STRUCTURAL TEES (WT, MT, ST)

Structural tees are obtained by splitting the webs of various beams, generally with the
aid of rotary shears, and straightening to meet established permissible variations listed
in Standard Mill Practice in Part 1 of this Manual.
Although structural tees may be obtained by off-center splitting, or by splitting at two
lines, as specified on order, the Dimensions and Properties are based on a depth of tee
equal to one-half the published beam depth. Values of Qs are given for Fy = 36 ksi and
Fy = 50 ksi, for those tees having stems which exceed the limiting width-thickness ratio
r of LRFD Specification Section B5. Since the cross section is comprised entirely of
unstiffened elements, Qa = 1.0 and Q = Qs for all tee sections. The Flexural-Torsional
Properties Table lists the dimensional values (r 
o and H) and cross-section constants (J and
Cw) needed for checking flexural-torsional buckling.
Use of Table
The table may be used as follows for checking the limit states of (1) flexural buckling
about the x-axis and (2) flexural-torsional buckling. The lower of the two limit states
must be used for design. See also Part 3 of this LRFD Manual.
(1) Flexural Buckling About the X-Axis
Where no value of Qs is shown, the design compressive strength for this limit state is
given by LRFD Specification Section E2. Where a value of Qs is shown, the strength
must be reduced in accordance with Appendix B5 of the LRFD Specification.
(2) Flexural-Torsional Buckling
The design compressive strength for this limit state is given by LRFD Specification
Section E3. This involves calculations with J, r 
o, and H. Refer to the Flexural-Torsional
Properties Tables, later in Part 1.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL TEES (WT, MT, ST) 1 - 67
DOUBLE ANGLES
Properties of double angles in contact and separated are listed in the following tables.
Each table shows properties of double angles in contact, and the radius of gyration about
the Y-Y axis when the legs of the angles are separated. Values of Qs are given for Fy = 36
ksi and Fy = 50 ksi for those angles exceeding the width-thickness ratio r of LRFD
Specification Section B5. Since the cross section is comprised entirely of unstiffened
elements, Qa = 1.0 and Q = Qs, for all angle sections. The Flexural-Torsional Properties
Table lists the dimensional values (J, r 
o, and H) needed for checking flexural-torsional
buckling.
Use of Table
The table may be used as follows for checking the limit states of (1) flexural buckling
and (2) flexural-torsional buckling. The lower of the two limit states must be used for
design. See also Part 3 of this LRFD Manual.
(1) Flexural Buckling
Where no value of Qs is shown, the design compressive strength for this limit state is
given by LRFD Specification Section E2. Where a value of Qs is shown, the strength
must be reduced in accordance with Appendix B5 of the LRFD Specification.
(2) Flexural-Torsional Buckling
The design compressive strength for this limit state is given by LRFD Specification
Sections E3 and E4. This involves calculations with J, r 
o, and H. These torsional constants
can be obtained by summing the respective values for single angles listed in the
Flexural-Torsional Properties Tables in Part 1 of this Manual.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
DOUBLE ANGLES 1 - 91
COMBINATION SECTIONS
Standard rolled shapes are frequently combined to produce efficient and economical
structural members for special applications. Experience has established a demand for
certain combinations. When properly sized and connected to satisfy the design and
specification criteria, these members may be used as struts, lintels, eave struts, and light
crane and trolley runways. The W section with channel attached to the web is not
recommended for use as a trolley or crane runway member. Properties of several
combined sections are tabulated for those combinations that experience has proven to be
in popular demand.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
COMBINATION SECTIONS 1 - 105
STEEL PIPE AND STRUCTURAL TUBING
General
When designing and specifying steel pipe or tubing as compression members, refer to
comments in the notes for Columns, Steel Pipe, and Structural Tubing, in Part 3. For
standard mill practices and tolerances, refer to page 1-183. For material specifications
and availability, see Tables 1-4 through 1-6, Part 1.
Steel Pipe
The Tables of Dimensions and Properties of Steel Pipe (unfilled) list a selected range of
sizes of standard, extra strong, and double-extra strong pipe. For a complete range of
sizes manufactured, refer to catalogs of the manufacturers or to the American Institute
for Hollow Structural Sections (AIHSS).
