Chapter 28

PHYSICS

28,01 Newton's Law of Gravitation

F - g—r-

where

F = gravitational force
s
w i,w 2 mass of bodies
d = distance between the centers of gravity of the two bodies.
s 2
g = gravitational constant 32.2 ft/s
2
= 981 cm/s

28.02 Acceleration—Forces

The absolute unit is the dyne which expresses the force that produces
acceleration, i.e., a change in momentum on a body at rest or in motion.

Metric unit: dyne = the force required to produce an acceleration of

2
1 cm/s in a gram mass.

English units: poundal = the force required to produce an acceleration of

2
1 ft/s to a pound mass.
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F = force
a = acceleration
m = mass

28.03 Mass of a Body

Mass expresses the quantity of matter. The metric unit for mass is the
gram, the English unit is the pound.

F
m = —
a

28.04 Weight of a Body

Weight is defined as the force with which a body is attracted toward the
earth.

w = mg

28.05 Work Done

W = Fs

Work is expressed as the product of the force acting on a body and the
distance the body has moved against the resistance.

Metric system of units:

W = erg = force of one dyne through one centimeter

7
= joule = 1.0 X 1 0 ergs
= g/cm = 980 ergs
 PHYSICS 295

English system of units:

W = ft-lb = force required to move a mass of one pound a distance

of one foot.
= ft-poundal = one poundal acting through one foot.

28.06 Power

The time rate at which work is done.

W
P = —
t

Metric units

joules
watts =
seconds

English units

ft-lb/min
horsepower =
33,000

ft-lb/s
550

Conversions

7
one watt = 1.0 X 1 0 ergs/s
one kilowatt = 1000 watt
one hp = 550 ft-lb/s
= 33,000 ft-lb/min
= 746 watt
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28.07 Molecular Heat of Gases

This is defined as the heat required to raise the temperature of one

gram-mole of a gas one degree Celsius.

c p - c +R
v

c v = (3/2)Ä (for monatomic gases only).

where

c p = molecular heat at constant pressure

c v = molecular heat at constant temperature
R = gas constant = 1.988 cal/°K

28.08 Molecular Heat of Solids

m = Ms

where

m = molecular heat of solid

M = molecular weight
s = specific heat
x = atomic weight

28.09 Latent Heat of Fusion

This is defined as the heat required to obtain a change of state without

a temperature change in the substance. Latent heat of fusion is expressed
in either cal/mole, cal/g, or Btu/lb.
 PHYSICS 297

Example

H 0
2 i c e —> H 0 2 l i q > = - 1 4 4 Btu/lb
= - 80 cal/g
= - 1 5 5 8 cal/mole

28.10 Latent Heat of Evaporation

This is defined as the heat required to change a substance from a liquid

to a gaseous state without a change in temperature. This is also known as
the enthalpy of evaporation.

Example

H 0
2 I i q . —>H O
2 v a p o r = 970.2 Btu/lb

539 cal/g
= 10,500 cal/mole

28.11 Heat of Formation and Reaction

This is defined as the heat units absorbed or evolved in a chemical reac-

tion to form one mole of a substance.

ABtCD = AC+BD+h

When the heat of formation of individual compounds is known, e.g.,

A+B = AB + úf, etc.,

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then

ABi-CD = AC+BD-a-b+c+d

and

h = c + <i-(úr + ¿>)

where

A,B,C = compounds weight

Q,b,c = heat of formation
h = heat of reaction

28.12 Joule Equivalent

This is the mechanical equivalent of heat.

kcal
J =
426.9

Btu
/ =
1694.1

where

/ = joule equivalent (kg/m)

 PHYSICS 299

28.13 Temperature of a Mixture c = specific heat

c = specific heat
p

_ Wi£i7i + W C Z
2 2 2 + .. . at constant
'final pressure
WlC +WC + 1 2 2
c = specific heat
v

at constant
28.14 Gas Mixtures volume
P,p = pressure
Pl + P +
P3 + - . - w = weight
Pf 2

V,v = volume
Wj + W +W 2 3 + . . .
T = absolute
a

temperature
W Cp 1 1 +W Cp 2 2 + ...
T - final abso-
af

lute tem-
K + V + F + ...
1 2 3
perature
PiVi +P V 2 2 + ... t - temperature
PiVi PiV tf = final temper-
2 +

ature
1 1
Ql Q 2 R = gas constant
(m-kg/f/kg/
PiVi +P V 2 2 + ... °C)
RW

28.15 Gas Constant, R

For air = 29.3

For O 2 = 26.5

28.16 Friction Coefficient

This is defined as the ratio of the force required to move one body over
the other to the total force pressing the two bodies together.

k =
Ft
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28.17 Moment of Force—Torque

This is the force that produces rotation about an axis.

L = Fd

where

L = torque (dyne-cm),
F = force that produces rotation about center (dyne), and
d = perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the
axis (cm).