damaged (reduced capacity, reduced lifetime) or
overheating or even exploding. The charger may have temperature or
voltage sensing circuits and a microprocessor controller to safely adjust
the charging current and voltage, determine the state of charge, and cut
off at the end of charge.
A trickle charger provides a relatively small amount of current, only
enough to counteract self-discharge of a battery that is idle for a long
time. Slow battery chargers may take several hours to complete a
charge. High-rate chargers may restore most capacity much faster, but
high rate chargers can be more than some battery types can tolerate.
Such batteries require active monitoring of the battery to protect it from
overcharging. Electric vehicles ideally need high-rate chargers. For
public access, installation of such chargers and the distribution support
for them is an issue in the proposed adoption of electric cars.

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 CHAPTER: 2
WHAT ARE SMPS?

A switched-mode power supply (switching-mode power supply, switch-

mode power supply, switched power supply, SMPS, or switcher) is an
electronic power supply that incorporates a switching
regulator to convert electrical power efficiently. Like other power
supplies, an SMPS transfers power from a DC or AC source
(often mains power) to DC loads, such as a personal computer, while
converting voltage and current characteristics. Unlike a linear power
supply, the pass transistor of a switching-mode supply continually
switches between low-dissipation, full-on and full-off states, and spends
very little time in the high dissipation transitions, which minimizes wasted
energy. Ideally, a switched-mode power supply dissipates no
power. Voltage regulation is achieved by varying the ratio of on-to-off
time. In contrast, a linear power supply regulates the output voltage by
continually dissipating power in the pass transistor. This higher power
conversion efficiency is an important advantage of a switched-mode
power supply. Switched-mode power supplies may also be substantially
smaller and lighter than a linear supply due to the smaller transformer
size and weight.

Switching regulators are used as replacements for linear regulators

when higher efficiency, smaller size or lighter weight are required. They
are, however, more complicated; their switching currents can cause
electrical noise problems if not carefully suppressed, and simple designs
may have a poor power factor.

The main advantage of the switching power supply is greater efficiency

than linear regulators because the switching transistor dissipates little
power when acting as a switch.

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Other advantages include smaller size and lighter weight from the
elimination of heavy line-frequency transformers, and comparable heat
generation. Standby power loss is often much less than transformers.
Disadvantages include greater complexity, the generation of high-
amplitude, high-frequency energy that the low-pass filter must block to
avoid electromagnetic interference (EMI), a ripple voltage at the
switching frequency and the harmonic frequencies thereof.

Very low cost SMPSs may couple electrical switching noise back onto
the mains power line, causing interference with A/V equipment
connected to the same phase. Non-power-factor-corrected SMPSs also
cause harmonic distortion.

Switched-mode power supply units (PSUs) in domestic products such

as personal computers often have universal inputs, meaning that they
can accept power from mains supplies throughout the world, although a
manual voltage range switch may be required. Switch-mode power
supplies can tolerate a wide range of power frequencies and voltages.

Due to their high volumes mobile phone chargers have always been
particularly cost sensitive. The first chargers were linear power supplies,
but they quickly moved to the cost effective ringing choke converter
(RCC) SMPS topology, when new levels of efficiency were required.
Recently, the demand for even lower no-load power requirements in the
application has meant that flyback topology is being used more widely;
primary side sensing flyback controllers are also helping to cut the bill of
materials (BOM) by removing secondary-side sensing components such
as optocouplers.
Switched-mode power supplies are used for DC to DC conversion as
well. In automobiles where heavy vehicles use a nominal 24 VDC cranking
supply, 12V for accessories may be furnished through a DC/DC switch-
mode supply. This has the advantage over tapping the battery at the 12V
position (using half the cells) that all the 12V load is evenly divided over
all cells of the 24V battery. In industrial settings such as
telecommunications racks, bulk power may be distributed at a low DC
voltage (from a battery backup system, for example) and individual
equipment items will have DC/DC switched-mode converters to supply
whatever voltages are needed.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SMPS

SMPS CIRCUIT

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 Types of switched mode power supply

 D.C. to D.C. Converter

DC to DC converters are used in portable electronic devices such

as cellular phones and laptop computers, which are supplied with
power from batteries primarily. Such electronic devices often contain
several sub-circuits, each with its own voltage level requirement
different from that supplied by the battery or an external supply
(sometimes higher or lower than the supply voltage). Additionally, the
battery voltage declines as its stored energy is drained. Switched DC
to DC converters offer a method to increase voltage from a partially
lowered battery voltage thereby saving space instead of using
multiple batteries to accomplish the same thing.
Most DC to DC converter circuits also regulate the output voltage.
Some exceptions include high-efficiency LED power sources, which
are a kind of DC to DC converter that regulates the current through
the LEDs, and simple charge pumps which double or triple the output
voltage.
DC to DC converters developed to maximize the energy harvest
for photovoltaic systems and for wind turbines are called power
optimizers.
Transformers used for voltage conversion at mains frequencies of
50–60 Hz must be large and heavy for powers exceeding a few watts.
This makes them expensive, and they are subject to energy losses in
their windings and due to eddy currents in their cores. DC-to-DC
techniques that use transformers or inductors work at much higher
frequencies, requiring only much smaller, lighter, and cheaper wound
components. Consequently, these techniques are used even where a
mains transformer could be used; for example, for domestic electronic
appliances it is preferable to rectify mains voltage to DC, use switch-
mode techniques to convert it to high-frequency AC at the desired
voltage, then, usually, rectify to DC. The entire complex circuit is
cheaper and more efficient than a simple mains transformer circuit of
the same output.

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 Forward Converter
The forward converter is a DC/DC converter that uses
a transformer to increase or decrease the output voltage (depending
on the transformer ratio) and provide galvanic isolation for the load.
With multiple output windings, it is possible to provide both higher and
lower voltage outputs simultaneously.
While it looks superficially like a flyback converter, it operates in a
fundamentally different way, and is generally more energy efficient. A
flyback converter stores energy in the magnetic field in the inductor
air gap during the time the converter switching element (transistor) is
conducting. When the switch turns off, the stored magnetic field
collapses and the energy is transferred to the output of the flyback
converter as electric current. The flyback converter can be viewed as
two inductors sharing a common core with opposite polarity windings.

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 Flyback Converter
The flyback converter is used in both AC/DC and DC/DC
conversion with galvanic isolation between the input and any
outputs. The flyback converter is a buck-boost converter with
the inductor split to form a transformer, so that the voltage
ratios are multiplied with an additional advantage of isolation.

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 Self-Oscillating Flyback Converter

Self-oscillating flyback converter - a type of a flyback converter (switch-

mode power supply) which does not require a separate oscillator, but the
switching of primary current is achieved by a built-in self-oscillatory
action.1)

The self-oscillation is achieved partially by a positive feedback from

a tertiary winding of the coupled inductor(also referred to as a flyback
transformer).

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 CHAPTER: 3
SMPS IN COMPUTERS

In the early days of personal computers, linear power supplies were

common, which used large transformers and linear regulators, which
dissipate most of the excess energy as waste heat. These had a much
lower conversion efficiency from the 110 or 220V AC power than
the more modern SMPS designs that can reach efficiencies of 90% or
better, and in a much smaller package.

The SMPS uses an inductor to store energy in a magnetic field, and then
by breaking the circuit, uses the reverse voltage spike from the
collapsing magnetic field to store the energy in a capacitor at a lower
voltage. A feedback circuit adjusts the switching rate to maintain the
desired voltage based on load. This is called a buck converter. A slight
reconfiguration results in a boost converter, which is used when the
source voltage is lower than the desired output voltage.

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SMPS WIRE COLOURS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS IN
COMPUTERS

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 CHAPTER: 4
ADVANTAGES OF SMPS CHARGERS

 The advantages of SMPS are low weight and small size, high efficiency,
wide AC input voltage range, and low cost.
 Low weight and small size are possible because operation occurs at a
frequency beyond the audible range; the inductive elements are small.
 High efficiency because, for output regulation, the power transistor is
switched rapidly between saturation and cut-off and therefore has little
dissipation. These eases heatsink requirements, which contributes to
weight and volume reduction.
 Conventional linear regulator supplies may have efficiencies as low as
50%, or less, but efficiencies of 80% are readily achievable with SMPS.
 Low overall cost, due to the reduced volume and power dissipation,
means that less material is required and smaller semiconductor devices
suffice.
 Switched-mode power supplies also have slight disadvantages in
comparison to linear regulators, namely, somewhat greater circuit
complexity, slower response to rapid load changes, and less ability to
remove output ripple.

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 CHAPTER: 5
OPERATION OF SMPS

The principle of the AC fed SMPS. In this system, the AC voltage is

rectified, smoothed, and supplied to the electronic chopper, which
operates at a frequency above the audible range to prevent noise.
The chopped DC voltage is applied to the primary of a transformer, and
the secondary voltage is rectified and smoothed to give the required DC
output.
The transformer is necessary to isolate the output from the input. Output
voltage is sensed by a control circuit, which adjusts the duty cycle of the
switching transistor, via the drive circuit, to keep the output voltage
constant irrespective of load and line voltage changes.
Switch mode power supplies (SMPSs) are used in a range of applications as an
efficient and effective source of power. This is in major part to their efficiency.
For anybody still working on a desktop, look for the fan output in the central
processing units (CPU). That’s where the SMPS is. SMPS offers advantages in
terms of size, weight, cost, efficiency and overall performance. These have
become an accepted part of electronic gadgets. Basically, it is a device in which
energy conversion and regulation is provided by power semiconductors that are
continuously switching “on” and “off” with high frequency.

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 CHAPTER:6
CONCLUSION

In this paper we find out the different types and functions of SMPS and
their uses in making a Universal Charger. Since Universal Charger of
SMPS are low weight and small size, high efficiency, wide AC input
voltage range, and low cost, they should be preferred over other chargers.
High efficiency for output regulation, the power transistor is switched
rapidly between saturation and cut-off and therefore has little dissipation.
This eases heatsink requirements, which contributes to weight and
volume reduction.

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