Structural Tubing
The Tables of Dimensions and Properties of Square and Rectangular Structural Tubing
(unfilled) list a selected range of frequently used sizes. For dimensions and properties of
other sizes, refer to catalogs from the manufacturers or AIHSS.
The tables are based on an outside corner radius equal to two times the specified wall
thickness. Material specifications stipulate that the outside corner radius may vary up to
three times the specified wall thickness. This variation should be considered in those
details where a close match or fit is important.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
1 - 120 DIMENSIONS AND PROPERTIES
BARS AND PLATES
Product Availability
Plates are readily available in seven of the structural steel specifications listed in Section
A3.1 of the AISC LRFD Specification. These are: ASTM A36, A242, A529, A572, A588,
A514, and A852. Bars are available in all of these steels except A514 and A852. Table 1-1
shows the availability of each steel in terms of plate thickness.
The Manual user is referred to the discussion on p. 1-5, Selection of the Appropriate
Structural Steel, for guidance in selection of both plate and structural shapes.
Classification
Bars and plates are generally classified as follows:
Bars: 6 in. or less in width, .203 in. and over in thickness.
Over 6 in. to 8 in. in width, .230 in. and over in thickness.
Plates: Over 8 in. to 48 in. in width, .230 in. and over in thickness.
Over 48 in. in width, .180 in. and over in thickness.
Bars
Bars are available in various widths, thicknesses, diameters, and lengths. The preferred
practice is to specify widths in 14-in. increments and thickness and diameter in 18-in.
increments.
Plates
Defined according to rolling procedure:
Sheared plates are rolled between horizontal rolls and trimmed (sheared or gas cut) on
all edges.
Universal (UM) plates are rolled between horizontal and vertical rolls and trimmed
(sheared or gas cut) on ends only.
Stripped plates are furnished to required widths by shearing or gas cutting from wider
sheared plates.
Sizes
Plate mills are located in various districts, but the sizes of plates produced differ greatly
and the catalogs of individual mills should be consulted for detail data. The extreme width
of UM plates currently rolled is 60 inches and for sheared plates it is 200 inches, but their
availability together with limiting thickness and lengths should be checked with the mills
before specifying. The preferred increments for width and thickness are:
Widths: Various. The catalogs of individual mills should be consulted to determine
the most economical widths.
Thickness: 132-in. increments up to 12-in.
116-in. increments over 12-in. to 1 in.
18-in. increments over 1 in. to 3 in.
14-in. increments over 3 in.
Ordering
Plate thickness may be specified in inches or by weight per square foot, but no decimal
edge thickness can be assured by the latter method. Separate tolerance tables apply to
each method.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
BARS AND PLATES 1 - 133
Invoicing
Standard practice is to invoice plates to the fabricator at theoretical weight at point of
shipment. Permissible variations in weight are in accordance with the tables of ASTM
Specification A6.
All plates are invoiced at theoretical weight and, except as noted, are subject to the
same weight variations which apply to rectangular plates. Odd shapes in most instances
require gas cutting, for which gas cutting extras are applicable.
All plates ordered gas cut for whatever reason, or beyond published shearing limits,
take extras for gas cutting in addition to all other extras. Rolled steel bearing plates are
often gas cut to prevent distortion due to shearing but would also take the regular extra
for the thickness involved.
Extras for thickness, width, length, cutting, quality and quantity, etc., which are added
to the base price of plates, are subject to revision, and should be obtained by inquiry to
the producer. The foregoing general statements are made as a guide toward economy in
design.
Floor Plates
Floor plates having raised patterns are available from several mills, each offering its own
style of surface projections and in a variety of widths, thicknesses, and lengths. A
maximum width of 96 inches and a maximum thickness of one inch are available, but
availability of matching widths, thicknesses, and lengths should be checked with the
producer. Floor plates are generally not specified to chemical composition limits or
mechanical property requirements; a commercial grade of carbon steel is furnished.
However, when strength or corrosion resistance is a consideration, raised pattern floor
plates are procurable in any of the regular steel specifications. As in the case of plain
plates, the individual manufacturers should be consulted for precise information. The
nominal or ordered thickness is that of the flat plate, exclusive of the height or raised
pattern. The usual weights are as shown in Table 1-7.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION