Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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I
Wrought Iron and Steel
IN CONSTRUCTION.
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MAIN OFFIC£," ".
26 1 SOUTH FOURTH ST REET ,
PHILADElPHIA, rA.
SEW vo.."
JOHN WILEY AND SOSS,
\1 It..... TUTtI STun.
PREFACE.
IN preparing the Second Edit ion for the press we have eor-
rKted .tOme $mall elTOf5 occurring in various places in the first
edition, which were diSCO"ered afler its publication. A few new
tables of wdGhts of &ep.uators for beams, of boltl, nuts and
rivets, which were deemed u,;.eful in architectural calculatioos,
h:l>' e been added. Some additional ,hapes arc dC5Cribed, and
st"eral old JCeLion$ of beanu and channels chanGed 10 mOle effi-
cient fornu, by beller distriootiOlJ of material in the Aani.'eS. At
the present writing we have no alterations 10 make in our con-
c\lbions in regard to &teel, our uperiments lip 10 date seeming to
confirm our results as then announeed.
A. &- P. ROBERTS & CO.
IRON ANQS,TEEL
ROLLED AT
P' ENiCOYD.
NO T I C I~"
S T EE L
All """;g"t,; gi\','" in 1)0",,,1,, p('r ."ar.t.
,, ,
No.5IS.
WT. to 4 TO '.U :
'"
"
~
STEEL
All w/· ' p: hl ,. r;;v" 1\ in 1"'''011.1 ,1<"" YIII'<1
" : .I'j
,- ,
'j
l,
•
I;
N o.51!
wI 70 T O
".
,~ ,
,
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No .S09
.0 TO '
~ 2 ~
,
"
I- ~ JO' , ~J),'
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I. ... roo' , • .... ~() " •
,
Plale No .2.
STEEL
All wpight>! given in pounds pe L' yard.
No.503 . i No .18 .
. 22" "ro
WT. 34.9 TO 48.3 L8S . WT. 27.3 TO 3 7.5 LBS .
.... 1A"
.Hi"') .,
=~
r-~---~r-----rN
STEEL
All "'elshla g iven in poundll p('r yal·d
"' ~ -T , t.
No.2 1
..~""""2',
,"
,,' ,I
•! ,.' ... No.22
•• 11,nO 10.'
, I
I 01t'"~ ~ r-··
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02
L
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No. I9
" •.• ITO ...
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No.20
r,'uTO ....
,
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2" --,
- I
-~-~=--=::::,
P la l e No.4 . .
IR ON
All we i ghts gi,:en in pounds per yal'd.
i
::
~_ r------z 3~~----.
7'
t6
- 5 39/64".-.
-- -t-
o;..;. _...•
L-------_____~~·________
;
_Lt ~L_________~~______~
j-;.
.'
PlaleNo . 5
IRON
.A ll weighls given :in pOllnds p"[',va 1'(1 .
-r- 1
,I
"
2 tv&&." -t!
"
32
No.515
WT. 69 . 5 TO
130. 3 LBS .
2"
,.
~.
32
I~
No. 3 N o. 4 ..,'"
WT 189 TO WT 120 TO
I 194 \...BS 163 LBS .
. 5 "·
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'7
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L _ _ _ _ _ _...L._ _ _ _ ---!,_:"'co
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Plate Xo.6 .
Pl:J.t(' No.7
IR ON on ST J~E L
All weigha glVl''I1. illl.b!!l,per yd.ror Iroll. I-OrS~l ..dd 211CT Cl\11l
•4.
'
N o.7
lOT."' ... '~7 LU
r No.8
' . . . . . " .. LU
..
':' 2 ' .. '
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•
.. . I "
I' la\1) No_8
1 HO X OU S TI': I'; 1-
All wei~h •• ~"'cn ;nl.b~ Pt~·-,·'I.for Iron i'Or St.. el acid 2 I'cr" .. " .
4~ . '
,',
.. T.""
...
N o. 9
.01704
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N o, I O
wr?OITOH l :..
~ eu
•
IB OX OU STEEl .
•\lI", ,·'~hIK (1,"'11 'II I .bo. ..... ,•.,·d lor Iron loQrSlerl Add 2 ...... ,·.-11\
. . .........
No. 13
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No. 14
...... .,0."
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No. II
"" . . . TO ' . . . .
•
No.12
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Plate No.lO
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No . 23
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No. IS
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•
No . 2 4
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I'late No.U.
( (-tON OR STEEL
All "M!Ignts gi~n.ln lbo.per )~rorlron.t·(II'Strei add 211fJ1' cen t .
•
No_2' ",' No . 22
,,<, 2<1.1"'0.' 7LU _.,",TOOO O L"
100' • ~ I .OZ·
• '.
No .19 Lt No . 20
" Wl".I.a"'O'oHU
1.19- , • 1.01"
".
No . 17
wT:JO TO +0 Lt t
1 ·10'
3.0,T ·
PI ", ~ No. 1:?
S T Et:; 1.
All w..oights £,IV(>1\ ill .I'0lll\d .. 1)/' 1' ~7.lr(J .
.. IT'
J
w.
No . 411
'.~~O
,
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• a
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N o 4 13
""'."02'"L.' $ ~
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N o. 415
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N o. 4 17
.... 21.' .go, IL.'
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No. 41 9
•. ,
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Plate Xo. 13
I It 0 N
I
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No.30 No . S3
...... '3_ TO ~04 .• L __ Wf.'O ........... s.
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•
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Pla.te -!<{o _L-I-,
I RON
AU WlliSitl" gi~n in J)()u.nde ,,('r Ylll"d,
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No , 55 No 54
w' •• ~o '"0 .• Le. W
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No.3 2 . No.3t.
"""._'0 '0 .... LII._ WT.••. $TOleoLU.
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II No.427.
WT •• UTO .... , LIIS.
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No.331h No.33.
WT .,~ TO . , . . . .
w~"'071 ... '
.;
::'111
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lH. UX un STEEL
All w"llihl~ ~i"~n In pound,. IW1' .val'll
, 2 '.
2 , . " '.,
2"' ..
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c" •
=: .:;
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N o,37
~ c:=:;::::j:J
= "'172fOt".'"
N o.35
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No. 3 4
wTII1TO ,Of 7 CO.
" No3G
WT SI. fO .n , ..
I'lall' :'\o,lB
IHO=-- O B STE 1::; 1.
AI1w"'~hl" /l iven III 1.\1<;,1>(>1' ., ·(\_f,... I,·"11 l·i.... S,ef'1 ",Id 2 pel' {"("lit
N o.418 No.419
w T.39~ T Q"'_ J C" WT,30.7to <UI.9
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N o . 44
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N o. 42
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N o .... 12
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No.48
"",.,'0"'" • ... .",.
NQ. 47
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No.49
IR 0 N
,\11 wpighls giYen ill pounds per Ydrd.
- ,
No . SO
WT.104 TO 138 L.BS
No. 69
WT 105.4 TO 134 . 1 LBS
II, ) ,'.
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I~ ,CD ,,
I -,
l
,
1'110.1<,1'(... 21.
IHON OR STEEL
.-
,\IIY""lghls fM-'11 in lb&.JM!'<" J'd.fQl' inx •.forSteeI .dd:! .... crnL
,-
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: "
No.2S4 " N o 255
Wr)7aTO . . . . .. ... ... "0 ..........
No . 63
WT 71 TO . . ' "
:. t\~::::::::::5':::::::::::::::::::':::'
.
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Plalp Xo.:!2,
IRON OR STEEL
All W(,jgl1lS g~'('." in Ths. p('!' yd. forlron.Yor Stc('l ~d~ 2pcr C(,llL. ,
1:6 - - --- _ - 4 ... ~
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,
No.65
WT. 81 TO 84- LBS WT.52TO 72 LBS
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1
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lU
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:. 191m" .:
3 I' , ..
No.6? No , 66
WT . ... 2 TO 5; LBS.
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1 .5"
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Plat,· ~o,23,
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WT 3 LBS
81l'" 3"
-..~.,--~..,
No . 70 "
I No . 83
wr. 37 . .5 LBS . WT. 22 6 LBS .
11 .. "
7
16
:J 1,.2 •
No . 73
WT.1g. 15 LBS
;: No.71
WT 31 Las
" 2 Vz"
, I ~ .. "
16
~
No.74
WT. I7.SLBS
:) " ~
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.....
~
, n
.. No.78
'G M
WT. 7. 1 LBS
,l
a"
l 2" 2 v","
) OJ No.77
WT.10. 5 LBS .
'.,
;,
No.76
WT.12 Les.
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1- -
Plnll' ~o.:! ~
IRON OR STEEl,
gi'''''' iu Ib"' l'er ...,t tlJt' ltun. tOr SO ....I ,.<1<1 ZI"'rN'nl
All_tghtll
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No .106 N. 91.
w~'" ......
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No.95
.., ..'z·
No.93
w~ u ....
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No . 92
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No.SO
w, .. ..... '-
• . No . 96
•
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Plate No. Z:'i
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S T E E L dd "' p""' ccnl.
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1'1 097
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< 1'10. 116
WT • • ' 0 , . ".'
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1'1 0 . 108 ..
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N o . 111
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No.1I2
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... n.' La.
-.......
1'1 0 . 103
PIal" ~o . 26.
I RON OR S T EEL
All weighls given in Ibs. per yd.for II'olLfor Steel a.ld 21>"" cpnl.
No.123
WT. 21. TO 39.8 L.B S.
No . 125
WT. 13 . 1 TO 25 Las .
No . 126
WT. e . 1 TO 22 . 5 Las .
~
,+""",
No .130
,,'\~ ,, '~
WT 3 6To e'81.BS'~'""
,,+
",, , !It "'"tr
No . 131
W~'~~;~;B6 ~+j:~
U ~
W T , 2 . 3TO .... 4LB S .
- -- THON OR STE E L
Pln1.c "No.27.
No . 1S4
,"'.00. TO .HB5
N o.152
..,. 38.0TO
•• '-80
,"
N o . 140
.• I.ITotOl.U
•
"
"•
N o . 151
+
•
.,
No .141
flT.3Z.JTC B' .n u. ,.
No .1 42
wT 25.1l0 M .' "
\ No .l43
1.....-···oTo ..... 85
P l ate No. 28
IR ON OR STEF:T~
l!
All wci~hts given in Lbs.per 'yd. for Imn. ~or Steel add 2 per cent
I
No.1 44
No . 146
WT.
No. 149
WT. I1 . 9 TO 22 . S
No. ISO
No. 156
WT, e. 7 T O 12 . 6 Las . ~
, ~ -..-" .,;~
No . 157
'" '
WT . 5 . 7 TO 10 . 8 l BS .
I'law 10'0.29
: ..... ,...
N o. 160
~,
N o. 16 1
-'
:',:;"A
N o. 168
""N A.'
....... , e. .
N o. 184
... T . . . . .
•••
N o. 183
LU. A'
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No. 2 14
...... '0 L.'
...
N o.182
• • O.G , . . . .
,•
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N o. 21'
... , • • L"
No. L99
f· .'.' 'u
, . .... ,..
No. 172
'----,,=
.... ,.--11-
No.2'?
., 1 No 218
lW~ZZS~t"fT
~
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I HOX OH STI-: I-: 1.
AIl .. e~h"" givell illlb!;..per~'llOc lroll. For~j'f'l add:! 1)('CL"(,111
,""
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No. 227
WT"'ro1'61' ....'
- _.~
" 3l"
3~
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-
No.226
;,. ',.;s:, . .
WT U.4lU 6$-' L.S
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N o. 224
W T,~' l .... 5
Il'!!Ni!io; :.2~2~~ '
WT3S2.lU~6L'S
No.222 · ,
WTUZ1034.eUlS.
fi1:.
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No. 221 No. 220
WI.)) 1 103551.8. ¥iT" " lUUaLM
I'lme .'\0.3 1
r I B UN 01{ ST I': J<:I.
A ll "·~ I thl .. tI~'en III Lb" per.'"d for I ron Fo r StN'1 ndd Z Ilf'r {ent
I · .. ·
..... ..
..,
No . 190
,
wN, o.••194
u.'t:.___ '_ ....., ......
N o. 193
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I-..,.::..J
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NO. 19.s t~ •
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No 212
w~u"tO" , ••
No. 216
No. 197 I~==='~'~~:::)"'" r w l'M7 .....
"'''''0''
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No . 198 ,1
.nn:.~o. . .
t::::::::;'!'~~:::::1 i"""
3 .....
...
N ~ 205 I~ ______"-______..J~
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I'lflu' ~o.:12
I It 0.'\ OU STEI·: l.
"11 "'~I'ht. Lb~ p"r.Hl.fo," Iron. 1'0," 5 1<'('1 ndd 2
1:1\C1' in po''' cent
No.202
.of . . . , . .
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METHOD OF INCREASING
SECTIONAL AREAS .
1
--
Wrought Iron and Steel in Construction.
PART I.
...
-~- ~~-;:..,. - .
P ENCOYD STEEL CHANNELS .
WEIGHTS FOR STEEL.
II I I
'"
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' )11.0
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BULB PLATE.
~_ , o_,_ .t I~.
BULB ANOLES .
. I~.~,
Ill·1 • n- .u:a .10"1
' Ir
I" -."
If.'
"""I . ,,I
:::1 !'1
" •
PENCOYD ~. TEES.
WEIGHTS "~ FOR IRON.
".
,..
EVEN LEOS.
31-'
II
~.
u.6
'9-3
'9-'
:~i
".0
"'-J
l:!
••
,0
UNEVEN LEGS .
...
,
fI>c _,loft. can
PENCOYD ANGLES.
WEIGHTS FOR IRON.
b,o ....lled 1. __ I ... hen , ... ".Iel'" "Ill be hoc--'. po< _t.
I
I I I' II I' l' II I
.~6 '7$ 1" 114.'913 11 00
)'0.1 47 5 586 60,1.. 19.8 I 9<>'<>
.8.6 31.S .6.1 Si.
't·8 )2.5 )9.8
.. 11'7·5 33.6
'9_2 '5. 0
'1·) "·5
:t1
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' •. 0
22·5
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'3·'
"·9
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' .. ANGLE COVERS.
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)
1"1
,.,
1).0
t:,0 "[-".01"·'1'"
3 .0
II 1
' 9· ' 2.·9
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1.8 '1·' 22 .•
0·5 ' 5·.
9·) 'Js~~:;;;~:::::=~=
ROOT AN,GLES.
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SQUARE L' ••G;;-.,",N"'G LES .
I... _1_ ...
~sS~121"11 10,.1 __ 1" 1 'I I~__ =1_
' '
•
SIZES OF PENCOYD BAR IRON .
FLA TS.
i",he. to
l ...
inch ••. ,.,'I :.. Inclou Iu
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3
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!, 10, t. H. I. iii. t,
1-/-.,1,1, 'R. ,t, Ii. 'I' 'II,"I'"
'1,0, 01 .• t. 'j .• t, •.•, .••
.,~!
3. 3t. 31, 3i. 31, 31. 31. 3t. 4.
41. -It ioch...
ROU N DS.
I, /0. a, H,!., II'
t. It. '.
,,), I!. ,,,",11.' ,'. ,,'Ii, ,~,
• '1' 2~, 2~.
' ..., ,t. ,', I', 0, '1:,
.1. '/' 'l. 3. 31:. 3\. 3 , 31' 31.
• 'I' 3 , 4, d, 41, 4 . -Ii. 4 • "i.
4 , 5. st. Sf, sI, 6, 6;, 1·
BOLT SIZES .... th. F ull.
11• I .... , t,
'fo. ". ' ..... ,'
It, I. n, t. ii,
inch",.
I,
R IVET SIZES.
ii, 'I'
n, U. 'J' II'. II'. I"t, n,
i , I, u,
~!. U,
'n. Ih, I.", 'AI, ,At mche •.
,11 HA LF ROU NDS .
;....,J'I" Ii, '.H, 'I,
j, I,
MISCELLANEOUS SHAPES
Curt JV~i.r"lfrr .
5«li" ... Sizu.
."
No, y,.~"/"r IT",. .
'l xi.oj 8.4 to '4·1
'3.5" ".0
:~~ C'OCIvcd B3 ..... ,
'T
3~1 x
3~
.,
",
"i
20·9 " 3-1 ·5
"·5 " .I.l
".,., :\
,~ x
~,
'5·"
",
." H~lfOv.l.
- "- '--
--'".
.~
-"'--
Minct$' T,.,C\c Rail
Splioo llar.
-
Slot Rails. NOI. '90,20],006.
,.
--- Splice Bar•. No •. ·~·,- , ..,7, - 21;"'°4'
"·5'03"
., . •
.,6.
-;;;;- Bridge Rail 35 to-l0
.."'".,
, .. ..
Slot Rai!G~
Spoke &..
x, x
• x!l x
,'lx'lx xJ
• t·o i"
.6.0.,'
'5·0
.,,'oJ,lbs.p.yd.
PENCOYD ::I BEAMS.
F OR STEEL.
~?1~
-.,!;::: ~
.... !" ~
; ::':~
t ~; =
~H~
... ~~~
.•• ,, 1~·9
~l
,-
,-
• .,.
-
."
N
:1 !• ."
..... • ."".... ••
",-}
'"'
~ i o'" , 0 0'
."
.n ,.
", n
~,
'n
••
••
.,..,..-
FOR IRON.
..... =!1 3
I
··, .."
.. .... S .~ . ,00''''''''S r;'~ .~
• 'S ' '/'>o
"
5" ..
«
Pt-)'>
"*9:)2
,)11.,'
, ••. ;olI
.0<100101
.ooo<>1])
,-US
,.,
_.
-"
3
.-....19
6':
.<
;M
t
4
...
. -. 0.'
'"I '1)." 7
1 .
,.• •
10
.
·••, ...... "..-...•
'"~ 1
~.
• ,m
"·'7
Itt·'} _'I' _"1
i
...'" . ...
5'·4 ,.1'1 $7H "
.,. 6
6
"5-S
9".1
"55 e3~1 _00(,
" J'
-~7.' "l.oS 01·'9
"''I I~ t.
n
"
,
6
HS
..... 0 ,00 ~
'H
., '"
n~
, '"
.
'7S"J1'~1 .) .1
'9
00
..
..
'4 I.
,S.
'·4"
l.b ".
Il~
..
In
J _ ••
.l. _'S.6 _,-,56
"
1-J1~J •
•
PENCOYD CHANNELS.
POR STEE L.
~:';'~I 3
/"
,• .
. J. ~~~~ ::
D'.ft«/i"",
< <~ ~ .... --..,;
•
'I ~ ~
;. ~":, .! ~ !:::: ...
0 J ~ o' .~
~J;" /.", ..1
...
.. , ,
."
~l
"
'n
,e, 0<'
",
•.• 8
.~
' ·.t
~~
"r,1,~ .
9 6,
- .. '=:4,l
.."
.-.>1)7
:-,,7J.8
.:::::i)~
-~,
."..", I'" I
.~
"
~"S
'.JS
,n
."
~.
~,
.019
.07't-
PENCOYD CHANNELS.
- ."
FOR IRON.
PI" 1Jq_O
Ij=~~P1 ..• 00',', ._, ...00 ."
34'34/ ~
,. .
5l ., '0 OJ -15 ~, .6·)3 ~
00,
'-I ".
' b.o
..,., ..
31 n U,
w .•
SiS I • •. "
:'4 _"1
".
.~
.,
~'·S 6 .• S 10J.'}
n ,1 J~7
--,'"'.. 'P ,.
.. --."
I.p ~~ ')-S7 I
" .n 4U ~ I .~
.,,.', -n
.~ •.• 6
:l ';
I' ..
". p' f .' .• ,
, •• ' 6.S,
-="
-", "
-.., "
-"
."
,,8
n • ,I,;
.."
"9
.. .'
,
,
•
..
,
'", n ", _""S
,
r
...,,.
....
_
"
..
-.-, -,", :t '"
'--1''''
tt
n
... , " ::
.:J
M
...",
-"'<95
.•
....
=
....-
~ 7 61
~
...'.
~,
~,
..
I~ ,,\ ~
..
" • "'" , , .",
,
."
~n ~,
~I " .. 'P
" "
"1
,
'" .'00
.Il}
" _.'.'.'.'-
~U.,""q
,
PENCOYDIRON I BEAMS
G...- _ _ ...... _~J d _.I""·od(
. - ._ _ ... .....u.fII_.~_--a.aJrfll ..... ~ ... " ' . - _.
.. bn._f. Few_
.. .: I ~ ~~ .
H
u~
~ ~ --. :;, . ~
....._'~ :t:t~ 4 5 6 8 10 112 1416
2
~ : 49~.oi-- --
15 ,.01
--1-- ::d :~I:! :~i :~il
.11 . 11l .21 .2
5 211 5 124.1 1 L 1 '~I'1'~I'1'~~'1'~:J
12 168 0 - - .~) •• II -:-;-f>7I ' ~a8
3 • I .1:1 . 11t .26 .3"
4
515
12
12
1200
,_ 89...:..5 _
·I _ _
2 • .., '7 6< ' 5 ,6 ' 3-"6
.t:J .10 .211 .3 t
.'.~~ '~19 .'::/6' ~r.
5 J o~
134.4 -:i"; '~l; '::«1 ':a'J
51 101 108·3 '~IJl '~ll~ '~::o '~:I~
101
_6_ _ _
89" .,)
IJ)I
.Hi
11 .01
.12~
' 0 ,' 9.a9
01
'7 10 1117
. ,6.16
... ' 3'11>
.:::1 IISl''
.:1 'l
...
-8 10 1
go 0 '~I~ '~IJ ~::-t ~:l
°9 9· . .11 . IH .'.!II .:l1l ... 6
-10 9 70.6 ~ldl ~ l: ~l2 ~2'g ?a'; ~'I'~
"' I 8~ 800
•
'5.07
4Q n ",
. l a .2
.,6 6 ",
.20 31t
610
.$ 1
'12 8 610
•
,g06 .,,,.101
.en .Ia .20
612 \ ,t>
.20 .30
5
..51
- 8
6,~
--~-
'3 " 'J." 6 6.0 ," .- " $
' 13 7 • .06 .OH
• $ . " .33 ... I .I'itl
-, 4 6" 71 6"7 6 '7 5·7' • 19 . , J W
"4 7 _ ' _ '_ _ _ .06 .08 .. 1Il .113 .:t3 .U ~
'5.5 2~J'l '~:?' '?~ '~IIJ !2~ ~; ~Il~ ~~'&
'23
'24
6
6
I
IV"I
'7~'
I , 6.•• , 6.001 ' ll' 10 .00 '_00
.0" .07 .Olt .18 . 27
6
.•
S l' 500
..:~2~
,
"5 6 -,-,- · s ' 7:7l .0•W
.0 "7'7'
1
. 00,i 6. 18
" -,.2 , 'i .. 41' ~_ '.',"0
l.•,,"
·,6 6 4 00
· ,
S2j
.0
S···
.Ol
, .25' • 7~
.00 . 18
3,821 ] .'
.ll1.4
2...!1 '._,W
:0
' 17 - I 29 7 79' ~66].SIII-;:-91 ~.l'
_ ' _ _ _· _I~ ....:OH .13...:.!11 .:lll
'09<1
.46~~
, ~ ""i':46
~
'G~ .6<1.1 .!):l 1.08 I.:to 1 44 1.64 90.410
~ .1. ~86 l~o'·11~l1 1:4~1I~O: 9O.~ 9 I 9'
,."
.11 4'1<>
.1 1 U5 ,, 08 1311
.KG 1.0J 350 1.6t
.2 1.40 l 706
• 9 '0'
~.4 ~
.611.8
44 1--:j<;j 371 l'l'>
.In 1 . 16 1.36 1.IH
80 • -S- W
~t~ ~:6' ~~ t~l: 1~3': 1~6~ 61.0, 8 12-
3 6 , l " T..,. ~77-'- - - 6~ 8 -, " 3'
.71 .tk1 1.00 t.3t j. I
3'"
.14
~1 26. .!:.!!I
.~ I .~O
~-:19 _ _
1
I__ __ _ 5' 4
I 7
'.'--J_
'4'
J
:.1
~J, __1 ___
_
- L----- -
l ~o1
55,5 -6- '5'
40.~ _6_ '6'
29·7 5 17-
'9"
2
4,6 4
1_ _1__ ~ 4 20-
---1 20.1 3
13
21-
I j.6 '22-
-I
PENCOYD STEEL I: BEAMS.
e .. " ... Ar.
CODC<~".«<Il",d
loo~ In "'" 'Oft'...<.011 dimlbuood, In'ludln~
In middle ofboam. all_ "".·I,.lf 0(') ... ' ", .." In toWe
bNm h•• lf.
be'.,.... For a AI
21
... ~ . ... ~ .
~~ td .~~ S"" .. F"t. L~"gt" ~/ i~
' ..... IT OF DHPt.HCTJO .... _ l<;,; <"",Idered i:<>Od p<>ct"'. In """ ~f 1'1 ... ««<1 cd].
Inp, 0< I~ oth<r d..-um ....n= .. he .. uodu. den«,I ... =y be I ....Judlo:l>.l. 10 prnportioo.
.,.a... ..,'II>.'"'d.d<~ •• 'i""
wH' nul •• cec~ ,_ph pa .. 01 on loch P'" foo<. 0< ,.J6otb.
PO" 01 ,i>&opan. All ......... ,.,h. fjllhl~1 I~ ....... oy b ...... k U.... llIdeftert jn. ~
of <Ills Ilmll· Lb_ .... l.fioflb.Ii"".,., .. f. '" ....
"
1-
PENCOYD STEEL ::z: BEAMS.
!
"-
;> .
"
PENCOYD IRON CHANNELS ,
..-e.,,_
c.- _ -. I. _ -...-1, dlo..ib"OO<l,lo..lood.I
u.a. r ....
load la ....wlo of buoI. al _ _ ·..If 0(
... """'" 1... lf.
I • . - below .
For •
.,
• ...
, ,. , "
~
., .~ ~ '"
.69
.,
1."
:11'1
1·'3
.tJ9
I I 17 ' .00
."0 .U:l .!:I~
'.
•
I
PENCOYD IRON CHANNELS .
... __ 4'7
IO 34
10 ~
5'·4 9 36
37·' 9 37'
39·5 8 4 1 8'
30.:74-::8_1 419'
41. 7 40'
'5.° 7 4 1 '
..In I.-,..,. "I
~t 1.07 1.~9 I ,ll 319 1 6 4"
. ,
~:~ .:0;1:2'0 t.tt I 27. 6, 6 43·
~:1 1.31 I.lNI !.ii, _ _ __ 22 71 6....1£
l~ol 27·3 5 45·
,.'1 _ _ '_ _ _ '_'_ 18.8---.i.. 46'
21·5 4 47'
17·5 4 48'
---:-1--
15.2.7 49°
"
PENCOYD BEAMS .
TH'
~.
1,.
'- "
..- .... ---_ ..... -
.'-._"'-' ••• - ...
",.
i.
-...,.
~
.,
PENCOYD CHANNELS.
10 J4 591
" 01 S
9 )"
9 '7 )1 •
8 •• 11 1 ~,
8 .,~ ,I 7
6
, "I"·
7 '.
t'
"
)1,
6.. 7
5'" ,
: 1:1
J 4<J_ JID
..
r STRJ:::;'OTII 011' W IWUOIIT IltO:I. 17
PART n.
'1'110 preceding pngcs contain the latest data in rc·
glml to PCllcoytl scctions. Ow ing lo changes which
ha\'c IJccn made in some of the sections. the illfol'llHI.·
t.ion gi\'cil ill th" tables in this PUrL docs IlOt exactly
agree with t1mt in P:lrt 1. Where slich discrepancies
ocellr the lubles in Par~ 1. should be nsed .
'1'he infonnalioll given 011 11agl"11 88. 89 and 90,
under hClltls of columns XI.. XII.. X II I. and X IY.,
Ill> to IIlcllu}\!ij of using cocmcicn~ for safe loads and
<lcfll'Ctiolll!, applies abo to c()rrc~pondillg columns in
taule on pages 8 and 9, Part 1.
COM.PRE:)SIO~.
d
ELASTtCITY OF !lOLLED mONo 10
tak('n II.S eqUfl.l to its tenaiJo strength. In the form of flanges tor
80lid bCflmll, this property is exerted to its full <'fIllfICity, II.S tho
adja«nt portion of ~he nilltcrial ill tension ~nsl.8ins the portiolUl
in oompl"e!l"ion from buckling, el'en when the length of tho
wun OOoomes very consitlernble. But ill the form of ~tntts and
oohllnll3, when UtO piece becomes of oou~itlcrl1bl() leugth in pro.
portion 10 its ero8lH!CCiion, failure oeeUI"l'l by btlltliug, or com'
blned bending an,l crushing. (See IIrllelo on Struts.) Judging
{"(1m mllny experiments we have made on b.'ll"l'l l\CCurod from
bo'nding under oompl'C!l!ivG Irtrefll:l. the c]ngtic limit in rolUl!mt-
~ion Is II. littlo lowl'r than In tension, but the torlU!'rnotsoeleurly
dl'fln,-d 118 tho latter; practically tbey may be oonsi,lerOO /Iij
equal.
ThC'SC retulta wercderiv('(1 trom sUl1I1l 8e('tion~; In IlIrge f!eCliOIlB
tben.· may 00 more equality, as somo el:pcriments bereatkr de-
9Criwl would denou,.
With pressures '·lI.rying from 25.000 to 3.'i,OO[) Ills, per .square
Ineh, the c18.!tie limit b attained, With 00,000 lbs. per !l<:luare
illl·h II. permancnt ~duetiOIl of 2! JX'r e('nt. of the length is pro..
duoedj with 7;;,()O() lbs. a reduction of 6 per cent, lind with
100,000 lbe.. per square inch the penmmcllt re-Iuction ol length
ill fl.oout 8 pcr oollt. ThCllO results ha"c a. "I'i<!e I"l'llIge of mna._
lion, but Ule flgurcs are the averages of several experimcnts,
l"",,",'reper
" •. Iud).
Tr.:l<-".I' T"'T.
Elonpllone.
pc.
Jud •.
I
1.a.oJ on,
TaT.
ItttI,.e.ion or Icnl,'1h.
1..-..1 011".
!
5,000
10,000
1.),000
20.000
2'!,OOO
2-1000
26:000
2.'1,000
30.000
.-
.002
.0045
.000>
.010
.010:;
.011,;
.012
.ola
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.,.000
IO,()OO
15,100
20.000
2'!,(1OO
~,OOO
2lI,OOO
2S,OOO
30,000
.0<0
.oo:J.>
.0'"
.006
.OJ7
.008
.000
.OO9J
.010
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
32,000 .0]3::; .000 32,000 .011 .000
UI,OOO .0145 .000 lW.OOO .&,W .OO3J
36,000 .01.>5 .001 30.1l<J() .023 . ()().L'j
:Ri,OIJO .1715 . 149.; "'-000 .o-n .010
41),000
00,1100
1;3,tt.l()
,3):I;JJ
1.3::?6
3.003
.300.;
1.2D.tJ
......
40.000
00.000
611.000
. t01
,.''''
,,~.~
.464
"'"
..2-10
."'-'
70,000 .6it .0l9
S[X"l'iU1('1I broke wilh 53,820
lb;;, I"'r lIIlURI'I' ;II(-h.
!:!O,OOO
OO.1l<J() "'"
1.07(
81'
1.00
..
StI'(ll.dll'l.i 01.00;\ in 12 in.
.. 2.1~7 in 8 in . r.hxiuius of elasticity
27.::1 per cent. in 8 in. = 85,aoo,ooo lila
= .3$1
Frllclure.IIU''(·o.
MotiulUiI or ehll;licit.b
=27, W,OOO Ibs.
r EL.\STICITY OF ROLLED mos. 21
Two I,j('('('!l of ! -inch round iron cut from Mme hflr.
MCQuro:llcngth of <'fIch specime n = 12 indl('O<,
Area of esch specimen = .449 ;oqual~ inch.
I'l'CS!!nre in lb!:.; change of I('ngth in intb~iI.
1'I'<!",u~JlC't
..... 00. Load 011". J'noo.a"'l"'r
oq. h>< ~ •
I """M. l .-!otI'.
.. ,. hlC~ .
',000
10,000
lii.roo ....
.OO':!
.004
.000
.000
.000
',000
10,000
t;;,o.xl
.,.,
.002
.(lM
.000
.000
.000
2(),00Q .O<.EI .000 20,4100 .010 .000
2:.?,00Q .009 .000 2~,1.IOO .Oll .001
21,00) .Olll .000 21,000 .012 .002
26,UOO .0105 .000 26.000 .01:1 .003
, .. 000 .011 .000 2R,OOO .Olti .0045
"',()()() .013 . ()()() 00,000 .0'H5 .OOOfi
32,000 .0 14. .COO :l2.000 .02:!ii .007
<1-4.000 .015 .002 81.000 .om; .000
~;.OOO .022 .1!()7 'MOO .04(1 .OUl
38,000 .416 .3,. a..~.OOO .0.;:,) .0.'36
40,000 .M4 .5:,)3 40,000 .133 .114
00,001
Gl,GOO
1.740
2.468
U07
.....
50.000
00.000
70,000
.3()1
.427
.MIl
.""
.402
.tm
Spl1Cimen hroke "-ilh 51,000 I!(),()()() .1l6S . /I3.'i
Ib!!'l)('r SlI"IU'C inch . 00,000 .r-a .'in
Sln' choo 2.468 in I! in. 100,000 .800 .862
1.81 in 8 in.
" :'>2.6jX'rccIlL inSin. Modulus or cla.-ticitv
= 24,400,000 IIJ3.
FrncturcJ ILl'OO = .297 sq. in.
Mod\llus of elasticity
= :.>9,400,000 li:ll!.
22 WnOUGlJT mo~ AXD STEEL.
•
.t\ !!Crios or t~t.s Wfl!:I mlldo on thl' Unitc'd SInks Government
tc,;ting machino at'Vlllenown Arsenl\l, on tho full·sizOO bars,
(>( which the COIJOWillg is a condensed an'rage.
TEN::jJLE '1'BSTS.
, ,. ~i <
-,!i Oil!
~
,• ~. j~ !
'.
)tODII 0 .. )!ASIl· "i 'Q;:'
~.=:
-~
,- ~~.; ]:g
.AC'TI:RE.
<
.!l
li ~~,
:;;-- I 0"-
"I!"
~ .. t: ..
"
"
------
Single rolled .. 3d 2$,600
Doublo rolled .. 3xI
50,000
!i2,SO() 80,100
'"
:>2
::8,200,000
27,88.':i,OOO
tiin;le rollrd .. hI! 49,~ 2(1,100 21 27.030,000
Double rolled . . /) ( It ! 27,'!OJ
GI,OOO
'" 28,020,000
lIODe l-l:< OP
!l..&.l;TlC L",IT.
EW.'T1CITr.
SHEARING.
Undcr the conditions that shearing strceses arc usually applied
ill structures, the sh(lllnng slrellglh ot .... roui:bt iron iell.llout
cight-k>ntbs of the k>nsilc. viz., otO,OOO Ills. per IJ(Juaro inch of
bOCtion. But when 8Ubjootoo to tho IICtion of properly prellRrccl
culUlIg knives, tho rosi~tRnoo t'l shooTing is much Iu.~ thal\ this.
TORSION.
Tho resistanco to twisting is proportionnl to tho cube of tho
tliameter. When tbe shearing atnmglh is known, tho torslolllli
strength ot any round shaCt can be (lok>nnincd lIS follo"ll'"8: T =
1.57,r. ,. = rndiu3 of shan in incbes. , = shearing streng;.h
in Ibs. per 8qUIU"O inch. T = tho torsional moment ill incll lbs.,
or tho fon"'(! In lOs.. multiplied by tho loreragc in Incbes with
wbieh it acts.
In practice, howe\'or, torsion Is usually accompanied by bend·
ing stl"tl8SE.'S, which nlU~t be always considered when determining
tlie proportions of Bhnft8. See articlo on Shafting, p81,"e 110.
(
I
24 WltOUOlIT UtON AND STEY.L.
•
STIWC"J'UHAL STEEL.
The Vl\riOUlI gratll'1I of sloo\ 119('(1 in structllJ'('!! ~ 8uch an
e:a:temled range of Ilh)~iclll properties thnt it is impo!!lSible to
present as definite II bn.sil!: lor 81t\:llgth, sliffnc:;~, el.e., as can be
,,;ivon for wrought iron.
The chnrncwr or the material is largely d('tcrmined by ita
combinatiOll, in minuUl proportions, wilh mriOIiS sul)stnnce.!, tho
mO!lt imllOrtaut of which is carbon.
As II gtncml rule tht! greattr the percentage of carbon in tho
st.eel, the higher will be its tensile 5t~ngth and tho lower iUl
duetility. Tho following list eJ.hibit.s t he Ilvcmgu \.ensile ro-
sistanOClllor steels ba\'ing gl\'CII proportiOU.9 of carbon:
PI:R(."''''TA<III -
or C"'UI(l)l.
l'LTllI .. TE ULTUU.TI< 1':"""0'"
T~"'''C'TY. KLUTIC L.alT. TIQ" ,,.. 8 ,:<c""•.
--- -
.1.
.1(;
00000
6_ 4_
S6000 26 Jler C('nt.
24 "
.20
o·
.~
"000
82000
.WOO
00000
"
20
"
"
.30 00000 IS "
.S:; 100000
""""
00000 16 ..
.4. 110000 65000 14 ..
ThClle figures, how(.'\"er, are only approximate, as much d"-
l~nds on tho qUllJity or the st~'('l, and al80 tho extf'nt to which
it has been workod in the rolling process.
The j.,'l"lldC!! below .Hi per cent. carbon Ilre known ooO\"en·
tionallyas " mild steels," owing to their high ductility and W
their I~ing but '"ery moderate hardening properties when
ch Ulcd in wakr from u. roo heat.
STIIUCTURA..L STEEL. 25
'1'ho mild steel hill! alllO superior welding I'roperti('!O, liB oom-
pared with bard steel, lind wLll endure higher heAt without
injury.
Steel whose carbon ratio does not eleood .10 percent. ~holll(l
be capable ot doubling lI11.t without tmeturo, when chiJ](l(1 in tho
oollil':!t water frum /I. red heat.
Steel of ,12 earboll should endure similar treatment when
ehill(l(llu wal.(!r of 80 ~'.
When the curboll pcrccntogo is .W the steel should becapllb[e
of knding at least 00". 0""1' a eUHO whOlKl nu!ius ill three or
four times tho thickness of the specimen operaled uJlon, a!l(I
aft('r l>cing chilled from /I. red heat in water of 80' F.
Sleel hlwing .3J to .40 Jlcr cent. carbon, will u~ually hardcn
sunicicnliy to <'lIt soft iron, and maintain an edge.
'(' hero is mud, \'o,riation from thoaforeiilid hardening proller_
lies in tlilT.:renl. ,]utllities of sl.c.:l, 'IS much dcpcnd3 on tho illnu.
enee of othllr hardening llgenu besitles CarOOll.
The mooenl k>ndency is to Jimit the ll.>C of 81.001 f or structural
\ PU"l)()1:!t'8 to tho milder gnules of tho material. J:.~or st('('1 in
stcam~hip6 the United Stales GOY(!nnuent Kpeeifles Ill! follows:
I "Steel to h3\'O an ultimate tensilo strength of not Ic.;s than
00,000 lbe. per square illCh, IIml a ductility of not le!lll than 2;;
p CI' ('(!nt. in 8 inches, T ho te;,t pit'CC to \.Ie I,enl.ed to /I, c1JCrry-
rOO and chilled in water at,., temlleNllul'6 or 82 F. After this
it mll~t be CftJlllbie of bemliug d,)ublo flat under the hammer
I wilhout cracking." It re!juin.'l:! aoout . 11 to .12 caroon steel to
cndu~ Ihis test
'f Lloyd's" ruled require tho stccl to havo nn ultimate tenacity
of not less limn 6:1,000, or not over 70,000 lbe. per square inch,
with 1111 elongation or at loost 16 per cent. in 8 inche.. This
steel, when h('lltod to rednl'SS and chilled in water of 82' F.,
mu~t bend doublo .... ithoul fracture around a curn' of which the
I
diameter is not more IIlIIn three times the thirknCS8 of the piooo
tested_ For a cold lest .... ithout bardening, tho mau-rln! IIII1~t \.Ie
capahle or doubling 6.at and ben<lingh&ckward without fracture .
.\ngles and bealllS for sh.i p-frnmes may ha\'o a tenacity of
74,000 11)8., pl'O\'iding tho bending test.!! aJ'(J MtisCactory, and tho
...·eltling property is unimplliroll. It requires about .12 to .14
carbon ato..'O!l t(l mw\ thCll(' spc(-,ifirotiollS.
2/j WROUGHT IRON A...XD STEEl..
T~S'ILE STIl~"'\IT"
I LB~ '" DCCTn ITT.
n" ~l''''U' bu,
""m"U"8 tip
I ",.Tl!UTll
'l'~~4CITT.
F.'~'T'C
L'.lT. F. ....8""
ho,""
.. TUl"
I
"'1
Ib.... T"·'TI" '"
Lils.
- ---
31000 HI per cent ~8100000
Iron H I 51000
Mi.d /!tool.._. 114000 39000 24
n. N
MATJ:RIAL.
"
Iron ............... «700 11.1/1.. 31000 Ills. i27GOOOOO 11:8.
Mild steel .... 02800 .. "'500 .. 2970000:J..
liard etee!. .. S0200 . 114:>00 27200000 ..
I
J
pounds, in oorn pn:1l8ion from 21 to 33 millions, and lrtlllllvenocly
the modulWi of d.lISlicity varied from 2;; to :t3 millionll of
pounds.
It is probtl.blo that thl'l'(l ill not much llilfcrcncc on the whole
bell'l'ffn the !mnsl'eNG elnsticity of iron lind either b'l'lltlc of
st.eel; if nny ditrc~nce at all exist!!. tho stet'l probably hll~ tho
a\hant4~ in !itifflle8S, and tho e:lperimcnts indicate that the
mild steel, if anything, i~ stiffer UUUI tho hanl steel, tho re\"Crso
<>f what is popularly ~lIppooed to be tho CR8C.
STEEl. BEAMS.
'I'he experiments demonstrato that tho IrnIl8\,('l'8O resistance of
steel of \litten-lit gmdt'fl maintains a mlio pm('tieally uniform
witb tho teuaeitie!l of th!' different steels. Consequently when
Sk'clof known l<'nsBe stnmgth is used in beams, tho ab80\uto
strength of the I.II'UIlI IIllly be olJillinod (rom our rules I1ml UlblC!l
for iron by intrcasing the n'!lUilS in tbe proportion of tbe in·
Cll'ru;OO tenacity of the parlicuhlT stt'ei uS('(\ ol'er lhuL of iron. ~
'I'he peroenta~ of inereMe for good qualities of steel, will bo
abouL 11.8 COJlOW8 :
. 10 20 pcr cent .
.15
.20 '" "
o· '" "
.w
.30 " "
'"
The eJ:perilUcn18110 not show that Rteel of uny gmtle is ~t ilfer
Ululer working loads thl!.n wrought iron. Therefore bl.'flml< of
either stoel or wrought iron IHwin ~ uniform lellgth~ nlld ,.1'(1';)8
!j()(·tiOtlS will defle<>t unifonnly lIud"r equal lo.cl!l, ~lo"" the l'\:l.lI-
lic lilllit of wrought bill, and our taules of denootiou~ for iron
OC'lUIlI!IoS gil'cn hereafter, will apply also to sk'Cl.
STIIUC'!'URAJ. S'J'}!I~ I ~ 29
STEEL SIIAFTINU.
STEEL STRUTS.
Tho spt)CifI ... gr&l'ity of steel and iron ,-aries acconIing to the
Ilurity of tho metal, and aOO 1<1 the dcgroo of oonilcll!llltion im.
parted by tho rolliuJ: process.
As II. rulo tho rniltl steel hM a higher specific gmvity than
Ilanl sU:el, IInrilJoth are denser thun iron. A number of let;t..I
we JIIlVe! mll.de! fOf8pcciftc gral'ity show rolJl~1 \)til'll or mild atoel
10 l'fHY from 7$.l to 7.&-l, and hard IItl'C\ frolll 7.81 to 7.8.:;
~I'ccille ~\·TIloI·ity. Ortlirmry iron bars will \·lI.ry from 7.6 to 7.8.
In th ... (orlll of beams 111111 Iarg<! rolled aeclionll generally, lhe
[ollo .... ing ftb'llle III&Y IJe accepted 118 a fair .",crage.
S'.rRUCTURAL STEEL. 31
FLAT-ENDED STRUTS.
,-
L F-" o ",,, DlnDED
IlY [, HB1' n.. ,,' U8 }"ON.
0>' 0"",,1'10 ", . 1~ C AIlOON, .36 CARBOl< .
20 41301313 100000
43000 filUOO 74000
"
40 40000
38000
4131300
44000
62000
6DODO
"
60
70
3131300
310130
,j2DOO
40000
580013
551500
80 32000 38000 53000
(101)00 3(1000 49700
"
100
110
2D800
28000
340DO
32003
4G500
43200
120 26300 30000 '"600
24900 86700
,_ ,_ ,_
UO 230CO
140 23500 26000 33-'500
150 21750 24000 30700
160 20000 22000 2_
170 18400 20000 25500
18000 2_
'''''
100
200
15650
14500
1(;200
14800
21000
J
82 WltOrOliT mON AND STEEL
ltE:::iI:::;TAKCl'~ TO llENDINO.
"'h(m wrought-iron Oeams are subjeclCd to bclHling et~'S,
the resulting do,;nectiol!~ inCf'CIl!!ll nearly in dinxt P!'Ol.ortion to
"
the irwT('asc of load, up to tho limit of dnstidtyof the iron,
:::ilight permanent set;! can be ob<cr\'ed ill the beam Oef(>re the
elastiC limit Ie reached, JUSt lUi similar 8C\.8 are obtained ill longi-
tudillnllcsts. Alter tho elastic limit is p105sed, the deflectiolls
inCI"Cul!(\ in a greater mtio tlum the lOIllis. ami clearly dcfill~'(l
lX'nllllll(,nt sets occur, until anothfr stage in the experiment iii
rcat'hod, when tho beam ShOW8 incrcnsing dcflcclion without any
inel"ClL'le of 1()Il(1. At this point the dement 01 timo becomes nn
important factor. The looJ. can Oe very @Iowly increased, with-
Ollt tho I'OCOrd of stl'CSll sho1\'ing increase, uut if t he loud is fredy
applied, tho recorded stl'OS6 IIlay be vcrycon»idCl'Ilbly augrnentlld.
It is probable that if the load IHIII lelt. long enough on the beam
at this $t:lgc of the experimeut entire fuilure would ensue.
Wo eall Ihis point. which CIUI generally be \"Cry clenrly ob.
scrved, the "u ltimato resistance" of tho bco.ms. al!d whcnever •
sueh terms as .. ultimate lood," "breaking lood, n (Ie, fiN used
in COluH'Ction lI'ith bfnding sl,TeS!lC8, thi~ is the lORd refeTr..'d. lO.
T he stre5S at the ewtic limit lx.. rs no 8IIeh fixed relation to tho
uitimllto stn.w lIS can ~nellll1y be obscfl"cd in t('osilo 1('9ls.
'f he I<'ngthor the l>ca!n, and probably other ('Omlitioos, sucb as
J"IO"ition of looo.!, etc., becomo factors in detennining the ralio.
which in the abseoce of oompicl6experimcHts (,flllllot be decided.
MODU L US OP RUJ>TUlU~.
,
the ultimate strength of the beo.rl1 lIS tho lI·urking basis, instood of
wnOUOHT rno~ AND STEEL,
FACTOR OF SAFETY.
For factors of safety lho following table will gh'C results in
harmony with good practice.
or
Qui~nt
<:IIAIUCTIIt "REM.
UNSYMMETIHCAl~ BEAMS.
When beams hayl:' not an identical (;~tion aOOI"C aml
below the neulrul IIlis. ns in Deck lknrns, Tee<. Angles, et('.,
uprrimcnt shows no substAntial difference in eithrrthe stren/;l h
or sli lTul'S8 of lhl} heam~, wh('lher the great""t nan!;,! is in U!n-
sion or oolllprt'llSion. Ull to or nCllrly to tl1f.' clastic limit, When
the kllst nRUg(! is in ('Oml)rcsaion the elastic limit rnnget' Q, little
higher than when it i3 in tension, ami in thl} fonner case, ntter
lh(' ('lastie limit is p6SS('1.l, the beam ~nerally uhiiJit~ mILch Icss
.ien&rlion and higher ultimato resistance than when loaded wilh
I'ESCOYD DElllS---OREATEST SAFE LOAD. 35
the lcallt f1auge in tension. 1'his ill prooobl)· dne to the high
resistance of wrought iron to crushing fI.lU!r the elastic lilliit is
passed.
Thcre arc fIOllie e:<ceptiolUl to this, as in the Cf\8Il 01 'l"ery long
PENCOYD BEAMS.
OREATf:8T SAFE 1,0,\.D8.
.,. '",'
BE.\)lS wrTUOt..'T L.l.Tl:I.J.L rn;r>P()RT.
or
LI:'iGYlI IIE..I.JI.
r~~"'"''
GR""YQT".~.
........ WAD. ~u".
h " "
,
'" " " "
" " "
T ho B;l.fe ~Is for Ilny other length, riot givcn in tho table!!
DEFLECTION, 37
can noa<liIy be found by simple llroportion, remembering i f the
8P&1I ilJ "ery ~borl to limit tho load to tbaL gil'en ill 001. Sil',
ptlgtos9a-!l7, ht'aJoo .. ,\laximum lood in tons." If bc.-.1U1I o( >!.II}'
sectional IHca not gil"tn in tho (abies lifO used, thcstrength can
be fOUl".!. 118 described 011 pogo 100, or a. close spproI.ilnstioli to
the lIftillO by tho rulo Oil pago 00,
DEFLECTION.
irUI.$lIlU('h 118 the elllSticil.yof iron lind stA!<-1 is "cry variable
and ImCl:rtain, tho tabular dcllOl:tiolls lifO gh'('u H.;oJ tho nCIIJ"(',;t
p~bl(', alld are obtained as dcscri\x>d on pago 8!).
The tabular dcflections oorl'lo"pomi to the giwlI load, cl""col)"
distrilmterl, and apply to auy 8l'<:lional area for I'8('h size of
booms 1"\'~lleCtiveI1, whell the oo",-"'pom]ing load.t! lIcar s uui_
fonn r&li<) til tho strength of the b('llln.
Tho greaW!<t IlIIfo load in the middle of tho beam is ODICtJ}'
on<'-hnlf (\) of tho ,Ji.;;tributoo 1000l, nnd th13 deflection for the
fermor will be eight_tenths (It;,) et tho dellcetioll corresponding
to tho ~1i slribl\tl'l1lood fill giv~n in th(' tllbl('!\. If tho [0801 is
1)11\('('(1 Qut (>f centro on Ihc ix-nm, it will lIcar the SIImc mtio to
tllO load lit the centre tbat thcsqnnro of hall the sJlell bears to
the prodll<"t, of the ecgments of tho beam fonned by the positioll
of tho 100(\.
ELLlmplf ,-A Hi... in('h roo lb. I ix-lIm, 16 freL between IIUp_
port~, will Mtdy enrry an el'cnly distribulerlload (by tho tabl('fS)
of .00.5 ton ... an.1 deflect under same .2. inches. The grmtC8t
Mlo loa.l in thl' mitMlr will IX' one_half the aoov(', viz., 13.25
tons, 11m] tho resulting defle<:tioll I~I of the fenner, or ,22
inchC!'.
If tho wri~ht i~ conCf'ntmtcd 3 le<:t out of centre, or 5 f('('t
lind II fe<:t from the ends. thcn the squllrlJ(>f Imlf tho Spall being
64, lind Iho I)mdud of tho scgmelll.8 bei ng w, the grcnle:st sale
lood will be 1:"1.2.1 ~ 64
,j!j
=11;.4 tons.
It a Ix1lm of aool"o f\i.z.c and length is u9('(1 without any Illtenli
support, redu('(' the safe loRd in tho mtio aforeSlli(1. Tbu.s the
ftllllgo i~ 51 iu ... hP!l ..."ilil'. am] the len~h 83 times this ; there-
fore the grt'8te:-t SlIfe load will be a Iittlo lcat than ""(~ of tho
.-eslllts in the uample.
38 WROUGHT IRON AND STEEL.
Rigid!)' fixed lit both ell,Ig, SRrne Ii!! tho Inhll- Four-lenths (n,)
WIth flo load in tho mid. lar loud. of the tabula r
die of beam. deflection.
Con tinuous benm looJ uni. 01\(\ and one· hnlf Onc-sixt h Ul 01
lormly distribll(oo. I (t+l times the thel'lbIlJarde-
labular lORd. flectton.
l
LUUT FOR DEfl.ECTION. 39
DEA)IS WITU FIXED EXOS.
It i8 n~ry to (xoar in mind the distinction behreen ends
., rigidly flxed" lind en,]s simply "supported," the latter beillg
th" e1l\S11 Cflntemp(,\tcd in 311 our L.'lbl C1J of SlIfe loads. By
"rigidly fixed," 80S denoted in the prc"ious taule, 11"0 melln that
t h(' beam mlls~ be 80 securely '/lS«'netl lit hoth ends, uy being
bu ilt into l!Qlid mn80nry, or so firmly IlttlleheJ to IIU IIdj8.C(!IIL
stru('lUre, that the connection would not 00 !j()\·erctl it the beam
WIlS exposed to its ultim3i.e load. In thl9 en:;('. the beam ill of
tb" samo characler /lS if continuous o'·er bC'·crnl supports, or
&8 if collllhiting of two cantiJc\"cl"II, tho ' ll8CO between whose
ende 11'&8 8Pllnn~ by 3 separate be&m.
CQXTIXUOUS BEAMS.
If 3 (xoam is continuous ol·er several I:'Upports. and is equally
1081100. on each 8pan. the greatest !IIIf(' loads Dnd the "-'!!lulling
d"lIretions on auy intermooiate span wiJ I bel a~ gi'·en in the pre-
ceding tllble. But the end spans of such fI. bellm, being only
scmi-continuous, must bo either of a shorter spun Ih311 tho in.
krmedialcs, e>r it or the !IIImo lenglh, ULe 101\11 ILIUst be (lilLlin.
[,;noo. Soo "Continuous Beams," pnJ;(l 7/).
'" 0
I , ,. I I • 01 • ,•• <
•
I'W'
1Oi-" Hit" ,"'
~
'""
""
II
I>
~ ""
~
~
" "
"
< " ~1
,•" "
0
2:1
;:
C
""
""" ""
~
:)'j
.."
~
~
-
, 9.111
1 OnJ:.lTUT SAPE 1.0.".
. U.oI!II 10.<f6
~
,,•
lit'; IB.m 18,0/2 .tIe 1!J,~ 1.~.4!l . 07
:!I.M 18.M I~.~ Q.t-l .M III, Ii 1!.11!1 I~_~I 1()4/j .tiI
l~.OO 1~.4() 13.111 , t,!IoI .11 jJ,U 12.:U 10.85 to.1It! .13
• 111 . 18 13 . • 12.r., I.IM .U Ill.~t to.1!!' t.. 8.96 .11
..""
"
.""
"
""
"'"
...
"
.
"
"..
.
TABLE OF SAl'E LOADS. 43
._C"-~-"-r!..
-::y-•.-l-.. i:
113 M
.. MI"I" e
)f<>".,NT Or
"'.IIT''''
I !U M.! .a.O~ !
~
10.8 :lI.~ ll6.a ' 2-1.1
"'""=====lI==~===='l ol
Gnt:",..,fT S.... LQ .. D.
~
•,
••
""
""
z ..
""
• "
~
•o ""
""
~ """ ~
.
.,
,."
44 WROUGHT IRON AND STEEl..
O"'lt~t
PENOOYD
U
NrC I.,.d In Net Tons e,-enl,
. ' U
dl.lr1bul~l,
BDAMS.
f
~
I ., "• --.," I ." I ." I ~
21.:' [ 18.:- f
, ~
Ill" L.~.
" ~
I ~ " •
X()JlI~'" 01'
hr.IIT' ....
-----
II .• I 13." 13.1 1"2.~
•
!• •., I " I '-' ... ~
~
• .... ..
.
, .... .... "
1.811
1
uri
3.tl
~
!,Iit,!, .a ••2~ ~ .M
1.71
. ..
21
'" . .
t
" tOIl 1 .&7 ••
233
""nl ""T.W "'i.'; I.'ii "1!
'.'l2
,.~
....
i.MlI
2.10, 1.:9 1.31'
....
U
.
.."" .... .... .... . 1,0. ". ........... ......s. .".,.. ......••
~ u ~ ""!:!i "'T1\ ""im ,. log, 1.19 .
~ I,r. 2.11 ,.~ ~ 1.\11: ..00
I.~ 1.;'11 .W 1,0t 1.01
... ..
I.~I
.8%
~,
~
.."
."
U.I
I.~S
I.~I
U~I
.
1.11
. ~
L~
1.37 .83
1.30 1.01
1·~Il.lel
I.ZI
1.11
1.11
Lm
.w
...., ,
.n
.m
.111.17
.671.81
.63 1."
""...... "
1.:16 ~ J.2"~ 1.I"I.zt .~ .601.51
0 .~ I.Z! 1.1. 1.I11.U .~;1.17
"
~
2"~ J.~~ I.:; 1.11 1.061,66 .~ 1.13
.t.2t.u
" 1.111 J.J~ 1.011.70
...... ....
L" .1IIj
..""" US
L
L"
1.01
l.v; ' J.re
Lm
I
.!ll
l
.r. 1 "
_lIS t.Ol
.~i U
.lIIIt.
.:"'>1.:111
.48 t.6l
",n
.4-1 t .t!
TABI.E OF I!A.YE LOADS.
'" I='" j 1
'-
I I I
I ~I
I
,,• •.U,,,1 ,... 2 ;U(I 2.:1-1
,,~
oj!
;Ur.: .~
L~ .U
, I.W
""T'ii -no:
I.~( 1.'1:1
•• •• ,," ,.,.
1.3-I"'TTij"
t
.., .
,,'" •.U•.
1.1~
...
. .
L ..... 1.14 ,,~
,,'" .~
.
.~
~ "n l.l.~
,,~
."' " .n .n
,
" ... ."
•~ "" '" ."
.~ .M .S!
.~
.,
.." ..,
.« .1llI 1 .0I
,M 121
•c " I ,
" ... 00, .~
.~ ." .~ .f>21.ff
.4111&11
~ "
.~
.461.14
C "" "
. AU
X'
.M
.~
111.113
PENOOYD '====:!...!]
1\
'Co
Hr'
CIlANNEL9.
12-'
"""
"
""
""
.""
"
""
~l
...
n
"
.,
""
"
T.-\DLE OF SAFE LOADS. 47
.. I" I ~ I"
"1 .
;
1~1 ~ r.~
('''AliT
~U"' Ka.
8,no,CUAlf-
I<v, 1'< b., ..,.•
' 11(r' I I~' ,-;;-
•
!
•
0 I •• I •• a
'
;
•l
W T. ,I<II VI>.
,,,LBo.
I "' 1"" 1" ~,• -;;-1. .. ..
I I r.
KOll K"'T o.
IN KRTIA. ~i3I.0 1 Q2 •• !IO:;,:! ';'S,U
i 190.1 I ! .... (10 61.8 •
.'
t
•,
I
GIl~ATr."T SAn 1.0"",
••" I-
1
GnUTUT IlAn LoAD
-
~
0
- - - 1-
m 12.!tl !~ g.8J , II.II!iI .11 g ~11 ,.87( , .21 ' ~ 52 .
..""
t .-"
~
""
~
z ...."
•~
•0 ."
~
~ .. ..."".
~
~ .';'(l
.." ....
~ I.M S, :»
•Z or.
"•
...." •••• ........
" .... 1.<8
....... ,....." ....
S.1l
2.1 ....
I,cr.
'.00 1.«>1.n
l.~ll,1l
" ';
a.~
'.n ""1 •· ..1
I.IU 1.~1 1.83
I.ll<jU&
48 WROUGHT illON AND STEEL.
n
PENCOYD ll'~=====-'-)I CHANNELS.
8" n
7"
ell""T
NlI""'~Il, ~ I I I 3~ ~ 1111_"_' IL'"_LI_'_'--,I_"_1~
3S 39
t;IZKorC,,~s·
' " .. ,,,, '" '"
I I I '
8" '" "
c..:c...::----'Cll--+---'--'--I ~
_ '" _ '"
I I -I ' '" '" "
~
IVT.PEnY!).
IN Lns. 00.5 I I '
43 5el 30 ~ 73 I I I "
II 49 ;!II ~.
M O>lENT Of'
IsEIlT ••. 60.0 \ 40.0 141.0 \28.2 ~
~ 1--
11 __
I
' 1 2_'ll_~_'~i_'_'=",,='=8'0 ~ 5
1
.i ;;!
Olt~'''EBT S~FE L OA!) . "' O"~'T>:S'l' SAFE LOA/}, '"
o 0
fiji ~:~
351 3.37 2.2-1 .28
i:~ :~
"" :u
."" "'I ~.OO
487
333, 341
3291
II
--:rT:!~I-ni fl"m l 58
319
299
23.3
2
200 51
4.1l'I
3.M
3.,).1
2.81
)QI'" '-rn 2·ti!-r.i1llM 7z
2.411
2.31
2.65
~.3:.!
2.18
U'S .f5
1.51 .5&
H~ .51
" 3.89 2.59 2.1;0 1.&'1.65 ~.lr, 2.11> 2.00 1 1 , ~,
.76
~
21
"'" a,fIR
3.i10
3.:1:1
2A~
2.3-1
2.2"~
2.52
2.39
2.~8
1.7;1.18
l. HI.80
1.0,.88
~,lIS
2.1j:1
~,ro
Hl7
l.!~j
1.~7
1.!l5 1.:!\l .83
1.8.';, U!-1 .92
1.771 1 17 1.01
3.18 2.1~ ,ur J..'>O .07 2.!)6 1.7l'l 1.69 1.12 1.11
S.M 2.0'1 2.08 1.4.11.06 2,.17 1.,1 1.61 1.07 1. 2:2
~.{l;! 1.9~ 1.00 1.:r.t.16 ~.:16 l.tO l 1.5.~ 1.00 1.31
~.t!O 1.86 1.91 1 1.3>.' 1.26 2.:r. 1.571 1.48' ' ~ , 1. f5
1
2.eQ U'9 1.8t 1.'.!Il1.361 2.1~ 151 1. .j:J .001.57
"" ;:~ ::ill Ui l:~ U~ g~ f':81l:f' :~ Ul
"" 2041 1 1.61 l.65 i 1.13 1.68 . 1.\1)1
1
1.~ l.\l8 ·ti.> l . QS
'rABLE OF SAFE LOADS.
PENCOYD I l
n 50, .nd 6"
:::::J
}1 CHANNELS.
3 and 4 '
la l lU 1 15·,I l ~
18.8
.'
il.5
3" 3"
! ..,
18.4 I
11.7
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10.3 1 U I 2.3 I !.O°~
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1 8:1 -l!'1~ ~ I .~ l .tI .1lII ......
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" II./Q 1.&4 1 74 I 1$
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C
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1 1 .ra
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1.l:1 ...S .ftl .111 .~
~ .11 l.tn :31111.37
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0 .78 1.1.', .7:.1 .03 1.17 .~I .M, U 5
.
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""" . ""I ... ...
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.~ .. 00 .~ 1.01 .M1. IS 1." ,64 ,!I ' .:!:UQ3
~
118
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4
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1
.31
j
1l~ S.6C1
- ---
50 WItOUO n T maN At.W STEEL.
.. 1l_~'''117.16
-,oI_G_"_'c'_'_"_',S_'_","','_"_'+~~
17.:!!I
.13 ~.:.9 16.41 1 13.~ .15
~ I_G_"_','_'_
"_'ccS_'C"-,o"', 'C
.18 1.'.11 11.00 10 ~
"C
' -
8.71) 18
" .18 111.<2 1.1.00 1I.~ 12.&1 .18 .10 II.W 10.00 11:'18
.Zl 10.9"~ 9. 1111 6.60
7.tIII ZZ
""
IU!!I 13.67 I1.M .21 7 S! U
.ZZ 1~.SlI 18.:!::I 12.M 1O.~ .25 .n 10.011 8.48 7.111 e.•ft 3C
1
7.r.
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!'-1 111
.M 11.71 12,3a 11.7l! 0.96 ' .29
.3(1 1;U·1 1U)l 10.91 9.~ .31
.31 1:l.81II0.'111 1O.1!6 S.n .n
. 31
.M
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9.:11
8 .•t
8.lg
7.88
7,~,1
6.111
6.1lI
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6.28
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'l.:::
6 1:'l ~.:-a 4. "'"
~ ue
U~ 6.".111
g::.~1 r~:~ ~:TI t~ t:~ U~ tHI i:~1 ~:~ u:
MI 1. = 8.1l6 5 .• 5 5.17 4.6.\1.32' 1.15 2.93 1 85
a:J . 2:.I l.161 UJ 4.91 4.2:J11. 1JO 3.97 3.M 3.13 H,(;lt.Cf
1 1
51
8" alltl 7
PENOOYD BEAMS.
6 and 5'
, ..
" " ,".
; I--~-+--~-
=
,•
•"
.
~ 10
"
."
)'; H
~ 15
IL I.
o
52 W1IOllOHT lItON AND STEET~
" hell I bN.ms are Usetl as Jloor Joi~ti or girdcn!, lhe sp1.Cing
nd proper sire ot lll:".m, ul'pends 011 the amount lind cllIlractcr
of Ihe loo.ds. lUI well fIJI the disulIloo to 00 spanned. Xot only the
p(lSltin' ~Irength, but t he e!lISticity or allloulit of defll\'tion per_
rnilj/:>iLllllUust be l'()!l~;dcreJ.
A IWlny load per unit of area IlIsy not require I1S stl'Ong 11
floor as that lIcce8llary for II lighter one. if the latter 00 liable to
sudden application, especially if ~.'ool1lpllllied with impact,
while the normal atale or tho hOll"ier Jowl i~ quiescence, or sl01l'
and al"l'li change. It lI'ould require II special treatise to dC'SCriile
tho subject, lIud thOlJQ lacking flxpcri!'uce are rc[erred to tlHl
publishoo literature which is now very ample and complete. It
hIlS been dernou~lmtoo that tho greale;:.t mass of men thRt can
be packed on any floor will not exCt'«l in weight t!O lbe; ~r
llfJun!'e foot. The lIIeight of th e iron beams will de!X'IHI 00 the
spon. lor which 8E'C Il general rule farther on. If brick arcbes
Ilre laid between tbo bemns, the weight of IL 4. eoUI'lI(' of brick,
ineilltiing the ('Qnereto Illlmg. will 00 about 50 lb!!. per '!(}ullre loot.
\\ llhln t he limits of length of ~pan in which rolled I IlCI.Ilns
can 00 used, it mllY I.Je llIlSumcd that a floor i~ sale to sust.~ill the
~I(;I!t }X*Siblc lood or men, when tbe (oHolI'inS loaJlng d~
not ex hibit & grenter Ix-nding stress on the beam tlum th ot do..
noted io the tabl es, under the head of "Grealest Safe LoN.l Dis-
tributoo," pIIg<'B 4(h'U .
:;: Bea m jobls with wooden floor ::: 100 Ibs. per square loot.
\\'ooden floorllud pll1~U!retlcei1in'ifl = 110" " .,
4. briek arehea nnd ('Qnerele fil li ng = 150" ..
T hC!lC! figu res repn:l!eot the tot al wei~ht of floor Itself and the
irnpo!led lowl.
When the Jl oor bCllms are subject to tho nction of rnO\'ing
kads. it is ncct'!l8llry to make allowflnre lor iI grealer IIOmiM\
1II'ei~bt than nctually mlly occur. el'peo:'illlly if tbe ~pan is long
in proportion to the depth of tlie bt!Im. If the beams are too
ligh t. the resultitlS' tremor and vibration will be a !IOUI'('6 0( dis-
oornfort to the u.~r, if not of ",·enkne.;s 10 the st r ucture. The
$lm(l result s oreobtaillcd by assuming dther a hi~h('r nOlninnl
load ~r unit of urea 1111111 IICtunlly clln occur. or adOJlting /I
bighcr factor of BOfcly, than gh~n in our taUles, for th o actu$!
WElOf.l1' OF IRON IN FLOOR BEAMS. 53
loads. Floon proportioned lUI follows for given purpollel will Ix!
found satisfactory. The "'eight ot the IDlt(:ia1 mlly be includtrl
in the figures.
rootofflOOr" (~....Spri,""
( <'I' I
= IboJ. )
This is for a lood of 150 lbs. per ~ufl.re loot, lind tho beams
at mi lled up to tho nuu:imum safe limit as gi l'en in the bibles.
With the Mme Sp400 the .... eight of the bl,lIms "'ill ,'ary directly
at the load "aries, ('Onsequenlly tho weight of iron for lilly other
required loading per !!quare foot can be obtained by proportion
from above rulll. Example.-.;\ floor of 20 teet span is subject
to a load of 150 Ibs. per !!quare foot. Tho ....eight of the iron
beams will be 5.:!fl;i:; = G.33lbs. per square foot ot floor, If 15"
Bellm~ are used, or if 12 ' Bcamsare 1I!1OO 5 :0:2 '= 6.66 Ibs.. per
square fool. To t}uose figures add the we.ght o! ends built into
lhe ""/111, which should be from 6 to 12 I1t (,8('h ('nd. llcwniillg
to tho span, etc. It t he lood to be au~tained is 250 Ills. per sq.
foot. 011 15 I boo.mlS tho necessa ry weight bocomes as 100 : 2,j()::
Ci.83lbs.: 8.88lbe... per !l!JU81'(' foot..
WROUOHT IRON A.'W 8~
Greatw ,Ublanoo 1)('t"'OOn nOOT be.m. flO thatthe bending lire ... 00 the
beam wll! not uc<."d [" """,Imu", .... re Iosd
10!12i_l~lt6118~
D'OT .. ,..rE B~TW"~,, CE,,"nU or
IIE.<ll" IN n~'T.
1;.61111'~
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8.8
D.O
8.1 ..,
10.7
1.1
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11.2
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66 0 oI22ro 3.1 ~.1
PENOOYD
~
Ftga_ In tmall In'lfl d~nole thaL tbe '-ml 110 pIaeed will dd(lCt mono
0 DEOK BEAMS.
" '"
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68 wnOUOIiT mON A.'\'» STEEL.
0I!:l
:"
1-1
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t
trl .,\-----,- ,
~~~~12114116118JiQ
--,--,-,-
'~_I ~;_'
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fur
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16.'
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In Inelle.. . ..••... .••. .n
100
I,. ".. ...
UI.9
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10,8
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Oellectlon hI l ochctl ....•.• " ..••..•..•
100
"'.N "
21.7
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18.6
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13.1 10.&
11.1 '-' 7.1
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19.9
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Denoellon in I nchee. "" 11.9
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KI 17.7
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11.6
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10.7
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... ...•• ,•..•• •••••
18.1 ILl! U
,"I 1~. 1 ILII '-' 4.~
.. 100 20,0
n.s
1I .Z 11.3
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•IZ .ID .01
FLOOR DEAlIS. 59
f1ru* In _ n tl'l>O denote that the t.e.mo .0 JIltoeed "'Ill deflect mo ...
Ihan b 01 a.n I"ch for each I~ or tpan
8,'.. ",
'" FEET.
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60 WROUGHT IlION AND STEEl..
o~~ dluance&. bctlVoon «nll'C~ of 1100. beam-, I!(t U,u u,~ \oed<t,.,g
,• ,,
~lreM on the be.", ... m not U(ee<i It,;, lnuimu," illite loo.d.
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FLOOII n&All& 61
PENCOYD
D
JI'Ii'u~ III ~mall rype denote [hit Ibo beaou
,0~
BEAMS.
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,n
"
"
"
,," ,,'
"
"
"
LATERAL S'l'RE.'\GTR OF PLOOIt DXAMS. 63
TIE RODS FOIt BEAMS SUPPORTING BUICK ARCI1ES.
The horizontal throst of Brick arches is found as follows:
1.5 WL'
--1-'-
. .__
= pressUl'(! In 1 1 r h
10..... per inca foot a arc .
W = 1..061.1 in Ibs. per equal'(! foot.
L = Span of arch in feet
R = Hisc In inelll~S.
PJaec the lie rods as low through the wcbs of the beams 88
poo;sible. and spaeW 80 that the pfCl\8UI'il of Archei! 118 obtained
&bo\'e will II()t produoo & greater stl\l8l tbnn 15,000 lbs. per
square inch of the lcast. I!6Ction of the bolt.
1:.ra11lpl~.-The beams supporting An lu'Ched brick floor are
tlve fCi!t allAri, and the rise of the arche!J Is six inch61:1. The lo-
tal ....cight of Door and 100ul equals 150 1brJ. per lKJ.uare foot.
Then i.5 I< I:' )C 25 = 937.5 Ibs. pre.lIl'(! per lineal foot of
8I
W = Lit' for Channel&.
WROUGHT IRON AND ST£EL.
luI
W = Lh' lor I ~DlS.
l2f
W = L1' for Channcls.
F= 2:?r.
L "= 12 x 2.17
A" '> ~ oJ:"
L::::5toet.
·~>·-n
BEAlf8 SUPPORTING BmCK WAl.L8. 65
It will generally be found that an (Ingle ber makes a bcit('f
and more toononlical support for the archea on the l ide walls
ths n either an I t-m or eblune!.
The ~Ince to bending of all logic is re6dUy found by the
rule given on p&gl) 69.
W= . t
9S n
= safe distribut.ed load for a non-contilluoU!J
boam.
..
.
F:= , o~
-------+ ------
BEAMS SlTPPOnT L~G B1UCK W ALLS.
If the wan hal 00 openi np snd the brieks are laid _ it h t he
usual bond, t be prism of wall that Ibe beam auatailUJ will be of
66 WROUGHT IRON AND STEEL.
SAFE LOADS.
The ultimAle load given in the tables is defined on p8ge h.
O[J(~"third of this s hould be accepted Illl the grcnt.cst 8!lro shdion-
tHy 10000d, l\1\d rrom ollc"fourth to ont'-si~th or the SlIme II'ht'1I 11
moving Of lIucluating load is iml'o<lO;!(I, IlC(lOrdin~ to Lhe """'y it ill
",pplied, Of the dcgroo of stifInC85l'1!quircd. Soc table, page 34.
10 A = WEIOHT PER TARO IS LUS.
The area. A . of any CrGS!! !JCCtion of "'!'Ought Iron may be ob-
tnined by dh'iding its wclght per yard by 10 ; and "'" I'tr.a, it.!
weight pe r yard may be found by multiplyin~ ita area in lIqUJI.re
inches by 10 ; l.g. the aroo. of a beam ..eigblng 60 lba" per yanf
i.:I fivc sqUlU'C inches.
TABLE OP FOIDll"L,/E Flirt WROt"GIIT IRO~ BEAMS.
'or greatest sall' 101&(1 tIlke one_third ol the ultimate A8 ebtained be,OW.
OJ
11'" (·LT' ...TI 1,0.. 0 'N SET T"~'. .,
-'-----
1l1rt.ECT,OS lY ,S(II&<-
III .. rl or Izn-,o,
P' .1l>1l~ •• DUTR'RCT.Il. 1.0.. ,> ,,,, .'IlIlLI. DI~TRl.l"T&n 1,0"0.
~~~ ii •OJ'"
,,~
:!i • !
"
:::~
!l
gj ."
" !:,
" I-'
8
0
" "0 0
" 0
•.
0
.!: ~ ~
.~.
" < 0 _
• "1
"" '"'"
~ -.::" :..~
".,~
!:,
i-~ ~
-""..
.,.~"'l
!l 'S ~
0; ';,; c·_-
'5~
~ e_
o "
< " 0 •" OIl'" =
.... ~
- .•
0 0 ·_
~
".
.. -
=c:;'
.
... r::: ..
~~\
-"
~ Ii
~
~
,; :Ii ~ I~ Ii ~I~ II II II
.~
I;
." ""
; ",;"':: .." " ••
"~
~i
~
~.
'f
~ ~ "
i:
-" ·"- ;:"'Ii"
_.-= !I.
t=.,
· • <
.~
•• • !.8'-
,• F
" ,
.8'Q'=
~~~
•••g
.~
'J>===(]
,." ILJJ ~ e>=9 _ _
- D" <--
~ rJ~
0
,,
< a
•
!~ • •• a _ II: _ Q __ ..... == - '"
'Jl<'!
" ~"~,,
1I 1
0
<;•
70 'NUOUlillT mON AND STEEL.
,
gular beum loaded in tho mid/Ue.
C = Solid reetUllgulur bar, 2 ioches wide, 4 inches
c, j. deep and 10 feet between support!;, Then, from For-
W
~
i mula No. J,wehnl'ol.3 x 8x4 = 4.IG tons breAking
1000 in middle ot bellm.
10
,
".;I:~ Let 0 be II hollow rectangular section. 4 inches wide,
8 incbes dl'Cp, Cl'tornal dimensions; 3 inches wide, {}
c
lID f inches d~'ep, internal dimensions; 15 feet betll'oen sup-
, poris.
~ L3[(S2x8)-(lSxO)L'2S3>_ break·
'-N0....
F onnu... - - - -15 - . ......us,
Ing load in middle; and multiplying this ,result by 2, W(I bave
25.66 tons for the bl'll8.king lood uniformly di~tributed.
EX.Ut1'LES FROM PRECEDING TABLES. 71
Exo.mpi, 3. Te find the deflectien ef this beam with t~ toDS
in middle; al., with six tons distributed.
}<' IAN 7 3><337:; O·
ermu e.. 1;0 (l3! >< &I) - l18 >< 30) J = .24 lDches de-
flectien with titre(! tons in middle.
, 6><33.5
Formula Ne. 8. 48[(32 >< 64)-(18 >< 36»)= 0 .3 inches de-
flectien with six tons di.'!Iributcd.
. ~·
L TI
Weight, 37 Ibs. per ranlor 3. 7IKJ.uaro
inches section; 12 ft. between supports.
~ 'I F'ennwlt.
..• No. 1. 2-
. 8-12
)(3.7><"'_3'-
- - - ."
--1-- ....
tons bl"flflking 1001\ unilormly distributed, or 1.73 tons hroa.king
lood in tho middle.
Exampl, 7.-To find the deflection or the above bea.m ulider
a load ~us]l<'ndoo from tho middle ef the bellUl.
t...ood = 1000 Ibs. = .75 tons.
FermulaNo.19. . 7:; >< I T.!8 = .64lnchesdI'Dection.
3~><3.7)(16
r[
Ito
used lIS a beam supported uL both ends.
Ch.m,,.",, • i"h~ ""'I' " I""'n"',., 1'.1; 7 ''In',,
inches sccliotl, 14 feet between supports.
• }<'ormuln No. 22. 3.8 i} _" 0 = 17. 1 tons distributed
IS.7 x 27'<W
Formula No. 2,1, 3.li inches dellectioll.
8Q,, 7 xtH
I BEAMS.
E~ample lO.-To fin" the breaking loods lor lUI I beam,
lORded in tbe middle and supported at both cuilli.
a
•~ • A 15 I beam, 200 Ills. per ynrd, 20 square inchCfJ aree.,
l:::rompJ~
11.-To flnd the deflecliolla lor the same 1 beam
under the abo\'c grotItest ~re loa<b.
Formula. No.3!. 10 . 5 )( ~ =.83 inches under a load of
M,,20,, 2~
=
d ' Depth of web.
the beam reachM " length equal to ;0 UIlII'!! the width of the
flnnp'. tho gTtIII.test safe load would be about onC-llixth of the
calculated breaking IOBIJ, or the proper factor of . fely lor tho
latter bc4m would be doublo that for tho fonner. (800 page 86.]
CANTILEVER BEAMS.
The application of the preceding rules to O'l"crhanging bKma
fixed Il.t OM end ",nd froc at the other, is bt!:it indicated by 8U]>-
I)();'lng a beam with both CII<lS 8upportOO to be iu\·crt.OO, and the
reaction 01 the supports considered IUl tho l'06iUvo load.
w w
"etA $.: 1f •
;}jc
.. ,
.2. eight feet. Por 1000d concentral.cd at its end, luke on~
! fourth th e C(K'ffieient ill Table tor Beams with both end~
1.3)( 12 x 6
e' supported nnd 10ft/I in middle. 2.0 tons
u ltimate load, lX:flootion under one.third of llbo\'e, or snyninc-
teuthll of R ton; substituting Ollc-sixl.centh or the co,efficient ror
d<'flection when 1000d i~ in middle.
.
9 )( ,?12 "" = 0 . 56 inches
li)(I)o )( i>U
deflootion lit end.
A t2,inch I beam, 15 square inch~
IIIl'Clion, ulends
CONTIKUOUS BEAMS.
,-
sectioU! ; tbe deflections beillg colllp!ll'lltive figures for the Mme
Both ends ngtdly fixed, or Twu~e the (».('111. Four tunCl! the
a r.onlinUOUlI beam, eient of table. CQo{'ffieient of
with load in middlr. table.
Doth ends rigidly fixed. orlono IlIlt! one-half Four times tho
arontinuousbeam,with (1 ~)tl rnCl! the 00.1
co.efficicnt of
load cl'enly distributed. emcien" 01 table. table.
78 WROUO HT DlON AND STEEr..
•
Tlth
:. ! :
I·
- , e
,
- ----
]kam boo Rt On. end, load unl-
on"lr dl.trtbu~ :
>
'~
! I .
, at polnl of a' polnlnf at end of
"'~I:J.rt. ';':'~"?~
.... m
I
.... LO 0 00 0.9
=,' •
11'0
"" .
D ..... "" ..""1& ".,i,,&,
A ... ,-
WL
e
~ ,
WL
-~
1
Yertksl 1(...... II;hr bendlJll!:' ~nu
con.pooMllog point. on ~ .....
DENDINO M.OMl:i~"TS AND DEFLECTIONS. 79
BESDINO MOMJ.;XTS A..."'iD I)EFLECTIOXS FOR BEAMS
OJ.' UK IFOIUl SECT lOX.
w .. Total load. If .. M oduln~ of el.~tldtr.
L .. Ue"ll:lh of bH.m J _ ~lome ..1 of l"ertll.
1111
al middle It point or
:, 1I ;. 'it:1\"0"
'
I
I
.,
of beAm OIIPP< rt
. !:
I :: '1.
i : WL
." W
Jl"l.
Draw pMtbola havl", A "" S.
Ordln.o,", Jlv~ bt-ndh.t mflmenl$ at
COfJeIIpond"lI point. on the beam.
~
:""' It poeltion
of l<)ad
.t poI!!tIoo
of 1011,1
, ;. L :
I " , 11"00 a'll' !I'
- T' .. U·/l.·
. ._- ~
.. ... .@-.- ~ .--+
.- - l - +
•
• ,.,.,
Beam ruppol1ed at both end., whit eoncentrated Ina<! a, nrlou. potnr.:
0
, •
, •
~ , Cl> <I> <1>_
Dnw (by:OJ I be trl." glu l'a,'lnl: "crt.lcea .t C, P .m' N, the nrtluls leI)-
!'(Went",&, bendingII>Omenl.l for l<*ll "', . . ."d. .,', ~Ih·el,.. f:':'wnd
FC to I', (;/) W R. and /IE 10 S, mllr.lI!jl: Ntb Ioog ~rtleal equal 10 the.., ...
of Ihe bendlul: mOOlenl. """""'p'.ndlng 10 Itt. pol'Hlon. That 1o, FI' ... FC
~ FI+FJ. Gfl=O/J+G' L +OIt, Aud JJS_llJ.:+IIN+JlJI. Vcrtl·
cal. dn.'" ttOQl.us point Oil the poI1~OIl. AI'IlSIJ.o .til, ..ill "'preeentlbi
beudlus: momem... Ill. w.. lI:Orre!!pondhlll polDU 01111>0 t.e.m.
IWm rigidly _u~ Ill. Moth elld, and kIroded In the mldd~. 0 . 1"" Inrer·
Pldlal.e .pans of • .,.,UUO IlOUI beam, equally '-1«1 iulbe middle of Melt
.U?1/~,.,
apan:
' "
-
~SJ
L ® . -..
Polo'" of eonlranelrtll'l! at r,:r:, ... ben'! Moment = O. DI.l.anee of '" , .......
L W I,
either .upporl .. 4 . EQual momellu at mloMlea"do:nd~ = -8-' l",ft~tlQII
11'/.'
= lflU.:f
Onwa trlanl/klharlna: A .. I~',. and u cud. d,.... ~rtk:LI. JJJJ'. CK_
II'l
'" II" join 1111'. Th<! \'crtlcal dl.,anoes betw~1l lUI' and the _hi .. of Ih.
trWl~k'. rep""""nllloe ........... n'" for (,()m'OpnIld lllfl: poInl' ~n 1M '-m.
BENDING lWM.E!>o7B A...'"D DXFLECTJON8. 81
6
,
82 WROUOIIT IRON Ab,'D STEEL.
When It. beam has its load unequally distributt'(i OH'r it. the
proper size of the bealll can be dcterminetl by finding the nUid.
mum bonding mome nt I\.lld proportioning tho benD! II.COOrUingly.
...:quilibriullI 18 obtained when the bending moment. is equal to
the moment of resistance. That i'l, when theexterIJsllorce mul.
!il)lied by the IOTcrage with which it act! is equal to too strength
of tho material in the crOll! section of the beam multiplied by
lllG hWCl'II.gIJ with which it. ru.:t..I.. 1'ho ullimate moment of resist.-
Ance for a wrought.iron boom of symmetrical l OTnl is
42000 I 84000 I
... depth or d
- 28000 I M I
M- d or 2mOO =ii'
The co-efficicnt to be ehanged according to the fActor of snfcty
desired. Tho rule woul(llhus be .... ~f~ment :; r.
'-"'""nlcient d
~3000 = 2FI,OOO.
"",000 0 84 I
2J:I,OOO =8. = (1'
At point A I At point B I
jo·orlc.dA .. 12,POO Forlo.dB .. 24,000 For load C.. Hi,:100
At point ('
By table on paga 92, for a 12" 120 Ih. I beam ~ = 22.74, be-
ing slightly deflcicnt. A 12 123 lb. I beam will he anlple.
It more lateral stifTn~ is requiroU Uum a single b('am alToro"
usc a pair of channels I!Cparal.cd ant! bmced horizontally. Two
12 7;; lb. channels: = 23.6, ...ould snit aoove pnrposeL
""".
In cases where tho 100(1 is concentrated at the IniSS points,
there being no bending !Stress, tho resi~tAnco as a strut has only
to be con~idell"d, and whcn hI'l\Ced latemlly thl) stnlt length is
reduced to tllo distllnces between bruch-g.
In tho rollo .... ing tables, pages 88, !II, various properties of
rolled slnletuml iron are gi"en, whereby tho strength or still·
ness of any shapo can be readily dotermined.
SYXSOLS.
f = Moment ot inertia..
E =
Modnln! of elasticity.
1V = iJOad on beam in net tons.
to = Leall on beam in ponnds.
B = Radius of gyration .
.do = 'I'0t.R.1 arM of cross section.
L :- Length bet~ecn lJIlpporiB In feet.
I = Length between supporu in incheL
88 WROUGHT IRON A..!W STEEL.
inertia, ~'O1. vii., pagc !J2, = 295 .00, or IIIbment or inertia desired.
Deflection =. 15 x 1~ = .19 inches.
530 x ~!Ji).06
For beams or tlw SIl.me depth, bllt or any I:ICCtiomd an's. tbl:l
defl~tion remains unilorm so long liS the loads bear a unifonn
ratio to the ~trcngth of the beam. For this renson, the single
t'OllImn of dcliL'Clions applies to any section o[ Ihc sauw si~c of
iJcnm, in tho laloles of saf!) loads.
Column XIV.-Mnximum load in tons.
Thero is It limit in the length of bcums at which tllO rille for
safe lO:.Ldiu~ cea$CS to apply. 'fhis point is I·cllched whcu tho
lond flLl.Iiins the safe limit of J"('sistnnel) olTercd by tim web of the
beam ngainst r.rippliag.
The maximum load can be placed on any beam shorter than
tho Icngth indiculed, hilt must not be exceeded. It is obtllined
by Gordon's formula, taking 6 tons per sqUIIl'O ineh as the safe
resistance of wrought iron to crushing.
EL£lIESTS OF PEXCOm STnuCTUJ1A.L SIIAPES. 91
"
I
- *t=0'
-~D;=
I.
i_
u. I~ I I I I 1\'. v. VI.
I
VII. ' -Ill.
lN~.
ellAllT I ,,,. I '[
\\'&IO 'T'
A"KA8 1>1 !)QUA"" MOllE"T 0 .. JS!':I<T,...
N~lI.
IItn.
');
I I" C"E~.
,'"n
YMW.
' l1ll1nl(c~ Web.
I
Toral.
1'Axle A. B• A"iaC. D.
-- -- - -- - - - - - -_.
-- -11.86
1 l' 200 8.04 19.90 682.08 28.50
2 15 145 8.97 lUiS 14.55 521. HI I(l.91
l(jS 6.23 16.89 23.11}
3
,
4
12
12 120
10.G6
7 . 42
1
4.1)3 11 9:i
871
272.86 " l'L22
1O} 134 0.57 3.87 13 44 10.00
2-11. G31
lOB
,
5\ 10~
10,
7.33
lUll
3.50 IO.&:
S.03 8.94
HI5.42
162.20
12.45
8.34
7 10 "
112 7,23 3.04 1l.17 178.58 10.134
, ,
8 10 00 (1.29 2 75 9.04 148. 311 8.09
10 , 00
70
0.13
4.77
232 9.07 118.81
2.21 , 6 9S!
1
94..44
1
8.44
5.59
11 8 81 5.58 2.56 8.14 8:1.93 7.23
12 8 65 4.50 2.03 0.e3 69.17 5.02
I
13
14
I
7
,, "
7
G5
II ,...
4.17 2Ad 6 .58]
1.001 5. 141
4l).73
43.08
4.15
3.43
15 55.50 4.19 1.28 5 47 33.261 4.3"3
15 83.62 4. .81 3.42 8.24 41.74 0-"
10 0 40.00 2.00 1.00 3.96 24.59 2.42
10 0 GO.51! 3.22 2.43 5.65 29.63 3.15
23 0 115.00 1 [l.~l 2.34 11.55 03.24 19.14
23 0 12~. 001 9.49 2.81 12 30 65.51 14.70
u.n
24
,
0 90.00
IlS.00;1
6.811
7.1(1
2.06 '.00
2.57 9.76
51.4.3
51.77
1
11.79
" ____________ --A
1
EUME.,\TS OF PEXCQYD BEAM!)' 9:;
ELEMENTS OF P ENCOYD BEAMS.
"
~ D::=:::±;=,G·
x. XI.
- 11-
XII .
----'-
I Xlii. XIV
". L
Co-&PPI<;I'''T roR
Rum or 01'nU loJ<. :
D~rL -cTlolI".
5."
G.O~
1.20 -12-1.41 00000.11 .000002.; 4:1.20 16
1. O~ ;}2-i. 30 •()()(.oo:;a OOOOQ.'L1 22.10 1;1 ,1
.,.,
4 . i8 1.01 21'~.2:'.! .0000101.orOOCGa ~2.22
1. 11)"214. 78 .OOOOllli .000007'2 22.13
1
12 J
10~
,•
4.211 1 .0. 173.71 .0000142 .(.Q~OOIlO 17. 71
11
\O~I 51
....
4 20
4.0-,
.97, 144.23 .0000171 00301071 13.00 ,
r
.98 162.02 .OOOOlliD.()()O()QOO 23.68
1
. O:i 138.43 .0000186 .00(.0110 13 11'1
10l'
10
10
I
6
7
•
8.62 .00 123.21 .OCM.0'2...:! .00t;0145 HUN 9 9
tiD D7 .!)4 _0G00Z92 .OOv(Ht·S 0.9-1 !J 10
'"
""",21 .0-1 9•• 92 .OO-'032D 0C0()20..) Ili.4!J S
8
II
12
S.2J .8.' 80 ••0.1000 {II} .COOO".AO IO.4G
• ,•.,.
228 .7-1 46.00 .000003"2 .{)O(M,).P~·U 1062 6 !6
2.81 1.28 OS.!!7 .()(lOO.6S'":! .00C()2~ ~3 08
23) I.llfj 101.91 ,00011-121 OtJtt):,!I>:l 2; 3'l 6 23
lAO 80.00 .0000.1:37 .0000:,3.'; 10.42 G
2.8d,
2.30 1.09 80 51 .0000~P.33 .0000:1.1'"2 ~1.I!J 6 "
24
9i WROUOIIT mo~ AND STEEL.
<ft- • D~-
•
I.
-- --
n.
'" '-=-± -I
VII. YIII.
...
""".os lX SQc .. ar: bit.. llQJlltsnop '''I''T'A
'HUIT ~h~. \\'J:IO'T
:S11.-
"
[,'0 .....
•••
'".LRO.
1 Total. A. B. AxIl C. D.
I""n~' Web. AlIL~
I
-1-, - - ---
HO t.; 1<, 6.50 , 8.36, 1-1.$6 4,j\.'i1 19.05
88.:.0 4.59 4.21 S.8:1 I~.'j] 742
" "
32 12 IlO 2.87 3.07 '.54 123.71 (I 2"~
60 GO. O~ 08 4~.1
,; '"
3{ 3 1;1 2.41
73.!1t
sa "• " ~.(l7
'" 2.2'!
01.8-1
:.l.a:!
2 .1',
37
• "
a7
2.97 2.~3 lUO
, .. -
1.81 1.91 :1 -., 43 (;.; 1.31
'"'" • • "
30 " 2.~~
"'"
2.;VI LW !.:9.·il
18.41) .00
42
7
G '" ''''
33
1.26 2.01
2.()'( V:,!,j 3.~ 18.37 1.46
41
,, G 2;)
27.3
}.OO' 1.18 2 ~7
,
1.60 1.01 2.78
•
11.67
10.20
."
.M
" ,
4G
"
2Uj
.91, . 97:• 1."
. 81 ~ 2.Ui
6.67 .37
47 1.31! lUG .54
• ...... , .'2
.,., ..""-
48 17.1:i 1.02 ' .7;1 1. iij 4.14 .41
" ,.,
53
2
11 :1
8.7:;
100.0
.551
.i.G3
.<1
.33
."
.,.,
10.44
13
..'
:1:;1 56
.21
.00
13.08
:;a 15 II)!.O 11.2.) 4.IH IIi.01 1;;7.03 18.39
EI,EM EST3 OF P£NCOYD CIL\SNELS. 95
ELEMENTS OF PENOOYD OHANNELS.
1
5 . .)11.13280.111 .000J061 .0000001l'o 40.6--1 .9.,; 15 30
4.M, .92 H2.11 .0000151.00000111 18.4!1 .71 12 31
4.00 .74 OO.~ .OOCOZ~ .00001::9 II. 1-1 62 12 .:-J
3.92' til K).9' .OOOO2~ .COOOUW {I.HI .75 10 :~"
IU19~ .(llI 68.08 .0000371 .000023-1 .fH :0 ;J:j
, "
2.341 ,(jj 2~.~ .OOOl.'j()l 001 r.l);j8 or~ G
2.~; .til IH.IO 0002363 .OOOU77 5.21 6
HI 21 .OOO:?(l~O' .OOOI07.i
I !JJ
1.8.'1 ,4.)
.~16
~·lLl =0'--
I
I. n. Ill. IV.
.
Y. H. I
I
nl.
I VIII.
1-- --
I. W~IO'T
AIl,A11 ,,.. SQUA"I \" •• lIQIIENT3 or I"'...TU
I
CHA In- SIn
Nl'.· ,-tal
.,:11.
1'= 1-.-
Ym. .
1'1'1."1' Holb. Web. Tou!. A.I. A. II. Axl.e. D.
.
03 9
8
72
"
'2502.062.61
11 2 . 17 \.85 2.00
717
6.11
8-1.77
67.GG
'.99
3.63
'" , "
00
67
7
.
a.
2'1 '"."
12.0
2.G9
~~ OP PESOOYD DECK B~ 97
ELEMENTS OF PENOOYD DEOK BEAMS.
, o~ '
- - ,'--"';8 0' --
II
IX. X. XI. XII . XIlI. XIV,
"·11 , I I
Ihm. or ~"'; Co-IU·Plc. r;,," P'OR
('1''''1'100('1 dt: --.
::~;;;
D~Pl..I:C1"o',
,... 1
,,
.87 110. 3, .0000233 .OOOO14fi, lG.26 4.27 10 62
.000032~ .000020.1 14.63 4.00 GO
S.44 83j 87.D 9
9.03
3.20.
2.6.)
7
"
6' 1"'.7
".'1('' ' '-' 11.00014''11 ~ -2.22" - - ' -
98 WROUGHT IRON A...."1) STEEL.
&n:~ I,WS.
~-I••
,v.
" III.
II I v. V<.
I VII, VIII
,
"•t "',u,,, he"E" .,-._.•'
~;,..
)f ... )fE,. .... 0,.
hEIIT'''.
Axr"
It''OIl ",.
(;,,,,TIOlf.
~~e
":0:1· 1I:.Axl·O. ::::
......
..,..c ~
". "''<
o. ,
,.-
~ • A.a
."
(' 1.1. A. II.
120'6 >< l~
,
,,.
, """' ,,•X,1,,,
M.G t,.~ ... 16 1.87 1.1fI LG6
6 1 110.0 35.4G 15.00 U'O 1. ]7
121 5 41.b IO.O'~ 4.16 U!,j LOU 1.'1 1
1'12 4
•a. ""8. )(, !
000 19.61 a.tii
28.0 I 4.30 L80
,'"
1.2-1 ...
.•< 1. 61
l.H
. ....
,4 5-1 04 I ".67 3.40 .OJ I 27
12331><31>< 24 8, 2.87 1.20 '"
, , , •j
1.0i .7rl 1.01
x
1248 .. 3><
39.8 1
."... ..,
14.1 1 1.21
33.6 2.62 1. v;
L" 1.04
.r.a
.",
.O!II
.GO
.r9
...
1 10
.98
12.:i 2) )(
12021,,211(
21 )( I
2 )( 2 ')(
! ..."
IS. 1;
.,.
".0
lUI
.9:1
.GO
1.6.
.70
.e'2
.7;
.5-,
.54
.'N
.8.
.7'l
2l lC i Xj
Z 22.5 1.28 .54 .74 .49 .81
...
.21 .61
1:29 11 )( 11 62 .18 .0; .30 .51
....44
If ,'.;
r, x q )( !
...11.7 .3>
.0;:;,
.0> .30 .0,
0'
" ......
130 1t>< 1,)()\ .3> .44
t
I )( 11 )( f
."
'.8
...
.02 ... .10 .09 .3> .51
, t •••
131 1 >( I, 8. ' .20
."
>( •
1 >( It . 88 .".
, I 2.' .. ..,
>(
132 1 ><1 .O';! .01 .2{l .20 .:':0
1
" 4.4 .21l .20, S;;
~.
\. / 6"
ELEMENTS OF..s _ ~_ F, PENOOYD ANGLES
,
C' ~
mavcs LEOS.
,• ". III.
.
IV. I ,.. in nl. VIII IX X. XL
J)'-T. ,n")1
••" MQJO. or INKIITI •. lt~l'U
("""TI"~,
", 11_,." TO
x_, T .•UK»
~
"t Sin ,~"tuu. "=~
~ .... ,\xI. A:d . Arl.
, 10",1. .'xl .~JI · ,.
•• • d.
..• .,
A.H. C. I). A. I). (',1)_ E.}'
.2.. "
140 6
,, • • •• l. ~1.8 r»
15.46 IU)C):\
I 00.0 :JO.7.; 10.~;; 7.46
I _9'~I.I(l 1.f6 .116
I .....j I (II !II 2.171.17
111
, •• I <J! 8 8.14 4.00 ~.4;
, "'" " ,.
I _,ill I 1.5:l1,Oil
112 15
• at •)( I 80.0 I~ 17 10. 176 10 !.In I 13 .&. 1.7•• 1.25
., )C SUi 77~ 3.23 I !J:i 1. CO [ ~ Ul
]013 II .6
I,
)( 31 )(
" , II
,,• 1
!'~.I \:.l.9~
2~.1i 7.117
• ;l4.4 13.Hl
IUi.iS I:.!
2.()! 1.4:.!
~
S.lil:!
."" " "
M
1.61 ,~;j
I.!ii
~I! I. ;.j [ ,~
1.70
8!) 1.~-4 ..
11l4 ixS
'H){ U
115 1
4 x 81
· ",, • "
!
2'j,7
4(J.O
~6. 7
48.0
5.::;0 1.1181.27
8.44 2.9t!2.01 1.40
•8.9317
2.U'J I . 144 ~; .(it I
.
1461
"
• '" , ! 248
I ·:ttl,S 6.03 2.871,('0 ,
I.{i'~ 1.11! 1.21;
.~;' .".s.; 1.:>7
.(1.",
U'f:: .78
.~ j
t
21.2
/. 16.2
2;;.0
2.1i:J
1.-12
2.08
72'
I
4.11 2.81 1 491 01; 1!7
1.8'1
110
.47 OJ
.72
011
.." 1 00 .68"
"" " ,. .49"
.72
1.1 j
.03 ..
149
.,
J I( 2"
,:3 II
11.0'
.h 2'2.5 109 .311
192 .67 1
. 0"
~.J
_0'.2
.".M
.! {I
.'""
00 1.14
151
3t ' 2. )(
6 )( 6, II
t
27.0:1824 1.::0 .871(8 .~o
3D 6 14 76 3.812 as I 11:1
H
.5O 1.:":0 .70
.8'1 ~.C6 .81
t 85 0 21) 24 7.215.70: 1 80 0"
6 )( S,,, .81 '2 ~61.01
IS! 6 1 )( 4. II
6, II 4 ,
,,
ir. 41.0 19 29 5728872.(1} 1 101-
95.0 38.00,11.0088.. 2.0~ Iv
JI~ U S
.113 '2.:81 '""
l:W:;t .. Six
,•
3"2.310.12 :1272 U 1.77L~.j
,rH " al II 52.8 ·1.";.rd <I 00 3 6.'i 1.',11 0;
.81 I.~::
.80 1.01
.>2
.""
I M 7xSi K 61.7 ,81)'~S (i.::8·14.1:3 21
,. .'""
,M 2.1i7 .8'2
I
17 ,,8. II 1 9S.0 45.87 7.;;30.702.19 .68 .84 2.71'
il
"'1 )(:!"t lO . 6 .71 .81
,
81
ELEMENTS OF
~ IVL'! LEO~.
PENOOYD TEES,
Z
,,
~
SIn Ill' l!felll',
L
,I
-<
S!~
l .. nT'~.
Axl, "xl_
--
(iy .... T1o",.
A:.t.
I olIO":
o·
~=~
r:: ... ;:
••
AIl'
0
A II. C. I).
---- ~
A.D. CoD'lo g ;
, • 2.M 1.20 .84 1.14
..
70 00.' 5.26
71
"
3. )( 3+ HI x
j
31. 8.47 1. 70 1.06 ' .,,I 1.00
72 , • II ,
26. 2.1 1.01 .00 .62 .00
73 HUi Ll2 .011 .78 .7"
12+ x 2+ " 116
'''1'
7·' 2} x 2j x lL12 .07 AD .75 .03
."
7~ 2\ x 21 \ 11.7,5 .52 .30 .IIS .GI
If
00 1
7G 2}><2\x/t 12. .M .27 .67 .47 .GO
7i , ., d, to.S .38 .ID .60 .43 .GO
78 11){1]><;' '.1 .21 .ID .M .Si .W
1
EU.M2NTS OF PENCOYD TEES. 101
C
-II
H. liT. ~ TY.
". VI.
I \' II. nil.
•
, --
... ~~
••• M (}>lESTI!
1)O"~"T1A.
or IIADII (lr
G,·,,"TIOS. .,.
~
Z S'ZEIS iSCIIES.
tl~
"':::: ....
t Axj~ I c.AJI~u. ~r ~
a Axle
A. ll.
Axl e
C.1). A. n.
---- --
~lO:"
~ ;;:;,
00 4j 44.5 5.21 3.66 1.09 .OJ 1.1 o
" I
• 3,
.. - .,"
01 1 4 41.8 411' 3.23 1 1.05 1. 00
,• x 2t .07
_0
1.6] 4. 01 1 114
'"
!J3'
",j SO.7
33.0 I 1.63 4.58 .';"0 64
.."
1.1111
" ,"
4 25.9 1.94 2. 181 .66 .V2
1
.77
"
00 ," 25. 2
20.4
2.09
.118
1.69 ,
I 68,
.31
.08
.8'
""-
:1 3.12
"
!J3
3
3
•
• 'I
28.2
23. 8 13" .94
,
1.06 1.05
,.';"6'
.01
.1l3,
1.1 o
82 "II
• 11 .HI 56 i,41 .71 .3 7
"
100
3
2. )( 1\
112
9.1
, .10
.
.33 .60
1
52
101
102
2
2
• 11 8.7
7.
.tG
.05
"I
.18
.17
.43 .45
.26
43
.40 ., 7
lOS 2
."
• 1
5.88
, . 01 1 .111 .13 .04 .1 7
,
1
1().t
.,
2. )( Ii 18.7 .56 .02 .55 .58 00
105
100 '1
107'
""II
2\
,• '"
Zixn
.. 21.
48.44
44.1
8.'
.83
5.37
6.24
.01
.113'
5.3t
0.25
.24 . .12)
1 05
1.19
63 . 55 I
l().t
t,OO I
...
.61
.7
1.
1.0Il
.18
""
1091i
110
III
11
4
3
3
"'.2..2.. . 38.5
117 .6
. 20.6
...
7.26
1.0Il
2.70 1.37
.74
.81\
1
1
.711
.,. .65
.06'
1.82
"
70
102 WROUGHT lHON AND STEEL.
IIOLID RECT,l.liOLE.
hh' AJ,2
I= I:! = 12'
hr,'
I, uis%y = ..
"
, ,
~~ :
;;JS,
1=---
M'-tl'
12
!fOll.E~'TS 0" L"fERTlA.
SOUD TKUNOLE..
Ok'
1 = "j60
--or .• bll'
"--~---
--- ,I -
~
... _ IJ... .
.-
~
J,o.l1SXY = I~'
.
1 ,BXISlll'
l.!h'
= T'
h
d = s'
SOWI) CIRCLE..
J = .71:154 ,.'
e[ HOLLOW CI RCLE.
SOLID SE)lICIRCLL
1 = . 111",
. .,.......,-. AlJ'
f , aXIs xY = ..."",jr = [6' .
a:: A2Hr.
IIOLlD ELUPSL
1 = .78Mbd".
104 WROUOHT lRO~ AND STEEL
TEE SIiX"l'IOS,
,
~ ~
l -_te"+bd'-(II_-t)(J~
3 '
I. Ilxis.l!''''' {/J'+(h-j)t' ,
.
.. j , ' " 12
,f, :' hI' I. _ I
~-.----- 2 +(/1-/)/(/+ 2 )
III'+t(k'-f~
d= - - -.. - -2A- -
+ Ixl'-(b-t){d-f)·
~
tt:"
01: T= -" -----, Forol'on or
d-- "
l ' Ir. unovcn &ngles.
1. ,,___ _ . t(b-d,)·+lul,'- (fI. -f)(,l,-I,/
~ f,alOSUV= . 1) --- .
Ab'
f, axis tty -= -;i~' For CV(, Il angles..
,
-"Ak'b'
f, a:us zy = 13(h'+b") }<'or \In('\'~n an,trlce.
I BEAll! SECTiOS.
8 = taper or fillllgtl.
2,
l=k-;r' •
f=M'- cl.:' + c8' + c¥'.
It Hl 4
,
r""b_f
1 f ... S
Ok- - ~(M - ")
81'
~. 1\ i: 1 .:= 12- - - - ·
i[ !: \ 2mb.+lt'+!:(b'-")
2
4
'"r-- m
1, axlS:ry = 3 - Ad".
d=
mb'+-+
ld'
2
; (0 -,) (,+,,)
A
WnoUGIlT UtON A.."OD STEEL.
..
00- + ._-;.\ . "
. _aJ.;' lit' (P +4
),
I, U:U8~U -1:!. 4 + 12 + - 12 -
CIIAl>XEI.8.
,
_~.J.
-
i
.
!-I --i-, 1.-
3
r-" M }:mlllJlk :\"0. I. - A ('(')m\.Jination or two D·'
lb. et!all ll rl., Ami Iwo 12 )( l pll1lcs as
!o- shown.
III - '-
_~",J AXI9 A n OF SEM ION •
Jrorrombin«l.Uon = 2:J7o:il
whichJi,·idedhyar.,Il(14Igil·Ml18 0011 Jror 4.2.1t:JraJiu 01
<'01ill>ined eeclion.
MOMEl\l'8 OF INERTIA. llY.J
AXIS C 0,
Find diatanoo d ,.". (.67) from 001. XV., ~ O::l, then obtaining
tbc disw.noo (4.2325) between axcs CD and B F.
J for 2 clHllllleJ~ around axis EP from 001. VIII., ::: 4..04
Arcll of c1uumelsx &quare of disumco ::: 10.8 x 4..2325'::: 103.471
(i )( 12"
i Cor 2 plates ~ =
J lor CWlbinoo IIl'CtiOIl = 270.411
lL'. , .."c.
I plate i.'i xi',
8 )( ~.
ASIS J. D.
""
RaulUS f . • /!U6Til
0 gyration =V 19.875 =
, .61,
110 WROUGflT rnO:N AND STEEL.
AXIS C. D.
8' )< t
Jof two 8 )( i plates = 12-- )( 2 = 42.001
15 )( i '
lorane 15)( ~ plate = ~ =
Joflour 3 x 3 x t nnglcs = 4 x 1.24(SC<l
col. IV, plIgcfl8) = 4.00 ~
+ 5. 75 (I\rc,~) )( l.027G' (sq. of d,islnncc d " ) = (L071 \
- - 11.031
.,"
:,£~
...~~ g i
f~~' ~
~ .. ti l • •,
s:: .; ';:; •••
._-
c:i~$
·•• -••
EU
t
,, • -Ii
•• =
]=
"I;;
+ .
~~
•
0
.~
.! . 'T
"I~
+ .
~
tl
" .
.!!!w
=<: I
" "
'0"::' ;,\
....
~6:;!
~e)r.
~z~
,. =.r.. i
~
~]!I § l
_.-=
.... ..:=
Eo< •• • •
- •
..; C I>~
c:; .,;.! .,
,,
•• .; .
t; ~-= §
: .; . . 1=
1;'
~ ~l~, ¥/E_ +~
""~=
E.
o ~ ... ~
7).=1 8 •\
l
j~ " 0
0=
.! '" , 0
.~
e.
=~
~ i'=:§
cs"
•••
- ~I~
e,
:l~
"'~
:::.; _ a •
•
0="2 "
~o.
•
...."-. !
-::""
' ~= , ,
".~.s
- ee
•$"• ~ ~ , ~ ,
,;
~
~~
••
I>
O~
.,-a
0
..• ••
~~
!
•§ --. t,"
~
_......
.!l~ ~ • •§ ~ ~
e..<: Q.. C:....
=
, ~ •! ,• ~ !! ••
..
..oE.. •••
~!:: 0
'-
•
,• !••• ~
•
- 0] •
l\::;
0'1
5
~
~
"' c. "'
"
ea
,"0
.s~
ll';r;o;::j
"
;
0 Bi 0
RADIUS OF mllA.TIO:t. 113
•r.
.,; !l !l
~
~~
".
,-
~
~. ....11-,. .!
~~
0
.!
:::~
;;;•
-~ il :;
~
o
~.
;;1
. o .
~.
o .
~M
• "'"
''""
~
~
:E
" ~ ~ ~
i!
~I
'- f;
gi 1;
••
-'" :s: ; • 0
-"
... ~ ~~
. --
.!
""+
,"-...;-
~ ~~
.!
~ Ii: ,,~
-'
·il.
0
t~ "'"l;. .~
~
.~ ~~
.~
•
~I
.
'1:-'"" '~l"
•
~
~~
f
,;. '"
~
~ >
G
,, , , ~
-;
$"
<
9
0
"
•
""•"
•
/.!
~
$
•"• •
H
;
~
!•
0
<
="
,•
Q
; E ; § ee •"
"0
<•
~ i ~
• ~
~ •8
0
••
~ . _Ef 0} IF H Il.dJ ~
•
114 WROUGHT mol" AND STf'.EL.
Tn tho following
ROl, I.ED
oon~idCr&tion
IRO~ STRUTS.
E...'fD COSSECT[O!;~,
All i!J wl'il kM1I'n, the method (lr 5e('urinll the (·nels of the strut..
c_1<'rcl_ an important inflm'n,'!' on their ~istan('(' to bending.
as Ul(~ lU('mb\:r is helo! more or I~ rigidly in the direct line of
thru~t.
In tho Illblr~. ~truts are c1nl'Sifioo in lour dh';~ion~, ,-iz, ,
" }o'lx(!(1 Ended," .. ~'Iat Ended," ,. Il iUgI'd Rudell, 'Rud .' Round
Endod."
In the ('II\.'~ or" fixed ends" the ~trulll liN! ~UP!'OI"-'({ to be ~
rigidly aUa<,h ... 1 at both !'nds to the f'OntipIOt ... pa"~ of the
,trueture Ih:!t th<' attachment wculd n"t he ,,"<'1'011 jf thp ml'm-
b->r trll8l'1ubjCH''11 1(, thl' ultimate I(lf.d .. Flat eo(\ •• 1 .. ~truts
1101\' f.uppo!l('Ii to ha'l"e their end~ flat and .quare with th .. ui$ of
kngth but not rie>idly attached 1.0 the adjoining porta. "Hinged
• Tlu. av~.Ie. ""Il t<> \""" ...... 1-0 .... u. free clod •
•
ROLLED mON STRCTS. 115
ends" embrace ,ho clll88 which Illwe both ends properly litted
with pin~, or ball Bnd _keLjoint~, of ~ub<;Ulntif\1 dimen~ionsaa
compared with the IleCtion of the ~trut: the centre. ot thl'!lll end
joints being practically coincid.·nt with an axia palling through
the Ct'ntre of grM-ity of the 8I.'Ction of Ihe !trut. "Round
ended" struts are thoee which hlll·e only central points of con·
tnct, such ~ bltll~ or pins resting on !lilt plates, but ~tiil theCl'u-
tM of the balls or l)ins coincident with tho l)roper axill of tho
strut.
II in hinged-eDdOO. struts the be.llaor pina Ire of comparath'ely
insignificant diameter, it will be safest in such C&llt:>' to consid"r
the struts ~ round emlcd.
I r thcre should be nny serious deviaUon of the centJ"('s of round
or hinged ends rrom the proper lu:i, of the stnlt, there willl..c a
reduction of rosist.ance that (:&Imot he eMimal.('(1 without know_
ing the exact condition.;;;. No formula ha.~ been .... ritten which
Upl"C!l5e5 with accuracy the )'{'!IiSUlnC(! to comprt'"8l'ion for varioUil
IC(!tioIlllIUd for an tUtendcd range of length.... It ia doubtful If
any simple formula admitting III rendy practical IWlicflt ion can
be devisod; in flld none is rNjuil\~l, WI the re-sullol of I'Xperiments
can be embodied in tables and d~ram.s in such a compact form
....,.
that their application to allY lellgth or Ill'clion caD be n:adily
I ~ length ot strut.
r "", lenst. ratlius o f gymtion.
From tbo aocwc wc dcri'·e the fol101nllg tablo:
•
ROLLED IRON STRUTS. 117
PACI'ORS OF SAFETY.
~ ~~!
rI 1 "1
e,;: e:. ,. ~! ~a
... ~" ,. ~ ~ fi=~a
;;~
",l< l!1 "I< ><1 0":
Io'::;!.s ... :k; ~S Io':~ ~2
-:
au
3.2
3 a
:-3 1100 -:- ~"
<1.0/,:; 100 4.6 (5.4
I "'. - :
:?OO ILl)
~-2
7.M
40 a.~ a.6 170 4 ~ 5.w! 300 6.0 75
00 8.:; 3.j:; lbO 4.8 ii.7 alO 6.1 7./;.1
60 36 3.9 100 "!l G.1:-5 820 6.2 7.8
70 37 4.0.3 2I)n G.O 6.0 :30 6.3 7.9i
eo 38 4.2 210 .';.1 6~1:; 340 64 8.1
00 3.9 4 a.j' 2~0 G2 6.<1' 9.,j() 6 G 8.2:;
100 4.0 4 i'5 2;:0 G.S G.~ii 360 0,6 8.01.
11 0 1. 1 4.6.; 240 G.4 0.(1 3,0 6,7 8,1m
I~O 4.2 4.t! 2M ii.1i 6.7:; :H6 6.8 8.7
lao 4.8 4.05 2f,() 1i.6 6.!) :100 a9 8.&)
140 4.4 5.1 270 I 5.7 7.00 400 7.0 9.0
Table No. 2 rep~nta the greate!t 'lale IOftd per W'juare ineh
of !S('Clion for caell of the four classes of ,lnLt.'! IULd i~ deri\'OO
rrom the n'suits in Table No. I by means of the foregoing fae.
tON of Mrety,
Thl' remllrks on pHge 83 for MIl' ;OfId~ on hcam~, apply also to
5trnt~ The lood~ in TAol\" :\0, 2 oU(t'ht to 00 al'plil~l only
nuder thO' most ravomble ci"",urn<:t.anCo·~, ~u("h a~ all invariable
• oon,lition of lh(' lotul, lillIe or no vibmtion, etc. L:nder fer·
lain comUtioo". such as for bu;ldinf:"'. brid~"'. etc., the ieu.<t
factor of salety ou~hl to 1)(1 rour (4). whir·h would Increase 1'4('11
flU;\or in the lloove tnt"le hy unity. Th(' !'ollIe load witllhcll be
found by di\,j,Ung the result.s gil'en in Tallie No.1 lJy lbo cor·
reeled 14ctor of safety.
118 WRQUGHl' IRON A~ STEEL.
~o. 1.
WROUGHT mON STRUTS.
,
ULT"I:IUTE PRESSURE l~ LBS. PER SQUARE L"cn.
I.moj01'"
U:.\5'1' ".\I"U8 - }'LAT F':<EIJ 1J[NG~!) ROUND
..
GI'Gl'I<.\T'VS. ENDS. E"p~. E·<Ds. E"'D~.
.,.,'" .....
~
4,1.000
~ ... .,".......
.,.,.....
4.3,000
."
~6.(IOO
~:~
00.'"
..'"'"
.'111,000
""" 33.500
"...
00.'" &;.000
"'''' .>OM
00
ro 31.1100 31,(00 a.1T30 27:,<>0
at.roo 31,::.00 2:;.000
»." 31,000
ro.""
:11.1,,;;<1 :.2.75(l
.,
'"'no
1~'O
"""
fbl,o;;o
26,300
~.ooo
~:m
:!B,OOO
~6,t:;o
20.500
IS,500
,,,'n""" 21.000
.
", . " ~,t.oo
~I.:m
z.tmo
21:000
16500
HWO
1~,8<))
•
21.'r.o 21,e;,o 18.7110 11,15~
'00 2(1,000 .
", ." 1II.!lOO il,;, -0
".
"0
'"'
18AUU
lli.8OLI
1~.6M
21,.'100
"'18,';50
.000 g:~
11,9')0
~_500
.,:;00
6.,:;0
'"'
210
H.r«l
13,600
l'l,;5(I)
lG.2,;() ,....
IO.!IOO ",.,
~.&iO
""
""
Z"
12.000
11.!I.'>O
....
11.200
10•.·.00
,~ ...
15.000
1.1,(01
""
8.1.',(1
....'iOO
5.COO
'.""
4.:JJO
'"
......
'"
I:l,OXl
Il,OOO
7.000
G.:'lOO
4,(I.j()
3.800
...
J.>;,() 9):;(1 l(),::;OO ~.100 11 ..;00
~,~ 10.000 5,700 3.:)00
'.'" ,
."""
'. 5,:~-,o 3.0UO
..
7,200
~
'M
'.'"
Hnl
4,7.-,0 2.1i5D
t.r,oo
""
""
OW
,~
6;001
,.",
5,100
'.00>
7 ..'\00
7,0100
4.1\00
H,j()
~,O~)
2 "100
2:'100
4.000 6.7:\0 ~.7.·;) ~.OOO
'00 '.,," GJ,oo u,oo '.00>
370
..,'"
~,
,....
'.000
3.:!:iO
,.
Il.!~
."
5 ..' 11)
,....
3.:!·,o
~.;.-.o
UOO
....
,1.000
1;7fXl
,110
'.000
:!.7"o
5.!!OO
5.IHI ,.,.,
~.r,oo
>AM
'",., 2,'-ro
2.:j.';()
4.10)
4.!"',o
4 ..'l!V!
~JjilO
V!(l!)
....
,,...
',~
'"
'"'
'00
2.200
2.Loo
2.1lOO
4.!N)
~,1ll0
2.1·11
.ro
.~
1.%0
',"" '''''
',,,"
WROUGHT IRON STRL'"T8. 119
No. t.
GREA.TEST SAFE LOADS ON STRUTS.
Oreal~t Note lo.d (1111)10. poe. "'loa ... loch of t .. ,... ~toa''H' '· ~"I(l l ~ln'U.
BlJIII. end. Ill! '"P~] to be ....eu ..... ] "" b"lI.,. trd a t til(' bead ot e:I~h col·
"'lie, Jt both end. aro "..,. """,,,red .Uk ~. take D""lAn P"'I>ur(f"".1 belw~e"
th" uIUl"'jCl"cn to. th~ d",,_ to which ""oh em\ '"':'",g" If II,e "n,t I.
hln~1 by ,IIY ""certain m~thoo f!O that Ihn e, nlre" of p;n. gnd nl. ot .Itnt
m~y not eolndM. Or Ih~ 1'1n~ may be ...,lalh~ly ~"'nll IImt loo,dylltted , It I.
b<.. t In luch CI_ to eon.ide. Ute "nit""" rt:>IInd ,·ndod."'
,
......
l3:'
LO:«f,;TII lhsOlm i tol;'KD
u.~ IUIIU.
011' (,,'lUTloJ(. EN... E"Df;. E."". E.~_
.
.,
.,,.
11,'11(1
n,,'3)
III.'tO I:s..m
... 1I,;'lj(I
IU'~) 1I.r.o
11.110 lQ.IIO
hl,lNl JU.I!II) ROO
III.mll ',~ , .....!O
ro ~.IOO
,""
''''
,....
~.I'I ,.~.)
t.,ir.\O
....
00
'ro
'"
'"
1:",
,-.
,~
7.1I.'JO
1.tr.Il
O.1r,Q
,.'.M.
.....
t;,~tO
r,tJl
5t"fj(1
4.~
4.100
",,:0
......
..""
5.~1O
3. ....
,
~':'11)
2,1~
,.
I~IO
••
,.'"'"
:J«lIl
&. ... ~!
S,t!lfl
2......,
t.!~1
::~
.
"".
.
1.1~
]Jill)
""
".
-..,..."""". .....
2.1).10 1.~60
.. ,
,UUI 1.1-10
." 'l.I~
,.,.
SUI
'"
I~~)
I,~"
..,. ... ""
...
ft·",
""
t.lOO
I.' ••
... ..
...... .....,
."... ...." .
I.I\~'
'
<~
'"
210
... ~,
,~ ro
120 WHOUOHT lRO~ AND BTE.EJ..
}(
[oj
STEEL STRl\·Th\. 123
STEEL STRUTS.
/!. table for the ullilnato resistance of IId·ended struts of twc
gnldOll of ~ll",'1 will be lound Oil pagtl 31. 'I he.,c grades prob-
IIbly cmurao' tb,' extrt'liles of the material, thnt is, the hnn1(!$t
and I;OI[t..; t hdt tl,al art' likely to 00 u'l('(] in ~lrulA
El.lIl'riml nUl on th~ material are not. ~um, iently oompkte to
warrant. full ltatem.ont of resil!tallC(;s of lim yarLQIIlI gradl"ll
ftlull<>r the "ari<)u8 (,.,nditions of the atrol, IUch u Ihe mlthods
of oollnl-cting the end~, ete.
It ill prublLbl!', however. that the r('Iatinns el.Llltinp: bctw('('n
tim four cl1,,"'-'8 of wrought-iron SlruLq, a.tI gino in the fvllowing
t.a!.lle~, willlll>!O prevail in the same rnUflS lor steel. 'rhe snte
10000s tor 81C<'1 s1ruts of nny seclion or knglh, ('an th('rt'tor,' I,.:.
oLllIiucd uy increasing lh(' figures in thc (011011 ing tnulC!!, lor
LIlly rallo ot l, in the proportions giv~n 00 ptlgt' :n, /IS el"i~ti0lr
•
betwl'tn IIl1t-ended stnlts o( iron ao,latl'('l.
Wh, Il a grade ot sl(oel is uscd, intermediate in bnnln~ be-
tWl'('n the mild and hard heretofore dCIICribeo1. it is probaUle that
tJLe~trut 1"C!!i.t.>Ul('t' for SUlh IlIl1t .. riai mRy h., _fdyapprold-
milled by ~iml'lc proportion.
For instanC'(!. thtl st;.'le\s r~'(!mx1 to blld ('IIrbon ratio!! or .12
and .ar; per ('cnl. rc.sl>ectiveiy. A !luau ilroportion or tbOS('
would be .'.!.j p(·r C("nl.
It is probable that sleel or latter gmde \\'u\lld posS('ss inter.
mC'<.linto oornpn.o ~i\'c re:;ismnC(J between th(jtwog'rnU('IIdescriOOl
Crom our cxpenment8.
124 WROUOUT mON Ar.'l> STEEL.
No. :l.
OIl".... TtsT U.~! LOAD I); LII8. PEa !lQU.A I! I);tll or 8f:CT10.'t.
'I' IICH Ih~ _Inu" RrCl IICCUrc rrom rallul'<)III the dlreclloH of Ihe Rangt';o., aUL
ran I",,,d c.ul)' III the direction of UIC Web C I), l',hlg 'oCIOI'II of eatety
RI"~" I" Pl'<"'.uu, 1&1.>11>.
!'-,u
of'
n....lI.
I ("U"'"T'''''
or
"",>8. 8 12 I H I"
--,-
" ,-
!'Iud ~:"d" .• • " . lelO 111:'00 131M 1'lI&.'JI\ I~I",,) 11tr.1) Imo lfoIW
1 .)'" """ ~:, .. t....... . . UU!) 13100 11100 l"IIIlI.llll'lO lUI:'O 11310 1\ll'JO
'~M'l'~" 1:1:;'S;:;j1 ~~~:. . m:: :~ :~::! :~~~ :~I :,~ I~, 1 =
'"" " ' '''Iud F.nd. .. ... ' U,MlI3S0 '1"'""'1r.ltllllr.Oll;"ooII,tIl)1I 0-10
;) 1'1.1 . :,,;1. .•. . 11'00 1!!Ii111UX) I~~ 1:!.'7Illmn JIIGJ 111).10
I.!o::ht., .. IIln~1 V.n,I·, .. F19~\ l:lS--.o 120tMllVlQO II~ 1I1llJ 1110'./0'10331)
• .... 1101111(1.;",.· •. 133:l(l1:!6,lll"lO) liSCO 107W 101...., \IlitiO &1;0
12"
· ,.,.
LIlzIII
,,,i'
~0 __ 1
ia
-0'
In Ule marginal ~ol"m1\" r Indkn(('. the radinQ <If qynllion laken al"Otln~
!\xl~ A II. Wilen sl,lIt id 1I\"l(ed II," pn,. 'Ire ""PI""'c~1 In li.- in the dir«.
lion A I). linlle' Iho com\llion •• mtcd tho strut "'"J
I", cOIl,ide,ed flol
endod In di'''''I;on.A IJ
CO"Il'Tl0X S'z~
o~ OI-
I I ,,"'
I
1 : 1:1
I I
:~ :10 :~ : :1: A~I~O ,'Ix~d End...
10600 10"~ 9'>_00 InlO 91110 6t:IfO S'i8l' 83:."'0 81~ Fin! Elld •....
1/lItIO W".oo 9110 8OllC) ml l:IOOO 760l) ~:r,o ~IOO Jl I 1\~",d Elide •.• ~e!,'l:,.
8I.iUIJ 81"" ..w r240 6:>00 1).;00 6!1IO 58lOj 5420("'"1([ J,:nd ••..
e, ...
1,,-"
IOfoOO 10340 10000 9IiSO1 O~OO !lI).lO 81'80 MOO ~ Fixed 1,"<1 •...
15"
IIlGOO 10340 10000 0080 g~oo
~ (lifJO 9"Z)} ilS"OO ~)()
87 10 B:!OO 0S20 74&.1 71J.IO
!lI).lU
SIOO
OO:1l
!mIO i'4~'IJ 822Q FI"I End. ..
<&'lO 7500 >210 III"g~,l J,:"d.
6310 59!;() 5/i6O HQu, .1I E,,1I8 .. ....
, Light.
-
=: ~ ~, ~ lliZ ~ ~l~~E';;r"d:
.. .
;3;0 ,0-10 Gm &·110' 6100 !i8OO Il[IIgef! Ends .. .
5Sl0 t..'I:'lO ~IOOI 4'GOI 4I40 4100 ilo"nd EIld.:::.
12'"
- ....
,Ilea,.,..
8-120
8420
SISO 70W <720, 7~,..ol
'l"l8(I,'lxed End •...
AI71) ,1"1U OIlSO, NW 7140WIII' E."k ..... 12"
7500
59!.00
7/';o IJ8.IO 1>5lI016:?;!{) Mr.!OIJilllse('
.',,,k .
M90 628(1 4800 4:.60) 4!!jU 1I",,,,d E'I{I •..
Lillhl.
, - ,."
I
tm!O 6340 M8J &aI 5.'Wl, OOlO'Il[lIgt~l V."ds
5100i 4690 48lO 398) :171018300 l101lnd End•.. ,lIeary.
- ,."
Po'lllO 811ll 7900 7t1301 7320 :-oro 6880 65801 6310 Fh,;c<l V",I~ ... .
1
IlItOO 817"0 " " 7500 ,~1Q 6810 f0400 (;I!illl $SO nu El\d~ ..... .
10"
75iiO 71"ZO G<1lI ijllO r.!l8Il r.69) 5280 4000 4670 111"11,'(1 E",[.
1»10 MOO 1 SHiO ~"060 4:D:l 3!8l 36:;{) .:l3l(l1 3Ol'>OjJ{o""d Eull!
1
Hea''Y. ,~ ....
126 WROUGHT IRON .um STEEL.
No.•.
W h~n the IIml. are ~Ul'f! from ,.ltnN' In Ih~ rlll'j'rll .. n nf I~" ft~nW'. ~',rl
can '",,,<I only In Ihe dlroc\Jon of U", ""cb CO. l",ina r.elo ... of '"'tc~y
g\v.;:n hi pn'!vloa. lIIble •.
".rr.
SIn
o.
8£..,1
C"~"'T'O'f
\>.
E,u"
L,,~(lT" , ..
,
0" ~'I~('<' ~'nd~, •• l-I:MIIU'l)'l~;:A) l1'i'l'111111l101~" Ul:rol Qr,10~ ~(l
~'Iat ~:",I.. 14:kl1'1~ 12U.'~111:~1111.'I(Illmo lu.1:I1 MID, k900
"." . /....,.. JIl"~"t'Ol ~:"d. J39IO'I~~Xllt W 11110 WI2CI ,;1<1;0 !l'~I, ~O, l!\to
1I"lInd .;,,<.1. 13S3(1il~l~O(tIO 1OI.jIJ ~!(), ttOO ~ 7'210, s.:.9)
I
~. " ~'I .... I Fond ••••• 1.j,~I~;(ll~ll~!(lII~'II0AQ0II(JQO IIWO 00t0
t".t . :"d' ..... 10<0 tXo-;1. 1~li.:iIllNi~) Il~~' ll~~~) 11(.00 DOQO,1/04O
LI~III 1Il,,~.... 1 .:,,,'_, • • •:t.,u 13U"J(! 1~1 II~~) I~.~' 1I!l'J) ~ @';!'() ~IOO
.' .' •• ltoaud End • ••• I~ 1:MI1I'i!10!\IIN) !HIO If,"IO ~~ ':Dl, "'"
I
... ,m
, ' I
. I
.:00._ • I1!HIIIIGIO 1/'l0ll N.'Jl ~)O\ SD)
8" .'hrl"l
IIlat f:"". .
Ull0 l:!lm 1~ltO
UIIO ImJ I~L"\ 1l~IO hWIJ lI~oM NJO .." '
1I.'tlV....... 1I "'~.,..j ~;ndA. I~ l~tdO 1l~1O 111;,0 1IIiN' l<UJ IofiIII) :1110
.-1· .. 1t000"dF.I~!'. 13JlJ(Illft;UUl).l) ~ 1";"1(I1:1t/O 7140 e-a<Xt, ~u
I
8" F'1xpd En,\o
1'l~1 ~:n,I •. _ 14110 13100
I
I~I~)
I
14110 I~IOO Itl411 11,f('ClIC'r.'llI.lc.-,.", Il:IIO
1140:1 t(~.W·t(1
MI!
91¥ 1~IO I-l't'O kml
K'r.O
t'l1',i ;4-;"
~!>:II\:;;',~:~~~IF~d~~ .• :Mi:~ll~I'= ::;l:fJ:~; !;~ M~; t.!ru
...,"'"..
.',. ltound ],;lId. • 1:l33O 10000 II&!IO ~;IO ;;'\l() GrM tiO-IU
j" fIt1t!()l;1lOO
1C;(l ;)';~
1
LI~ht
,. ';11", ~ lIN
:'<30 SitJoi
TABLE N' 6'J'RUTS, 127
No,o1.
~~===i::,=a "
In the mart:inal colnmn! r IndlcllW$ the mdiu. of ,;ryrlUion taken aronnd
""I. A II. Wh.·" "'~"~ ,~ hl,,~..J th,· I';"" Mil> .Ui>I'O;~~1 t" lie '" rhe d;~·
lion A lJ. U"d~r tlou e""o.llLlon~ ,,1a1.\...J t~e ~Inlt may be con.io.l","'-.l Ilat
end ....J In d; ••:<:lIo".L lJ.
10"
Lig-hr..
, .- '·u'
9"
n~a\"y.
,- ,."
9"
Light.
, ..
8"
," Hell'·Y·
,_ s·"
8"
,- ,
Light.
...
7"
IiM'·Y·
,- ,."
4'.j(I
• 7"
.'"
""'"
lL'.!O ,L-i~ht.
, '"
128 TADLF..8 0 ... STRUTS,
No.5.
Oau.Tt:!T IUY& LO.lO L... L.HS. rER SQUARK I)"C U 01' BEl'T IO....
W ilen ,1\(0 .I"'t~ .... weo'" from fallnre In the dlrt't:tlon of the Ib.n~~ •• n"
un bend onl,. In III" dlre<;tlOn of III.....eb C. D. Gblnll fllCto .. of .rfty
.ll:i'·~" In pro"'lou~ table&.
6"
....
l.Ili:hl.
PlIed End.
nat. t;"d.
. IIInlN<l E",I'.
lWo'nd ~:"'"
,
II:}» Im'117l1O llR<'la !ff.'I)
I ~H) law 11700 100.'\') IOCOO 9'l7O
• ... I$I)Ii/.0lllttot.1.!:)'
nn'1 16111!Ol¥i t..Clk;va •
8400
... "'"
'"',
'"''
,." .,., ""
""
s...:o~ Kill
..1110
... -
3" .·h...1 En,I· ..•. ;1~I'lll~>;(I W»'lll'11)'~l ,110
",ea.,,{; ...
.-'a, };nd. _
U ln~l~I I ;,"I'
n~I' 1t.>:1l 11<'0 l';;~' 1iIl! ' /I'l'..!)
· 1:1'\.,.) 1It;).11rm<1 M' 81&'1~ '"''
;6~' (;-,(1
~~
...
"'" ,...
ll oond End· 10)67<) 1'17W 111m 00,0, MM ~)
· I'
J" .'u
_!"In"" .;...1- •. .. mIl) ll-WlIlWl '
fll~l 1a:l>' 6'~' 6100
.. ..
En<!.,_ .. IW.) IHlll<)l8l)
••• ,m , "" "''''
';1m'
licft,.,. .•.. m nl<C<l Pond,,:"' 1:alIQ 1fr."'::'1 1I6:Jo) .." ....~, ~1"',11iQ
• . , ... :I: oo .. d }/..nd'. I11l1O lI660 m) &100' ~~/~70
4" F'1x{'(i f:nd~, .. • mIlO 11WlIOIm '"',, m· .,.,' m... !l;1" ,lin 81m
Flat ~~I\d ... ", 131110 114 \} 101m
',I7'l' , ..'v,
""" f>1!l'1
IJJ1:hl .... tl ln~ ](,,,t-. 1261,)
.," "",
11110 ,n l'l Ot.-· <0)
1~1N.I I I;M
"'"
~)
"" "'" ~"
3" I'"IXl'<1 ~:nd •. .. In,m!
, 6710 511 1') " . ,
"oW) "'"
1~ lO
"'a, E",). t~"t'<II1;Ml'_W 7."_,
/I.:oIli) 53111 a",to)
1l,~IITii
. ., "'" .". ..
~II"
Iltn::>-d Po .. d·. 1.'1910 UlIO
"'" oo"l "'" .W,
HOllod .;",10 .. 1:1311.1 101....) '1lI:I.I' ",00
"""
416" 311"
I;?,), 13'AI
-"'"
• - ,... 1t..Kuat E"d •.... Is:lo.l:llGUt} SOlO
"" 19:11,
TABLES OF STRUTS. 129
No. ~.
SIn
"
ilEA ••
6"
II cs yr.
• "11
5"
!lcs...,..
• J'N
5"
·I.Ir.-..ht
4"
llcavy.
•• J·t.
4"
II~'
I'.tl "' Fb:i'd gHd •..•• 3"
". ""' .., "" "m
:tl,'" Ir.II ~1.t 1::,,,1., .....
. .. .. . ..
I~~ ~
11101 lib) ~U, 4'./1.) Ifj~!lfd t:,,\1 •.•• 11"..-,-.
j(3Jl SIO
"" ""I moo
~) RouII\I End •..•• • - l·t]
:r.oo
"'..," '"'' ,,. '''', FI u<\ F.lI,b ...•
I~'JO, H~
!i15O
ll1:J1 !I\i4O
1I1i11J 1~70
''''
IglO
"''', '", '''' ...,
, '",
' 111,· ~) ~·Ia~ ~:ml •......
4GO II!n~1 g"do ...
,
3"
,-Uohl. ...
lilt)
""
'"
!til) '" 4](~ UI) RQu nd End •...•
•
r,
130 TABLES OJ!' STRUTS.
No 6.
llKE.A.T&Sl' 5.AH: LOAD IN LIlS. l'Ea SQu .... ~r:; )Nen OF SECTION,
When the s lnlt8 aro free to wnd at right angles to the web; or in th~
"'cakes! direction C. D. U~i!lg factol'3 oJ! "rely gh'en In proyiou~ tables.
CO"DlTIO"
"
E"D'.
"
15" 41;U
I,,, ,
"
15" ..,
,. =
i"
"'"
'""
12"
10,"
10"
He,,"y,
,- ."
TABLES OF STRUTS. 131
Xo.6.
PEXCOYD I BEAM::; AS STRUTS.
-'D=~~a·
I n th8 mar,;:11\&! co!um~ .. Indkatl'. tile radilll of IO"ftt!on laken &r'OIInc
.,. ...t. H. When lhe olrul I. blnlll"d tbe plM a,., nppooo!ed to I!. lD the dl
_lion A. 1/. If lhe pIn, Ita In ..he 41""'tlou C. J). eoo.lIklcr tbe IItnIIIht
~ndod bJ' tI,b table.
LE..~nT" IN Fa~T.
CO><UITIOS S.II
" .. o.
L"DlI.
o.
Da....
15"
•U~a~J'
.. •·t.•
15"
IJs;:bt,
I , ...
lOt"
l1<'&vy.
• I'"
No.7.
s ...:c
n.,••
..,..
• •
...,
""
.,'"
'"
9"
9" ..,",..,,'"
:II:!OO 9.) 00*l
ID6Il
lleo
1~ ;U
8'lO
1lI0
63}
8" "~IQ'
a.... l~
&.T."O
t"KI 17111 "'"
,.,
""
I~I 1«1 "'"
8700' 2'l4O 'l29O
allYl i/-l>(I 1!Ii(l
JllIln 1m 1000
",
II:!I,). 1110 (W
•
TABLES OF STIlUTS. 133
Xo.7.
PENCOYD I BEAMS AS STRUTS.
A. 11. Indicate- Ole direction of 1'1"~ for hlngro .tn,,, It, Ihl~ table. If Ih.
pIn. or(! 1,1"",,) In Ihe dl"",llon t·. n. co,,~ld~r the olro! &II 01.1 elided. ,. il:
rnalTIt,.1 colum". b'llIca e. radloeo! gyration &fOLIud A. lJ.
LI:~OTK IS ~·nT.
COlfPITI<)S
f'~('01 ~:,I(II
'=
218} lOil') ltm, 1210 1()1(}
lDJU I !la) I"~I'
~I 6<1'
I
470 870
;00
.f.'(I
~IO
8Il(I
MO
In)
';'44J .........
·lltoUooElId, .... ,
"'"
19)) IlW 1" " " , ..
I.'IM '1lXI1 1k~1 &\), l'lm 400· ............... "I~I
f.nd· .... .
""II.~)'
.. oro ~'" ""I
4.'lQ &'\II
190
2:il)' . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100 ..... .....
IIln~1 .;n<l~ ..
.. 1101111<1 Knd.
LI"hI .
'"
14:1() 11 00
11 00 8¥1, 61
1
1'7(1 ........ . . . . . . . . . . .
400 ......... _ ..... '..
I.. FIxed I::nd.
.1n.Knd ..... ..
'
7"
1lW....... ....... .
.. ·.. j· ·.. ·..... .. ! '!.-~1;
MO roo, •• ) II h'lt"'I I::lId ...
*'" 9~j 170 RoaOO£nd¥..
IOROI
1
sro :ro..... .....
1-"'0 Itmi
l2!IO 801" rJll' 1110 .fOCI.....
Plnd End,
Fl.U,'nd....... 7"
+to 8.fO
110
10)
!r;l'l
aWl _I »JO
!l!5O.....
HIO....
1IJfL,tfd£,,& .•. 1
,1101100 1;,Odl5. ••• j .~!o
1
I
134 TABLES OF STRU'I'S.
r'lo. 8.
..
Fin! E"d~ ....
Ileavy .... Ill"","" l~lld$
(;~;o l 4:).'..0 1 21100 20W 1460
::lmg, ~
50(0 aor,o.
ltru 1].10 ,., '''''
""
".
""
'W
. ..
, - - n"""d End •.. a.>.jQ , 1;00 '11))) 6:0
IlOl4ll1 59W
, "" ""
5" ""d', 11760 !MOO «000 ~, 2·jjO
1l;60! StOO ~, "'"
"'" IMInu~ "'" ""'~ """
'FlIed
I.ighl ..
, ~ ... .
Flat Ende
1II,,~<>d ~;"d •.
nonnd End!
,JJ(I
11110
59501 ~w"'"' Ir(lll
2900
11'0:1 IlIO I ;go
""
1O!40
1
'"
3f:y) ~G601 1870 ,,¥
""
4" FI~ cd EnWl . . t:l(1I0, 8730, 6!l1l)
'''' lllOO Itm
,- ..,
lI eavy ... .
Fl.L End" .. _... 12010 Ir.3(l 0000
W"JIe!I Ends ... 1I3&J1 ,In' '''' mo
"'" "" 2~OO ~i
2:.'00 ]650 Il¥
1)!:;1) 800
,. ""
W ,~
....
l{u""d Bnd~ .... 1O-H01 631O ~oo 7'.JJ 1'>l0 ;;::,0
u==u
~-- -10'---"
of a ftat..eniled strut 10 lI<Juaro out:.iile, tlml
18 feet lon(:,. ('QmpolSoo of fonr;) )( 3 tingles
connected by trianSl"ulaT bracing?
The rac,liu.s of gyration lUI found on page
nut tho anglea will fail individually if lhe bracing is not. suf.
fICient. To dct.crmillc the greatC!!t distance alJart for rentros of
brad nit. con,iller each aDgl1' as a strut bearing 10,800 Ibs. per
'lJuaro inch of IJOCUOIi. The least radius of gyration lor asingle
anglo is .60 inch. By Table No.2, tho villuc 01 I correspond-
r
ll'~ to tho Jll'C><5ure or 10,800 i.'l (O1, lIS found above. Thcrdorc
.60 x 1il = all inohell, which is Ihn gl'CaU,>~t dL!t.lInN) apart for
cl'ut.ro.. of brll('ing. For 11I'oped)' d~igl...d 'trula or the fore-
going .eoctiOIl, the l"CI;i~tanoo 1K'l' .square inch 1114Y be 88Certained
approximately by meSIlJI or table No. 18, IlIIg(llt08, althougb the
IOfmer kind of column should be &omcwha~ !troDgI!r than the
latter per nuiL of aectioll.
Total kllgth =: L.
o
-~--··l---
No.9.
OItUTEST SJ.n: WAD I~ LBS. j,t;ll. SQu.l.ar. ISCII Oil B&CT IOS l1SlSG
Tn", IIACTOItS OF I\Ani:TY or l'II.t:VIOl1B TJ.Bl.E8.
5" X 5"
._·H ·"d
"
4" X 4"
.- ...
3r'x 3t
._ ·f.
3"x3"
...
". ....
<)~"x 9t"
•
,
TABLES OF STB0T8. 139
So. 9.
PENCOYD ANGLES AS STRUTS.
LK'<"TH IX !"Kn.
~~_~_~ __ I CONDIT'O" OP
-..-,-", 21 ill 1ltI' 1IO a:: I 34 ' •
SIll OpANGLK.
--1- -1-1-1-1-,-1
MOO r,<:W) :l!IIO Itld 11160 IW IW 1000 ... FlRd t:nd.t ••
lItO,.' iIOO.l 1_ 1300 11-10 ~ 7.00 600 ~"Ol "MI...... 6" X 6"
l;"l O IhJ 1100 WIO 711(1 Ml End•...
:1:1:1:1,:1:
~ 16.'01) 1310 1(Nl1
lt~ Il1O <*) tJlO
:! :1. ]:J::d:::d~~..~~
to6O -1m: " I lilla..~d
..,..I",
1":0. . .. ..... ..•
.... FI~,"" End•..
....... .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . Flit .:"d_
... ..... ...... ...... . .. JIIn,t:('<1 ""d.
..
1
I
1<10 TABLES OF STRUT8.
No. 10.
OJ" X 9 .L" I"Ix",' End8 .... tot.oo 7190 tIOOOlnIO 11'l":'012IlO RIO &10 .•.•
- . - .r .'11 .:n.j ....... UJl\.... :'I1OO11tJi)~' 16:'.1) m ~ 3-10) ••••
I:OOll:lli.l/ ~1Il13:201l'!()1
1m ..
,~ •
F1 :r~ End •..•• 10000 er.o 41;'(1201) I.'JOO ~ GOO .•.
"Q" X .
Q"
.·I a! t:"d. 100«1 a!OO 1I.'\O),z«,'\' 11'-';) GI!Q r.tI ... .
1I",lmlt;';(i;'::: !I'.!:!(ll MIl" ~'Il") Ir.'ll ~~ 230 ... .
• - ... ,ItOUOdEndt •.•. ;l:tII)J3'UOI13IIJI600lr.tII23O,1:.Q1···
] ~"x ] SIt P1ud End!o .... t~ am ~'m 1!I;'\llll!l(l 7¥l .... .
4 .r Fl., End'" .... 1U.1I $0,', ~QlI("'" /to, 431 ....... .
TEE STRUTS.
The following tables 81'(l for even tees. }o'or single Ullcycn tees,
find the loost radius of gyration from the lable 01 clemente, page
101, and p~l as dCiK'ribed for 8ngle IItrots, on page 13.1
When" pair of UMl'cn tees "'0 bmccd together in the diree·
~ion of thc shortest \('g. they !onn a single strut, wi1()e(lleast
ra.diu~ of gymtion is tho S'l1ll0 as tho grent(!St radius of gymtlon
lor a single we.
TIH-refore, when determining the MiOilIt.nce of the combined
strut, take the greatest radiu~ of gyration from tho tableou pogo
101, an(1 tho loo:;t mdius of gymtion, when determining tbe dis-
tance betW(')('1I centres 01 Iaten.1 bracing.
E.mmplt._A pair ot unc,'on tees 5 >< 2llnch£'5, whose total
area i~ 6 1 square inchf'!<. are bracro together in Ih(' din::diQn of
tho sbortost leg, forming a 8ingle hingeU.clllled strut t::; feel
IOllg. What is the grootel!t safe load, and what tho greatest
distancc beh'ccn C(!ntres of lateral bracing?
By tablo on pagolOl. gn'&tcst ratlillS of gyration = 1.1-1 inches,
,!.. = las, which by Tablo No. 2 gi\'cs 8,100 Ibis. per equare inch,
or 18,000 lbs. touII grootest 8IIte10Rd.
Least rodiU/l of gyraUon = .72, which multiplied by l.iS gh1!:l
lla inches all the greatest distance between centres of lateral
bracing.
.....,
I • ••
1). ..,
142 TABLX8 OF STltUTS.
No. 11.
LISOTII FlU.
.,
L'(
CO'(DTTIO~
SIU or TEL , ,
.., ~I--"--'~
E"ve. l! 4 e 8
,..
-1-1--
4" X 4"
...
1'1"...1 t;"'u .... '
l'Iat End •..•
HlnJCe<,l }:"II•..
11ll!lO
"""
.'"
81~)
81~1
71.\1
891
",. "" ...
Mi70 ~'lO ~
...
~
"" ,, .... ....1 1710) lrr.o,
7~) 4:!OO 3'J.IO 2:ru
III"~ .:"d, ...
." "", 641,) l!!];O: IPIO
...
lkoulld Knd ..... ,~
4;u.)1
3" X 3"
"''" '.!AI , .,.,,,<>... "'"
... .. ,... '''''
...
5100
.- ...
/II;."., (.'\00: IJr;(I 2210
;;Yo S:WI'
"', , ""
.. ..
<00
2!"X 2!,'
. rn ."6'''' "" , "', "
'"
..
~nl 3';'1,
~"' J7'il'
,,~
-,~"
'" '"
;'1).1<'
~ "'" ~MJ
. "., '"
1l91(1 IUlj
2t"
,_
X 2t
... .......". . ~ l" ..
'" &J1o)
2" X 2"
. .- ...
6'l-al'
.."
" "".. . ~,
1~1 ... I I;'\),
11401
StO
~"
,""' '., '"2';\J1 1m
7\10'
I
io;"{lO)
"'"
It'' x "",I
~~I
.
"'" ''''' '"
~,
,,,
''''
..
"'" '" ",0' ."
.~,
IQhl
Iro ..•..
l~.:: ::
......... .
~~,
~
310)
Mol ••••••...•
~;" . .1 ......... .
m ......... .
''''I L_
TADLE8 OF STRUTS, 143
No. 11.
PENCOYO TEES AS STRUTS,
•
C i 4--~
'.
Radios ot gy .. tlon taken .ronnd uls A. n. which alllO IntlicatCl! the direc·
tion or pin "' h",, strm is hlngoo. r in mw-ginnl C(llnmns Indlc.tea mdill!l 01
gyration aron"d ax;s A. IJ.
LJ!:I<UT[[ IS FEET.
CoSDlTIUS
0" S""; 0 .. TH!!.
I: ..
-
ENOS.
"
--·- - '" - " - -- 1-- -
- - -1
''''' ,''''' 7m 4" X 4"
..
IOOU
"""
"'"
,., ,:;0 ..,
"'" 470
910
6;t)
7oj() Fixed Ends..
4SO Pint End, ..•..
2!lO . 1II"~'<!d
,"'"
. ..
lr.O End .....
,~ l!OO 170 Round Ends... • - .••
""
""
"00
~I
'001
".,
'"'
""
2-10'
....
810 •.
810' .
1!K1 •.
.....•. Fboo Ends •.
.... . Flat £"(]9 . . . .
• ••• _. Hinged Eud..!.
. . Round End ....
3" X 3 "
.- ...
Fixed End~.
"'''' 2f' X 2!,'
'''' ''''I
'00
4i1O ,
800 •
IOU •
.•..• Flnt !e"d" ....
. IIInljCd Ends
.. l{om,d End$ .. .- ...
"" 21." X 2! If
"" ..
:
. .... f"1:c.oo Ends. .
•..• "'Iot E",I... _. :r
. . • ... .• Wnge<l End~ ..
.- ."
I ...•... . lIo""d E"d~ ..
LENDT" IS FEET.
Co).-nITIOM
5,-,,,; 01' Tu . OF ESDO.
, _' ___' _ __._ ~ ]2~
42Y1 11m 1000.. . • .
1t " X 800)
";WQ a-,oo 11;00 670 ••••.. . • .
&Ilia :!:iW 800 400 •. . . . ..
= ""'I MO 230 • ./
l" x 1" f'lXffl Entb .. """'" 4000 1;5(1 wo ·k
"
Flnt End._ ••
mn!';ed E"'I~.
1\""nd £nol_ . .
7100
6W
5100
8'Wl
2130'
123U
1
11>00
810
450
MI
~
21 ~
'Il!: :::
) - .- "
144 TABLES OF STRUTS.
No. 12.
LAT'frCED CHANNEL STRUTS.
GREATEST SArE LOAD I~ LUS. PER SQUARY. INcn ov lSECT'''''',
USING I'.l.CTOItS OF SAFETY GIVE..... IN !'UI!:I'IOUS TA15LES.
.., " L.
..
• , "
CQSDlTIOS
ENos. 18 00 Zl
lO"L'~
,-
Il _ ."'
, ,.,
.... , , '"
,,,, ,
.- .... ,
.-."'
D
,.,
TABLES OF STRUTS. 145
Ko. 12.
I,AT'TICED CIIA..'i.NEL STln;TS.
ORltATFAT IU.II'E W.W 1$ LBS. l ' EIt SQUAnE DOCU 011' SlOC'TIO:s,
USING P .... CTORS 010' IlA F ETY O l\-ES I S l'II E\'101:8 TAliLES.
The d.-m,d. mu o' \If' ronn~-cted 10) •• tn
]{
In.nfa "nlll of ""'k'" ."d "'jIIonttd nol
1(>,.. ttoan the dr.tanet_ J) or d I'('1Oll«tl>,'I)\
J(I"~,, In Inchflt In the ma !'lt:Lo,al rolnn,n.,
}'IKUn.;O In toe."Y tn~ "nder e"clo r,'n~tll
r~I"~"'''" lbe fn-'lII~'1 dl.I.I"(8 _pat! In
r''''t on e",,11 d"'""ellhal«nt..,. o(I". nl
tmu:1", ~hoold be pl<OC<!d.
.. . ., ~ ~--"--I~ -
u,cGTIl L'I }'rn.
--.----, -1 •• COl<DtTIOlt
........ ,'"
........ .,., .1., ,
."" ...,
10!ill0 I~
IOPllo..rJIJI
~
"'" .
"'"
" "'10 $WI
88l!O &'A:O tem fiIO';O
!ru) .(;;'0
' .n ..
'"'"
I;(IIlO !"Iud .:nd~,.,.
}:Iut.. ••••
';\>t(I W"I.-.d Knd ••.
1·"
..•
f .• , . "
woo
......
12"II'y
-
r.oo GOOO 8 100 !!.bl 4ilOO 4!000 .(tWit""'''"' Hndf. •.
•
'.M .M ' .n
.., ' .87 1..118 7 .
......
... .
,.,. .....
:"J'(I !"Ixi'd Knd~. 12"L"
""" "'" "'" "" .em ...
,." ;'Yltl
';Ill WOO
- ,,.,,
-' - ..
D
~
•• tiM t-MI
' .D ' M ,H "'" ,,~ 4E8O
•. U
..:0 Hou.>d 10:00'",
"" •••
jUOI
"• '"'U .M
""
-Ia.' ,
~. ~IIU
.."
6$10' rt ... !'>f~ MM 41«111"'1(0-<1 }:n<l•.
4!:!0 f"'"l> a5:tl a:;. Hound Kud •. •
D ,
...
...
',Il .... 7.11
6"10
'
~ . OO
I ';'":)(WI
~~'iI
6100
7100
M~
. ~
7'41)
"'"
"'", MOl)lImO <flUO 1lI"1:'<-d .:,,,r, ..
It..'IIOr''''~d H,Kl6,.
1 ,14 710
D
,
1t:!RIl,~'
IL... I,
""'~l Ik~l
""" ".,
"'"
,;\r.J)
...."., .....
(;e' D
~1"11' {>Ql
'.'13 I.U • . U 6.11
~ -..0 ltun"d l::I.d~ ..
• "
71¥!
~
"'" ""
I ,l l .N
--'--
"
...
146 TAlll.E OF STRUTS.
No. 13.
LA.TTICED CII."~~EL S'l'RlJ'I'S.
OR.£ATEIIT urE WAD 1:\ LUS. Pt:1t &QUARt: INCU 01' BECTlO!(,
CliNG r.lCTORS or SAVETY GIVES •.'( PIiEVIOlll TA.Dl.l:S. C
8,u, C<>SD<T'''''''
C'OII'1,1.TIOII Sua
"r 0'
};"... c.ux""'L
" ,----
,,~
,,~
IlO9O ~~~ M.1O Flxf<l E.n<I... "ut:'.-,8
:.6."JO ~ .JI:Qo(Il"Iatt:.......... " ... ..
1100 4HO ......1) awo IIII11it"'I 1':Iuh<.. D = ,.t
11-1:)1., ~ 2-1';'1) ItllO lIo,,,,d l:tld.. . . • _ ".
&.10 1 . • '.15 8.82
81'" , :'810 7-1.'\0,>
Sial, 77ll) <lI\I
7100 fi6.:l(1 GUill
!I-I~
'.27 •. "
1lOOO, 4~1O
6,M
....,"•••
".
''''
b"J.lghL
'_'_H
.- .".
n c' "
.....
~ 71~ &om1 GUO M"
7».1 ;wi) 6(111) 1Il<l(l 4;:)0
&l:I' 6/W Mtl.li ~
4WO 41~ abOO' ~ ,
I.'" I.1tt '.11 .." ~
~
"'()" Il(;~) tlQ) 1;'00 I~J 1310 II~) IIt(lU",,!>d };!>dA.. .;:; ,.,
i . • 1.10 .... I .• '.75 '.:to 7.SS 1.10 '.U
M.Yl ~I' 41:, 8In) a..... Sl~) 2;,,1 tro,)PbrM EQda, 5",.,
6rn) 4MJ "aiol r..o ~) M !W'M ~ tl""" 1'1.\ .,;OId....... :J
. .,
, .. ~ tV1\J 14Il0.l,,,,' "'''00 ',"""" I~'O IlolIl
....
"" 1:-1" No' ';IlI1
11'
" ,,,ted E... .. .,
1t.... 'II(>t1 ..... ~·
L",".
....
•.•1.... '.M '.11 I:ro t.ZI!I .... 10." U.DIt
.....
148 TABLE Oil' STRUTS.
NO. II.
LATTICF.D CHANNEL STRUTS.
oauTY.8T IJ.I.I"E lAUD Ill' LBS. PER !!QUAIlE INTII 0 " Ir£TlOl(, I.
l:~IXO '.&tTQU or JU.rI':TY OI VIL'f Ill" PIlEVIOI:S TJ.BLI'JI. C
Cw...'Q<II:"',
...
CO!fDIT'Q)I'
4" 1
1 ,..,
FlIrd ""(\ ..... ..... 1~1!:!' ~Ill IWl(I 'ffi1O
l"Iat t:"d·" .... ..... li8lll 11~' 8oI1(l Il1.".0: ~
..,
71.'JO 6100
",.
· ..
lI~a7."" 6900 to07O
, - ".. 1I1"l,,'1.'<.I "'MI., .. ••.•. I~ 100:10 IIOW r;ro r06.'>(1 r....w 4'100 1100
D •• •
,
Kouud I::UWl •••• • ..• II~)I 11110 ~
· .... 1 uei
1.H 2.&8
!o.l'W>
3.88 '.a
.tOOIl ~~)
t.1! $.17 5.81 "'"
· ...
4" Fh..1
UJ(!,I ..• 1"1.1 Eod •..
,,.,
.:nd~.
1I1<'11l'" .:od.
J
..... 1~"m 11111 9I'Wl
.'" .""
. .• I:lllJl IIIOlI' MIt)
.• Imlll).j~) "'" ...." ,..,,' , , ""
,.."
71110 '11111 611(1
~)
"'"
tlI'~
....
""
. ..
D
. t·.
It.....ud Llld •.
I:···r""' ...·,",
• ••• • 1;d 1.117 1,60
ijl:Y) 1100) .. \']I, 8:111) 2;i1ll
sa J7t t.n i . •
.-,.,.
3" .'Jed EDd~. .. 142~'lI. !1M
"""
""'.
,.." M9l &$0 4~ ....
D '.
I
I'IAl ":"" •.. 1~ 11 .... 1iH4"
JIIn)..... ] .:od.... 13:110 11')II~ {jo.:](,
l toolld J::ad~ .•. 'IS I(lI.I]'lIII ;$))
'''j
"'"'
t91 ~)
r.:'3I' "" ..."" 6r,o :'.(Ot) ",l~)
4Itil ~Io.l 2!)..j() ~1I0
se.I/.l \!:SW IG40 ItlO ""
"" ...
•• us I.a t.M t.n I .IS 6.61
_..,,, ....
1M
2*,'
.- ...
I'1Jed F.ndl! .... 'ID) 1f"Ml III ..., ~;.')(, ";10 3lIOO
.- ...
.1at .... ,'~ .... lnill~) 111;11
IIII111'f'd Y.nd' •. Ir...
....
tl&~
71:1.) M:io ' "'i)'
".
'''''
~, M.'~
~~
Il-tolI,
1014<' ISII' 1
D _"" itolllld J::."WI.
"'" .=
,p .U
•. ~ t .•,.'" '" ""
10'"
tot"') 1111' ~r;1J
'.n
!~"'l
a.l0
••
",' .N .•". ""'
,"" '.ll
".,
"""
"" ....
4"" "1,·111 """ ,...
"'" ..... ..""
~,
~".l!k) I7In
no 1 ~J),
;-10' ."
TABLE OF STRUTa 149
No. 14.
LATTICED CIIANNE J., STRUTS.
QltEATE8T 8AFf: LOAD IS T.BS. PElt 8QU,\Hf: INCII OF S£CTIOS,
U81NG ll'ACTOU8 OF S.U·f."TY G[VEN IS !'UEVIOU8 TAllLES.
The cha"n~ ls mu.t be ce"n"~I"d.o 8. 10
i,,>nrc uuity of MUon Bud f4<1''''''h~l not
CONO'TION s,,:x
o.
'"
E:<u •.
4"
,- ,-,.
HeRvy.
.- ,.,
D _ '"
4"
.- ......
Light.
. ~ ,
D - , .•
'- ,."
D - '"
' - '"1
2"
9"
Light.
,~ ' r>
100 TABLES OF 8l'RlTl'S.
No. I t;.
~ '~ rt!
• 1151:'(1 IjQf,) 111":0
IIlnsrro Kud' . . 1:r.110 10010 S!r.'O ,1;(1
• - ,.,. (OOlld Kud •... 1311ilJ W'JOO MOO ,,wI
l2" 1'1...... ~; .. d, •.
1
1·'1.";-;0 1069() /l.W 1'300 (1220 ~I~
I-"Iu Knd... .. 13:>70 10690 s."dl '~1O 6;90 :a;oo tiM
" "•• 110,,"d ~:nd!l. ... 121J) 8,10,
U U,",.., .• mll!fl.'<i KntI •• '. 13(0) 00;;0 ,<}70 Y,Itl(I 4."IIJ)
61:J"1! 4lUI 2'lOO
16101 100:1
IiO:)I (9)
1-) " }lIJed. End.... I~"® \I.5!lO 0lI30 6!UI 4910 11l!lO I~
- l'Iat End ....... I~~ 0090 -:.:.00 ~:lo;) .m 11,00 I!D)
U/flll" •. _. m"kftI 1-:"'1 •.• • Ii!l~ s;so &-110, 4.W.I w.o 9::tO 710
, ·to ltooud Eawlio, .. 11860 ;;m 4:-00 :l96O mo ~ 400
4110
r.m
~l iiWi
Z!4/) 1740 1360
~IO 1490 10-10
1
4300 3100
lItbJ:
,..uo
If.!l() 1m
11/00 I4SI 100)
'tkIl I~ 111';"(1 .. 0 ~
1391.) tiitl GIO dI ~
TA.BLE8 OF BTRCTS. 161
No. 15.
15"
,_ I'"
12"
lIe.yr.
'- ' ..
12"
.......
, ."
... ,..,''''' '''''' .m.m ...'"
,
... .. .. ...
,",,,
W" ... "" '" 'm
."
""
.~
FI ..." Elldl..
.. ,.
10"
UraTJ.
] 0"
...
::n :r.!l. _
,. . Fla, End~ ...•..
~:II
..
Ire)
.., ]
. 811) •
,
~
310.
t.fOl.
It;) .
,....
IIInl:<''' End....
U"ulld I::I.d&,..
~.I..
'"
...,...
..,
~II)
•
9"
.....L
·r
152 TADLES OF STRUTS.
No. 16.
7"
... I(o",sd E..u... ... 10ti00 !\.dO aw 1I190 bl3}
..
I';~~I End ... . IIIIm 1tIIt;~ e~: 4;~
!'bot Rnd"_ ...
. mn!l"d t:nru. ..
116;» I'!:.!7Il 6Oro 113'1
,.,. "'"
...
2j;l(I
111(1i ."
"'••" ."
'" "'" '"
I'!OO ~
...
2117' Hl"
'"
r
.. ..
,~,
~
'" ""
,~
TABLES OF STRUl'S. 153
No. ]0.
·--B--n 4-,
b
r, In mnrginnl coh!mna, 16 the radl,,~or gyrnllon taken nronndaxi~A lJ.
When ~tm~ I" hln<:ed. the pin~ "'" au!,IlO"'-'<i 10 II~ In Ihe dinx:tion A B.
When lbe J!ln~ aN In tbe diroction (j J), con"lder the ~trut Itnl ended by l.his
"'blc.
L~SOTII IS FUT.
,.
SIn CoSDlTION
o. , ,
:I~ " " " " -- -- - - -"-
C""S,..EL E~l>e.
~ltil
... ,.,,m ""
"" '''''
1,(i(I
~", tU!"iI
510
"OO
."
t.W .'
3fil ..
"" ..,
11()'10 ,." 3,f,o 2110 ,,~
"00
4" ~'I"t Rnda
~'IxcdR"ds
. . ... "'"
11040 7~ · 1O .~I30 :U30 .".
IVro 1].10 '"'"
740
,~
'W
'00 .
." .
, - .,. !\"uud Ends.
IICR\'y .... WI1'!"od Em! •.
""" l:i-I<O
"""
9170 4.,30 \!:)..'"iI ])20 ".,
'" '.;.0 190 .'
J
Ilouud ,""da . · 3,
s• ..,
'"00 .." ,,~ 700 ..
9"
n Huund 1';',(1.
..,
l.m SIO ..
170 •
""' :;:1r1~
~'lnt Em!.. .. .. &00
" " 310 ..
, _ ." 1I\""''t.'<i End • •. 7050
(tound ""d •. IW ~OO
'" ltiO •.
154 TABLES OF 8'1'l1UTS.
OU'I".I[)II
D,,,,,,,n,,
OI'C"LUlI"
IN 1110U108.
., 1 ., 1 •• 1
.. 1 •• 1 •• 1 ., 1
.S
1
.S LS
,
,,
.61
LOO
L~
.
.00
UI;;
... ....ro ...
.~ .00
.S>
.~
.~
.SO .ro .81001 .00
.<9
L" 1. 22 1.111 1.16 I.H 1.12
..
.
,,• 1.0·3
2 .M
1.;-(1
1.31 1.:.'8
LOO L~ L" 1.!,' 1.5~ I.M 1.481.46
2J12 LOO L~ I . D-~ LOO L" 1.83 1.80
.... ,...
l1 05
,, 2 . ~3 .~
~ . 76
~ . 36
2.n
,~
,.,
2 .30 U, 2.:!-1 2.21 :U82.15
V.,6 2.1>32.00
2 ."" 2 .00
'"
H
l~
....
" I." a.~1
4.~1
S.1l
3.4,
3.~
4.18
3.41
3. ,9
4.15
'.M
,~
3."~
4.1l
3 . 01
.1.~7
3.72
-1.00
2.lIT
3.33
",a
4.(H
2.94
1I.:Itf
'.M
4.01
2.91
3.20
3.1~
3.9,
2.flS 2.1>5
3.23 3.20
a.SS(55
<I.1l4 3.90
, 1 ., 1 • 1 . [ •• 1 •• 1 ..
O UTF.R
D'AlIlrr""
.
AC"O ' ~
FI.A'I"~ 'N 1
.S
I .9 [ 1.0
INCUE,.
CU""E"I'O"D'liO RAD''''' OF O\"l'''TI0N 111 UWIII'S.
--
•
•••
."
I.IS
•74
1.14
.71
L'" 1.1)1
1.11
..
1.47
... .M
10' ...
.m .~9
.00
~I ,"
.n.1 .91
'"
UP 1.~,1
L" l.~
..
2.41 2 .21 2.IS ~.l~ 2.11 2.M
No. 17.
JWUND COLUMNS.
Ill'tllla table for th$ Ame ... t~ of ~ tbe ... re IoMb.re [ n e - ' III per
c~nt. OYer tbe !ftulta obtaIned for "revioul tablel ... Klven ." lIIble No. t.
SIn
O L'T~ " E.__
CONUITJOli
0""01_
T I<R.
" , •
] 2" FiXM End., .".. .••.• •... 1M:)) I~.ft) l~ 11 1;1)
lS't1O 12610
D iAmtlcr. ~'I'I End' ...••.•• " ....... 1~ ].Inl 1:t1:>O 1\.'&10 10010 Il~ro
" 'thld: .. Ihn~,'<I l::Adl. ..•.•......
R", •.•• Itoauf,/ E~ ................
1~.'I:'OO I~O l~ 1''.!)O lOSIO
13iUO l:.!tIklIl6liJ!{lQ) IIKoO am I,
10" nlM .:"d~ •• , ....•
, I
• ••• 1MB) 146.'10 13100 1\!6.1O 11!/.1(I 11tl1O lilIWO
DiAm<'Il'r . t1U t; "d~ •...• 1:btl14GtJ MIllO 12640 1 19-ro'11~ 10M0
. ' .hlck . Ih~ £Dei. .. • . . lMoo l~ l'lIOIO 12000 11110 11)1."10 ImlO
R : ' " !!ound I::ooe •. ••••.•.••. 14170 l:t«KIIl!lalI(6!l) ~
8" , I
_181ot)
Plx/'d End3 .. ..• 14;;(113190 HWO llr.ro I, 9MO 9'.!00
Diall'lof'kt" . I'Ial Ende • • • 14:":'0 13100 I~IIO 1I!>;(I I. Ili»O tt!OO
• ' thICk II ln~ End...
R _ ... itoolld Endt. ..
• . 14190 I~H) 11&\110740
. • • . . I~ Il~ lu-ItIoJ 9330 ~ ~I ""'
fI8:(l !1I:1>
ROUND COLUlINS.
1/lIIO 1(J3';t>
12"
UIlI1()llff,I' Illom~I.'.
ItIXo<l 11100 I"t.hkk.
fHOO ,SMlI n",I·"
I
100i!0 lI-l$.'l,
10"
1(1IJIj !ita)1
\1(/;0, S~.... ,
''''I ""I
tr.~);8:!00
8010' !I:::".II.
7:.:1:)' tMAI
~-W :.u.o
.,,"
....
eta>
31:""
158 TABLES OF STRlJT8.
No. 18.
SQUARE COLUMNS.
OaUTE8'T 1.l7B LOAD L.. LBlI. PEIl 8Q1:A.J.1 INCH or SZCTION.
Dr tI,l. table rot the..m'l! ratio. of~, tile ute 1oMI..... In~1'I!&Hld !i~'
<:en!. o,-er the JUult.I obtained In table No. 2..
Srn Cmm'TION
" "
• ~-'1-'Ij~1 "-I~I~
COL!:.", E" ....
~
8" FlaMl Endl.. ....... · .... I,W'O,3l-101!U60111l11OI(KIS)102ll0
~, ., .:"do ..........•..... 1<16;(111l.",>10 1 1~ IIIl110 10000 I~ Ilo:.«I
I" Iblek .. IIlnjl('ll Pond.... .• Inoo 11'9-10 111011005'01001
It . "I! ltuu.,d E"d~ ........•..• IMOO 12100 IO!::OOI r.:.o 87lIO SOlO 7100
~"I '""
10" Fixed Endt ..• ..•••• 1./.1IJl IIJMO I • 1101lO1I~1~
Flat Enm .................... 1l1!JlIM-lO 11/7:10 I~ ll¥tllOOOO
I" thick .• IIlnjrM .:1)(1••.•..... 1.......... I:MID Il5tO!JIOUO II;»' 1000000loo;'(l
P.. - ····IIWOnd J:;.odf ••••..•.•••••••.•• 13t~'r2Ioo(I't' ~ hKIl
19" "btd EM.................... 1.a!O
14r.t1 1M2ll' I~ 1'1140 1ItR'
'l"1atXn,h ...... 1 . . . . . . . . I..•.• I"'~I.:MI~Ir.wI~I40II(IIO
OJ
t"UUek .• HIDjIe'I .:...1.... ..... .. . loW(ll:r.oo 1*0} 1!kM) IIt(1O 1<9«1
"R - •· .. jRoand EDcU.· .. I.... '1" .'j'" ·li3i:WliWOOt"illUllIIO¥tlIir.W
T.o\.BUS vF STInrrs. 159
1'10.18.
SQUARE COLUMNS.
OaUTE$T UPP. LOAD l.'i l.BS PEa SQIJ"at l.'ieu 011' Sa'TIOll'.
Th$ taltllla!loni an buo.>d Oil cbe cblck"'!l_ .nd radII of /tYWlon
U:~~ed under tbe dt.melcl>I In margln.1 column.. Sff 1>re«tlm4fde.crl';
.. .' .'
LE1<\lTtI 11< FnT. ,
CO""'TI01< 8u:.
£1<IJo!!. Co"",.I<.
•·b.... End. 2"
· .. 1· .. ·· • • !'Ia! Eud" , ..
r·
T····· .. , .... • .... Ihnlll"<l ";'oda ... "tblcl<.
. . .. It. ... ',d EDtl...... !1-
r·· "
~~
j
713'1
MI'IO'
6.V):
(1;'6(1
r.oeo
~ flOlII HJeti End.....
:\00() ~ J' nt .;,,<1_., .. ..
400() 4~' IJIn~(~1 .:.. <1 ... . V'thlck.
8"
3«30 3aro 2(lOO 2:lOO It"",,'] E"d~, ... II - ....
1 1
81m (!ll!() ;'!IIII
111;01 :fr.O 7Y»
, (IA)
13-1(} Fhed EndIJ ..
rooo FI.1 End • .. . ..
8tJ8O 6~ ~;Wl JIInll('d t:n.h ... I"thlck.
,10"
~: 4tI6O oWolO' 01080 lu,und ~..... t - I'"
-
160
M - 50,000 I
- rlllliu~
l1LTU,U'.
O'''''IM'.''
IN I ~CMU
ARa .. III'
ULT111ATI:
ST .......... T" ru.
Ca, ~H'~(I ULT"... ,."
ST"."",." ...... 811:"",,'(> IN)10
OP IIlVIM' SQ~"'R" SIl<OU SOlUM IIICH T" 'CI<I'1:lo/& "~IfT
1","', iNeMa.
.
01' lIulL"'" hl("11 Lu.
..... ....
011 U' LII",
I:ilIlP""'.,
., ........
"" "
"i'" ."" ¥Il1~3
'"
-......
,"'" "'" "00
fk .r-I
••• "'" ""
"""
-.....
"'"
(j """
"
.1'>18
.0" ..... """
....
""w "'"
"'"
.... .,...,
.""
-,,--
"
I S...:b.
")' Lm ""'"
""" ,,,,.
....
""
"
~ ..'"
L""
I ;1!7
IUm
~.711
....,
.".
HOI-W
"'~
"""
'''~
...,
'"'"
"
.,,"
....
"'"'
,- "X'"
~ lnthe.. 3.141
......""
8.M7 HI880
)' S.r.tI
'''"'. II~
,,,.., r,.",9J3
..
llfr.OO t.'\"~7
,"""
177..00
~.~I:!
,.'"
!lMSO l ~lm
"'"
"'""
"woo>
....
Il1OMIO
""'"
..,., ....
1U;,:,o
II.o&9'l
"""
.......
),
,,...,
Ilnc:be.I.
" ...
,."'"
,.""
,,.'" ,""'"
. .. ''''''' .....
"","'"
......
,..... If&H
tlnd_
1l.Ge
11.7113
~,
.....
47172(1
....
....,
lR':"tJOO
lur.r.o ".."
~ 14100
,- .... ..-
12.t:M
13.11M
""" ~"'"
"
)' IUIIII
...,...,
m,,,
W,H(l ,,"'"
,., 21lr.OO
r.6iI1II
411{(11
1!"
13.083
1~ .901
w.soo
"""" """'
~,
,..,.
4171100
""'"
..,.,
•"
17.;'.lj
IS .IIM ""'"
""
...,
.,.""
.. .-
&llleboa lt~
.....
" 0.'" """"
"""" """'
,.,..
71_
"" """"
22.l1li1
M
K
•
tII.niI
~
"" ""'"
~,
.."", "',,.
"""
"..\l...
17.108
18.2>4
....,
"""" ...'"
""om
SHAFTING. 171
Iron Bhaft kl fSafely resist. forco 01 1,000 lbe. acting through II
10l'cr SO inchca long?
(g)
I t",TIO Dr Jr TO T.
d=V'i8fUO _ n'
1310 - 4.1... mehea daam.
•
nORSE rowEH.
It it is desire<1 to find the relations between horse power and
diamcters of shaft.!!, tim elements of time and velooity have to be
COllsidrrod. Taking tho horso power llP nt 3D6000 iucll-IUs,
per millul.e, we Juno HP= 6.28~)( V, where V = reyolu.
tions per minute.
_ tl3O:i7 UP
T
- V '
(.)
Tho nbo\'e will g1"e the proper diameter of a shalt. for lrons-
mitllng any desired liP when the shafl. is suhjootOO 1.0 twisting
stl'l'll8 alone, but, /IS previously statOO, IIIch a case seldom occurs,
we must oombine the bending and twisting &t~ for which a
general rule will be gi\'"en at tho eJoee of the subject.
DEFLECTION OF SITAFTlNO.
For continuous line shafting used tor tran!mitting power in
shope:, factories, eto., It is considered good practice to limit the
deftection to a maximum of m of fin inch per foot of length.
The weight of bare shaWng in lbs. = 2.6tPl = lV, Of when /IS
fully loodod wilh pulleysllS is CU3wmary in practice, and allow.
ing 40 lbs. per inch of width for tbe \'"erUeal pull of the belts,
experienoo 8ho"'8 tho load in Ibs. to be about 18 d'l = W.
Taking the modulus of traIlS\"'Crse elastieity at 26,000,000 Ib!J., we
can deri\'"e from the autboritalh'e formulw the following:
~/fJnlP
d = 'Y ---v- lor bare shaft8, (n)
M -- 1500 '"72
x 24. x 48 -.....
_ 0)'000'IUO h-'-
......
G3000 x 100 .
T= HKf = 63000 Inch·lba.,
d =V,rlJ2200 .
176() = 8.74 InChOB.
nELTINO.
When dOBigning shafting, allow ror tile wusien of belting,
50 1biJ. per inch of ""idlh for siugle leather belt or ill! equivalent,
or &J IbII. per inch of #Idth for double IMIlier 1Jc1t, or its oqui·
'falent or otht'r material.
116 WROUGflT IRON AND 81'EEL.
I)(,,)1". n..
D'l4I1rn:" ),14)1". S~ .." To"·
or 1; .. 4 .... '" ~'O"4L )l OIUl<T
bel."" '" 1 ,,(:H.I'Il~" .... ,
..,
I ln'OLL"TIOJU
- ""
...
..... ,. 'JI'L"'I"B.
, ..... ,,<::.
"'~
Bft .."",,"
1' 11:41<""""
IN
UP Ill' UP
I - --
OIl'"
,•
11 16 14 11.7
It 7M2 I3 I 17 12.4
11
11
''''
11{\()2
1\
13
I'
20
21
26
13.0
13.6
2 I_ I'I. 24 82 14.2
21
21
16862
20048
",..
23 ..
29 sa
46
14.8
15.4
16. 0
21 27
'" "
..
21 27lJOO 31 41 63 16.5
DU ..... ER
\IpS,. ... "
I>I' Clllf.
III
:'II AX. Su'" T{m.
~I O '.... L ;\1 0 " :"-"
," hlcII,P(l";!<UiI.
lIEVOl.UTIOl<8 .. >:~
'00 .
""
UP
..
)t", v"I<,
UP
M...,. D,,..
T ... " ell. ,II
""tt
lin.." ,.,..
J.I~s" ..
'" - 10 - G.8
'I .1>lO , 7
It 7552
• • 12 7.2
,-,-
9432 8 II I ;j 7.5
'I
'I
2
11002
•
II
14
17
10
23
7.'
8.2
8.G
'I
2\ ,..., "
16
"
24
27
sa 8.'
88 '.2
21 23580
" " 96
21
2!
27;;(1(1
3G603
22
24
S3
36
"
48 10.2
• 41520 31)
" 77 10.8
11.4
81 IJ()4I7
75~60
"61
7-1
92
"
123 12.0
'1
'1 92812 7a lis '01 12.5
12
178 AREAS AND cmcUX1'EllENCES OF' crncLES.
TABLE OF CIRCLES.
Clrcu",t~ren~e~ or are .. lu ~rmedlatc of thOlK'l In tile table . ma,. 00 found
by ~ Imple . rlthmctlcal proportlon. Tile d lamele.., etc., ate in Incl\K ; bul
It 18 plaln thl It the dlamct.e .. Me taken .. teet, ya/'l,b, etc., tb~ oilier.-11.o!
will a1eo 00 In thOte u.me IDc.eU ....
-
e,. e,.
"'..
DIAIi. elR' ARU. DI AIi. A""A. D U ll. ARE •.
0011 ,.. Sq. L'<,. b~. (:\111,.. Sq. Ili~. I"~. el'll". SQ. h ll.
b~.
.- . ....... - ,.
,." .&r.'.1:!3 .o:r.~, 7·16 7.15:0068 1-l6 17.1ltU 23.2:!1
. 7~ .1J1909 11.2788 23.Th8
." .S~13 .0I'l213 ~ .I~72 17.47$1 2-1.&;11
... ..-
II·IG 1..671$ 11.81;'18 11I.63M OO.®
""" 10.GI38 1.trn18 oo.&m 31.9111
..
10.2](tZ ~. ~ 00.4:»1 88.183
" 1.llil3:O
."'" " ...
21·32 VIlliGO' 1'>-16 10.«& 8.6i:t\ ~.8131 IUA72
,. ,.
11· 16 ~.I~ •371ft 10.60t9 8.tWi2 I tl.!lXII! 3;:;'~
IlS-32 2.~ .400<"4
,.,
7-16 10.7Wt 21.5Il64 37.122
... ..
~.SJ6i9
l/lh't.! 2.4:1."'7
A4179
04;'937
10.9900
11.1919
• • I ..
9.~ 21.w.lll ~
t.!.3833 89 .871
,.
1318~.~
r.~ ~.6....m
.MSi9
"
.r.:.tI14 11-16
11.i!88:1
11.il!46
1IJ.321
10.680
'4
~
22.';";116 41.2132
t:l.I~ 42.71S
2.N8S!"I .61l132
."' ,. 11.:-810 11.00 1l3.!o(I19 41.179
.- ...... . ....
"., 2.81r07 13-16 I I.I1l"73 IJA16 tl.lI$l6 ~.6&l
1.5-16
31-8!t
~.~
18.~1t
."""
.7;r,OS 15-16
12.171\7
n.87"OO
1l.HIS
12.107 I ~
~1.~;'3 47.1111
2-1.7400 4S.r07
1. 3.H1$ •78:>lO ,. I ~.MM
1·1(\ 12.7tl27
IUOO
•• ,. "."" ~.131!i 00.006
1·1' 8.33794
HI 8.53-t8
lI-lG 8.1M1
.\I9m
1.11m>
,.,
12.lI:!lOl
13.1:\M
It.9112
IH.lM»
13.072 " ,., M.'"
~.9181
M.8.J9
1l6.81Q8 M.{@8
1-4 '8.1l26W
[".lm'-
~Ie 4.31V69
'-=
'-=
13.3M8 14.186 26.mM ~ . 7~
,."
18.M!>1 11.00; M.4'.!(1
27.attt:!
......
OHI
" .,
,.,
,....
.......,.
ll .
,~
,.
U.
.......,.,"
,~
,,..,...
U.
"
l!
,....
,.
U.
,.'"....,...
"
....."..,.,
U.
".
.... ,~
1·~
180 AREAS AIm cmcOMFERE."'OES O}<' OIROLES.
Dr"..
h<~.
CIllo- A""".
cr:I~' SQ. bl.
DUX'
hhl.
Icg:ot
CIII- A""".
SQ. II...
Dt~"'
1)18. 1 cu,...
ell...
1)18.
A"XA.
SQ. hi..
....,.,.,....
OO.W61 748.159 1I8.MI6~ 1110.2 ],]0.:91 lilf.4.0
".,.,
.......,.,,..
17.38!H 754.17" llR.91J3' 112f1.1 I.JO.(.@(] 1~.i.I
I
m:~;'llmu
l7.m!! 180.87 140.1fif1 ISBI.ll
_1.1,48 060!1.9'l 141.87t 11'lQO.4
iIEI.M7lI 17'3.14 120.1 lid. 1 141.764 IWII./I
98.9600 m.1I1 1:J).1I!4.11 142.I:fI lllOI!.2
..
1IO.M'l9 785.51 120.lIM 116-1.~ 14i.:.50 1611.0
.....,.,
11!1.~456 7"91.73 121.344 1171.7 142.942 1!126.0
100.188 M.1iI8 121. 11711.3 148.m 1684.0
u.
...,.,,..
..
100.5111 81».2$ 12"l.129 llfl8.' 148.12Il 1648.0
",
.....0',.,
100.112-1 810.M 122.522 1I1M.6 14-I.I:l1
101.310 81~.86 '-.:2.91~l l2O!t.S 14-1.M~ UIGI.O
.....
...,.. 10!I.887 llU.486 li!38.2 146.C&I JIIl8 .2
....,.
1~.200 124.87ll 1241.0
,. 1 ~ 6.4(j1 lr07. 1
".,..
Im.618 8M.'" 1~r.1 1248.S H8.8IlII me.~
,.,,
....,....
10·UIM 8&1.79 1~.fM 12.'>6.~ 14i.1!6'iI I~.i
IM.~ 8158.81 . 126J)1l(I 1264.:'> Hi.et:.II l <ll4 .11
,., IM.~I 8:"1.~ 126.440
126.842
12711.4
12S0.3
148.048! 1744.2
HIi.4IIl, 1m.:'>
...,. 1~.213 881.0
.... 00 12:".236 1288.2 148.813 1~.7
"...
106.636
101'1.029 51».62 ;, 12'7.6Z0· 1296.2 149.\!:J6· 1m. 1
,."
....,.,."
101'1.421 001.26 128.000 1!l().I.' 140.618 17$1.4
....,..,.,.,
907.92 128.413 111111.2 100.011 1 1;-00.8
..
lfI8.~11
Itr.".m .u. 126 .~ 1m.8 7·8 l 00.4IJ.I 1800. 1
,..
91ML
A.
"''' ...
'4 10'1".1m 1l21.:tl 12$.198 1lm1.11 150.7\16 ll!09.fi
107.1I!tl
108.8&
"'.00 " 129.001 1 13311.4
129.993 18-14.:'>
151 . 1811 1810.0
IM.~ 182S.:'>
108.m IHI.6t 1·~ 18).1r.G I~.i 151.07r>1 1887.9
".. ,.
109.170 948A~ t$(l.;'(l8 1300.8 1~.8117 l1147.l'>
.... ....
181.161 1869.0
..,.,., ...,..
I~.:-M 1801.0
100.t6I
109.9$ "".~
1lfIt.1I 1111.110-4 18"i1. II 11.J3.I:I1I 1866.5
". 131.1J.17 1885.4 J:IlI.~ 1S":"tl. t
,....,.,
110.318 "'.00
'4 110.01 1
111.18-1
m.91
, I·W.:WO 1393.7
13:l.732 14(n.0
IM.~ IlBi.7
IM.sal 1890.4
,.
,....
>4
]ll.~
111.919 900.08
112.312 1003.8
1I2.~ 1010.8 . 1·2
...,.,",.
133.125 1410.3
188.~18 1(18.6
133.910 14t1.0
IM.1'lOl 143i'.i.4
...,..
'4 1M.l"23 19(1C,.0
156.11\1 1\11 4.7
IM.@ 1112-1.4
1~.{0j2 11184.2
.......,.,
M· !l1I.1m 1017.9 184.1196 14-13.8 1."16.294 11l4.'I.0
.....,.,
113.490 lQ\l5.0 1~.(E;8. 1~.2 IIl6.68";. ll1M.7
113.8!l3 IOM.I 196.41'11 1-400.7 15~.C9.l: 1111l1l5
\14.2711 1(1119.2 " 1~.f(,"4 10l6Il.1 1~1.4'2 Im.s
,....
1·2 !l4.668 1016.3
11~.0&1 IOM.~
186.2671 14>7.6
1116.f,O(I, 1-11;6.2
1~7.~ 1963.2
1:'l1J. 2561 191l3 . 1
,.
n. . 1I~.4~' 10f».7
ll~.SI8 1($'1.0
1111.9 1 ~.2
1I6.8M lOO2.~
117.00.1 la.8 ".
,.
. I
137.(r,it1 14~.7
131·"'"I I~.S
lr..1'm' lMI.9
13!I·!lOO1 1!>OO.5
Il1tl.!i2.11~.2
".
"·8
lM.600 ~ .O
100.0i3 al12.9
100.4.'161 Ill!2 .Q
159.!!:!9j iOO2.S
IOO.2:!1 2042.8
AnEA8 AND CIRCUMF,.::nESOES OF CIRCLES. 181
TABLE OF CJRCLES-Con/imud.
D ,~
hu.
C,s-
A""
eUiIr. SQ. I ,,~. I D'AX.
IN~.
C,s·
("ulolr.
A"~A.
s..t.
1 ~9.
D'AIoI.
be.
C,n.
("Illol'
Anu.
SQ.I"s.
..--,.. - -- ---
Ilia. IN~.
.....
t" ..
--- -
61 1-8
..,..,.
,.,. 160.614 lrol.8
161.001 ::lI6::.0
I~.
,",.,..
1 - --- ---
1S2.~12 t&bl.1
1&1.600 ))6,)8 .5 U.
M.BII
:m.00I I13IS.3
,..
...
;ma.o i~.w!'< ~.9 :»f.OO6 m l.l
"'".. ......,
161.3911
i(lI!j:l.1 1S3.800 26"<6"
,., ><
.. \lI)J.98Il .'13-13.11
.....
161.(9;1
183.al.'I _.s :.n'>.31i12 ~.7
lIS:!. 11/\
"""
....,.,
211Xt.3 16-1.17(1 :.!I~."~
,. "'.... .....
IM.577
IM.!r.tl 2liS.~ 84 16-I.M'.l 271O.D :al6.11l7
...,,.,...
2m .. 3..1()5.·1
..",.,
U. 163.8m 21~" ISUI(Il
16S.~' ~13S:9
". ,. mt.O 2l16.~
..,..
183.,"1
>< 164.H' 2UI.2 '·s IS11.717 211.~.6 N. M.:W; 34.21.2
161.MI 21~.5 186.139 :m.7.:l m.~ M1 i .2
..,.",.
161 .00-1 2IM.S 186.M2 2768.8 :b.1I.13111H-1i·2
".,...
lGS.8:!6 21'~.1
lM.719 2183,4
...,.....
186.~.!S
1I17.S17 2m.2
.....
~.6 »I.wa 3100.2
:n:I.916 M;3.2
- ......
100.112 21~.8 84 181.71\1 2OQ.:t:.l9 SIlI6.3
166.50-1
""" 188.103 2616.7
""'.. 1100 . .01 fI.lOO.~
21U.~ 851~.5
.....,.......,.
166.8971 ~ld.6 188.4911
I&!.~ ""'., n. 210.41;. ~.7
......,.,
167.'ZlO 2227.0
...
.......
167.&lS ~7.6 ld9.2'1 28:; 1.0 21O.8OlI bMS.&
1·2. l&1.(l';!; 2:t1S.O
16~.46S Z!.}S.5
.
=.. ".,,..
1&1.861 2'J69.1
,.
189671
1110.01;6 2814.8
11i" . .J.W ,.,
211.27'1 MW.O
211.665 ~.2
212.058 3.'>>8.6
,...
,."
2:.'79.6 IOO.!'U 2liQ3.B 212.4:;0 3.>111.1
..
1 69.~
.......,.,
~.M6 2;!91) 2 191.2U 2\110.1'> 21VI·13 8MI.0
,.
170."1 2:11U, l ~.OOO 218.6:18 a&'Il.1
""..
..,....
170.~1 ZW.I I~.M 29HI.5 21 1 .021 36-1S.O
"".s li1'l.815
"'....,
.... 211.414
,....'"
i11.2U
111.001 23~1.~ 1&3.00'< 2970.6
,., 214.006, 8671.8
I ~.OO! 23.~.8
,.
,.
!Ilium
"" .. 215.IW !I68S.3
,..,.
21~.5Q! 8tIa8.1
....,.,
1:-t.89!:i :!365.0 198.\100
".,,...
""'.... P. ...
""'
17i.~ 237lI.8 l\ll. ~ 0000.' 215.$1 81".2
10'8.1
10'8.573
...,., ......,,
IJI.l.'lO"!i lKIi9.1
....
19:1. 171 8031.3
....
N.
.
216.307 30'~.7
216.070 lr.'W.3
,......
113.!l66 2108.3 1~.5()1 211.16.'l ~.8
"·4.1I.'*l :W9.2 217.M5 801;6.4
""'..
11l/1.9:l7
.....
,..,..
217.~ ~.O
'",. ...,." 1\l6.:J.'JO
174.1:)1 ""U
,.
106.101-1 2111.1 196.742 1·2 21~ ..'J.l1 8<113.7
,....
176.:100 2-1:.2.0 1!r..I811 218.-;&'1 3i:!07.3
u. lrr..~J9 216.'l.0 191.~ 310.. 9 219 . 1.00 3i!'l1.0
,.
17ll.3til '-m.o N. 191.M 8117.2 219.~i9 stUt. 1
1;o.71~ 21&.\.0 19E!.31~ 31.29.6 roo 21~.911 8t>I8.~
=., ,.
...,....,.,
.,.'",. ...= ...•
2196. 1 1~.roII 81«.0 :u).101 &l(l:!'.2
Ir..
11:$ ,., lW.{Qj 81:;.&.5 'billoW. 3l:r.8.0
,.
1'19.:& 11I!I.Sl!1 310ll ,4 ~1.4it!
"
...,.
~1.tl7.j 11911.5
1>8.878 2:",.I(I.G 2OO·:r.i1 BI9U'
......,.
119.46.1 2.%8.0 201.~ 3~11.0 2t:!.OOO
..
180.219 201.811 S:;ltt.2
ll:t3.i&i 3lltl1 .1
... 180.6-12 2:{\6.7 ::t:e">1.8
l!OO.~ s;!I61.5 WU!31 4001.1
",. 181.00-1
11I1.4:.!1 2619.4
181.~ 2I);J).7
" lm'O'i ~.I
lm.418 32'.l:l.8
~.6:M 401$.2
~.Ol1 402(1.2 j
182 AREAS AND arncUMF.EllliNGES OF CffiOLES.
c,~ lAm.
1°'"..
D' .... C,"·
••• ISQ.
A,,,, ...
01.1'
II<!. .'1 "11
(,,,,.
..
cr ...· SQ. I"B. I",. c"llfll.
ARIA.
I" •• ••. SQ. llf.
I,,·. ["
".
n ,.,
,.. ~ ""'.. n,.,.,
...oo
""."" -., n. ..
,... ... . ... ,.,,.. """.. .
..
-I·
211.008 ...
.....
..
...... 4&lI.2
-- 85 1·2 {>7~1.~
,..
n. ~.I!lI:i .j(r,1. ~ t41.7\lI:I 4tl'I!I.2 ~,,5.1
..,.,.
2".lfl. r.tI7 lHil.11l6 4901.7
,.,
)H6.~
2t'1.lm 4114.0
2~.57l1
~J./j.lIn ..,
41111.2 M. :1/70.1;";
r.o.~:o ~.;
~,
••,.,
im.~I'o'I 41>1:1.2
l!:$.l.;r; n4.2.~
:/"~.MI 411l1l.8
2~1I.3t"k
21ft.';:.? 49ti3.9
2SO. U9 49;lI.~
r.o.1IOt
rol.3M $',g.1\
.t71.7~1 t.!I76.~
.
~'.~H
~.IlOi 4:U:1.9 r:ms.8 214.1Q.I tmS.D
Wl.4 508D.n
,. ,.... "".""
Zll.:m \1.;2 .891; lr.'4.4'l7
, .
~.:$1 51~.4 274.1'<:111 601~.1l
1!31.(V~ 4:/'71.8
... ...
......." ..... ........., ..... "...,.,.,...
~.I"'~ 4\l1i!6.!
, ,. MIl[ .11
, ll;':j'~1 0000.4
n.
,.,.. WU;'ft
:l3:.I.80\
"'.M ".
431.10.8
431{>.4
43,"1.9
1IM.076 5187.1
~ ~L~.O
2M.96l! MfiS.1I
~.6~1 (ll}H.6
r.e.087
:r.B.4&O
00&1.9
{'I):l:l.1
.. .., "".. ..
"".OM 4.4L$ 2M.2M ~1~.9 2TIl.6M 00II9.4
2:l-f.(}.I9 4ti.2 2M.617 27'1.:N6- 1\110S
r.7.6311 613-1. 1
,.
...,.,., ".;a: "...,.,....,. I"'.""
't'WAll 43;3.8 2.'j([.Q.IO 5216.8
23·U31 51/32'.11 218.001 6101.,1
,.
""... =., '"...,.
23:1.2:.'7 ..." r.II.424 GlllS.8
n. :&.619 4117.11 ~'.1l18 "" 218.MB 6196.2
".,.,.
44~1.8 ~.1811 53-1~.6 !lSO.1OO 1'tmI. 1
2!>!1.5;4 :;s61 8 l!iIl.l73 62Il[ .2
~.7
I
,.
Zl7.976
23S.1!&1 ~I.~ ~.961 M7B.1 os ~I.~
,....
~1.117 11"-'1104
.......,.,,.
241.510 411-11.0
n. 2-lt.1lO.'I 46:.6.6
2-tIUl'16 ,167[.8 M.
..
2-1~.15Iti 46il6.9 I
~~.~I 4:-02.1
218.473 4117.3
uuw ,.,
4;'3:l.~
,. 2-I-4.~
...
471 •• 8
1 '8
.. (...,....
2-H. 47&3 .1
•• ,.,. Uj.(\4 1 4')';8.4
24:jA81 4;'9:'1.7
21~.tal ~.O
N6.t-!l <li\!1.4
1·2 WI.615 .... 8
AREAS AND C[RCUMFEnE~CES OF amcLEl!. 183
TABLE OF CIRCLE~lmIi"utd.
I! ("". IA... 1
Cll,- A ...... D ......
1."'·1 C,. ISQ.b.. A.-.u.
D .....
". ,,.
ct'1I". Sq.I.'I".' j 11<~. ct' ... SQ. II"., 1,,01.
......
C'I: ....
•• .
M.t3I MI." ~;.1 310ft ~.II
..,.,
2'l-1.11t attUr.8 ;V;-S.O $10.= -:lr.lI.:!I
1!tI. e<:l Il00.711 ~.t J1U""~ ;-er.:;
"'.""
..,.,"
twO&:7 0lr.'U.8
n. :~a::1 ~.t
I ~
ti!I'X>.3 'l3A9.8
RIVETED GmDERS.
The plaWi Nos. I. to X. I"(!I'~nt Ilo tnw ot the sections of
riveted girders, moet frequently used in IItructUretl. Tho aingle
webbed girders are the mOI!t economical in material, and moK
llOCC!!I<iblu for painting anll in5pcction. But whore great willth
and lateral stiffness i8 f'C<juirod, the double web or box girder ill
the best. 11 tbe lengtb of tho giroer elHlCt'(l!! twenty times the
width or the flange, the ginier ,hollid either be given IOmo lat·
eral support, or elso the acetion of the top flange should be in·
creasro. It, is usual to allow f1a.nge straius 01 12,000 lbs. per
square inch in girders lor buildings. The Mfe load8 for tbe
girders in the accompanying tablCil are calculated on tbia II&-
5Umption, tbe entire teCtional area of the girder beln~ consid·
erod. Tho web of tbe girder should be made of such thickness
that the verUcaJ shearing strain will not euood. thrtoe·fourihs 01
the horizontal strains. or 9,000 lbe.. per sqllare inch of section in
tho ease ot !,-irdors for building&. Tho shearing strain is great-
est a.t tho aupporl.s, and ill found by dividing ha.lf tho load on
the girder by tho web section.
If the thickness of the web la less than one-sixtieth of ita
depth, it ahonld be atiffened to resist buckling, by tho $(hlition
of '-ertieal angle irons ri"eted Iolho web a.t inwrvals of not more
than the dopth of the girder. These stiffeners should always·be
used at the fJUpporta: and at poinlll where ooncentnted loading
_no
Tho rivets should be from !- to i ineh~ dinmolAlr, spaoOO not
el()6('r thnn three uinmetel"S, nor tnrther apart than sixteen limes
the thieknCSll of plato oonnocted.
It is good practioo t(llimit the depth of the girder to ilJth of
Uu) SIJ8l1, on account of deflootion.
Tho following (ablt'S are calculated by tho momenta ot inertia
of the girder lIIlCtioll8, tOT B fibre atmin of 12,000 1h3. por square
inch, and for a unitonnly distributed 1000. C<lemeicnt =
_ ~edrt"h' ,8 ._., _. The uumbers in the ftrst columns of
extreme cpt 0 glru.or
the tablet correspond with those of the various aectionll of gird.
ers on the plates.
It will be observed that eacb sootion. AI dccdgnatod by & nwn·
Rlvt:TKD OIRIH:nS, 185
ber, has been calculated tor vari0U3 tbickuCtllSell of cover plates
of tbe SlIme widtb,
Tho tables gh'e the coomcient of !trength and tho approxi-
mRI.(! weight lX!r lineal foot for each 8C(ltion.
The weight ineJude the requisite stiITencl'8.
I" ORDE .. Til J'I.... D TUI': lUl"l!: Ulfrl"OlUI:LY DLn'RlDl,TI!:O LOAD A
GlRDta C,l.l' t'.lRII.Y,
•
,
21
21
006 100 1026
1186
116
137 1146
131).1 \
126
147
188
1267
12"!4
136
I"
178
I
• 21 1477 I'"
7 24 10M I"" I"'" I"
104 164
:~
144 I""
1396 142 1532 16119 162
8, '"
24 li43
I" 1877
I"
10 27
11
12
27
27
1~ 1884
1612
147
147 I""
1766
2018
I"
I" 181
1600
19!O
2170
!
167
167
1'1
13 30 1397 1<1 \ 1570 1'1 1744 161 1917 171
I. 00
Hi SO l I'" 178 2006
2801
188
187
2178
2470
198
197
:~ ~ I
i
16 83 IG70 Wi 1761
.... I"
18)
"" I
t'!S3
2~91
tGZ
193
t~
214!J
2-t42
!!778
17.5
203
2Q;J
,. ..
19 , 00 : 1748
21 86
1$9
188
169
~,~1
2396 I'"
208
210
STRE.'{OTIJ A...'W W£IGIIT OF RIVETt:!> OIRDERS. 187
STRENOTIl ASO WEIGnT OF UIVE'J'I!:O PI.u\TE
GIRDERS WITH SINGLI!: WEll.
See Platc3 I. Iwd II.
The welgM per lineal foot ineiu(ie dilJcnen.
To find safe 1000d in tons of 2,000 IIlI!. uniformly distributed,
divido tho cocfllcicnl ot ~trcngth by splln in reet between centres
01 ~IIPJl.ort8.
To find coemclent or strength required for a ,l:"iven lorul and
,vall, multiply the tetal lorul in tous of 2,000 Ib!., unilonnly
1.h~tri\.lUtOO., by span in foct betwocn OOlitrotl of support.
__ t -'
• ,§
i It _ _ll ~~ .. i
"0"; jot "0';'~-!7.~
,.-II-_c<-.~ i.e "0"; j~ d 'i;
- =.J::,
" .=
'M
~!.. '"
~ ~i __ ~&
'iii,
~~..
- "
~:
. 'iii, - "
, 1<3'~;':
11:_ .. ::I' &j 1'- i<
;:." •
4
5
1707 188 182D HIS 1!J.lli 20!1 2<XilI 218 ! 21 6
161S
181)..
174
172
1767
I~':)
18-1
182
1887
2079 1"
192 ,7
•
-..
0012 19.'i 2147 ::05 2283 215
177
177
2007
2":?29 1"
187
2163 "7 2310 207 I 27 ' 10
197 254<) 207 27 11
201 1247< 211 2627 221 2778 231 27 12
2000 181 I 226:1 191 ,. 201 2OO!l 211 30
1
13
.""
,.."
2<l8
207
2.'i2"J
"""
218
217 '
2694
2980
228 2866: 238 30
227 '8160' 287 00
14
15
2719 12911121[j1 83 16
"'"
2631
1M
213
213
2.i27
28'~1
3152
195
223
223
3011
3340
"'"
233 82Ql 243 33 17
233 8527 2 m 33 18
"'" 199 2793 199 3002 200 11'~11 2-11:1
219 00 HI
B6 20
218 8128 228 S33S 2S8:J:;.l2
220 8004.
1
230 8708 1 240 3918 250 S6 21
-"---'---"------'-- --'-
188 WRO{;Om IRO:" A~D STEEL.
! 1_ __
Tmc"""M o~ .." [' ..... T"" ' ''' 1"(:11 _
,;' i.
1-"os,
I I
- ' I I
';; 'j!
.. ;8 . .!.; !'c I !-=
~ ~,, -a !
... ~
E..:
.- ..."5~-, - I ....~t..
.;: " ..... i= u
-= 'gi
... "
i ~.E~i l ~i ~! cH ~l l !~ ~1 ~~ ~~
-,- -;;1;
2 II! 16
863 180
1' l002I~I -:;- ---;-1 I~
1132 160 1270 It\2
1280
1408 196
8 21 16 1000' tna 1212 tr,l l 1375 16.; 1538 \.8
4 21 10 1380 179 1:>411 liB 1701 200
I
5 24 16
..... 6 24 16
12471' 100 1482 179
1640 189
1618
1824
193
20'2 I"'" 206
216
~ 7 '27 ' 16 14SJ 174 1002 18. 1871 001
""
2081
..... 8 27 16 1912 199 2110 212
:ro16
80 10
181 119011 194
2197 232
21 ;.13
24::!7
""
2866
2658
221
2:;9
11 ;J:J 116 1[)42 100 211812001
12 33 111
1 1
240.;
'2494 242 274R
"00
8002 ""
269
18 86 til , 2128 '97 ,.". 210 1 2108 m
" ,. i "'" 237
2803' 2S3 8080
16 I
228-1
""
227
2371
2.'i01
242
2-U 2712 2.~>4 2"12'~ 26. 16 27 7
2SJ4 2.19 2i42 2.)2 2XI 266 Hl60 ~;9 16 27 8
,
"."" 21:1:U
." SOG8' 261 :t304 274 16 SO 1)
33;):! m H583 U12 ]6 80 10
21)18 243
'100
8]75
""25' 8t3J 270 8I'l!)4 283 US 33 11
82M 28. !l.511 29,) 37G6 80914020 322 16 U:I
1 12
3518 2G4 8807 277 1408R 290 16 86 13
"'10 800 4192 ftW 4-168 3:lU 16 36 :4
....
-.-
2360 2HO :1061 2117 20 24 17
2& 1127! 800 ;;0 2-1 18
I
190 WROUGHT IRON A..."ffi STEEL.
I ;I I
I
Coeftl· Wt. In Coem· WI. in
den~ of Ills. per tlcH! Qr lb!!. pet
"Il,m'b.lltle'ltt. IITCH'll. line'1 fl.
-
23 33 20 218;; 203 2508 220 2830 e3G '158 253
2-l83 20 2820 26" 8140 277 3459 293
25 36 20
26 36 20
1"'3 212 ' 2745 228
8159 270
'51"
201
303
27 24 24 2064 235 2344 2M 262-l 275
28 24 24 2150 229 2485 249 2714 269
29 27 24 2-l1,O 248 2721 2(13 3040 288
30 27 24 2527 239 2810 2(;9 31{i4 279
31 30 24 2733 250 3082 270 3431 290
32 30 24 2878 275 8227 295 3a76 815
, ~ ~~
Tn":;"..... Or C"UB I' .... TE. ,,.- 1""Jr<.
,
'1
-.
Ii
, .<!
"
I'~
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~ I.!ot! B, ...
"".- WI-In "".-0' WI.ln
h ~1 'il.c I:E~ ~-5~ t
~!f ""= 1-"--"""
__
ciellt of lbl. per elrot lboo. pet
.trcn'h ,n~I· 't. lIIl't'n'h·ln'''''ltt.
~.
l'
r.
.& ~t
1;1!:::
w_
-ls.
'w,",
~-=!.:!
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---- - - - -- -"-
270 8235 287 MOO 804 20 21
2700 254 2970
"
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-
2"' 3186: 298 :mB
3002
206
ro, "".\
8224
278 .. 19 '.10 '"
'12 "
2iJ
334..1 20 80
20
21
836' m 81' '01' ..., ""
382 4.2-10 20 SO 22
.
3414 3707 820 20 33
3719
2.0
310 4100
""
32'
4.120 003
44" 34' as
4742 860 20
,.
23
24
31300 41,.
., '''''' ""
218
1131 ,.
4.'j()6. 311 4851) 828 20
'70
4OO6i &;a 52::.7 W
2.'>
4206
,,,,, WI' .... '"
3750 8M 2-1 24 27
"''""
295
"""
fI.:.. ,
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3'J71 3~9 21 2-l
2fl'J4 :!8JJ
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300
310
819 '0) 339 4416
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37fi 49j9
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370
80 .
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89"26
42~Fj 1139
':n72 ...
"" "'1
"'''' 859 115108
38G ;NJ1) 24 :J3
a:!
3l
4~OI
41
C
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SO ao
I: :: !:::
(~·!'l 319 "748
311
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527::»
336
:l69
I
(3 39 80 (241 294 4XHi 319 ::;3."19 3~4
44 .. . , 329 0000 3M G633 379
E
.(~ 42 80 4642 flOI I IiOOO
46 42 80 9~9 339 &:i46
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dent 01 lboo. per d"Bt of Ib ... "",
ol",n'l\ 111\<1'1"
345
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3.3 4t1IlS '98 5439 42:1
1
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660'
"'" .... 1-
." 886
I
6661
.,
. 7191 00
738\1 469 30
'!l68 .W
6:!Q6 """ I
"'" '''''
:." '" 429
7114 410 i68D 30 -"3
iS5a 454 7007 4;9 :JO 00 41
, I
- .. -
668' .01
876 7117 7737 426 83-;7 4.,1 , 30 4t 45
G7tO 414 74·!8
"" '" I""" "" 431l
I " HO 42
,
"'3 .,. 77IB 7475
1
1
434 i81G8 464 '&'16 11 494 :16' ;!I)
70"J.'i .tl6 Sl()s 400 !-4'1OO OW S6 ' JID 50 "
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76(1t
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416
SI21
8400
...
476 91.11
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&172 47, 0027 00'
00 ~2 "
52
"
PENCOYD CORRUGATED FLOORING
FOR BRIDGES AND B UILDINGS,
The trough"h.ped oections shown on plate 33 •• manufact""""- by the
Pencoyd I",n \Vorh, luv< t.:<n succ~lIy ..... 'J (01" brodie ft.,.,r'ng, an,l
al •., fv. 'he floo,. of fi«_lroof building., 'I he ."",11 ... _'ion, No_ "0, i.
~en<r.lly applitd '0 buil' ings, "'bile 'he large, "".,ion, No. ~'''h i.
adapted for bridge Hoo ...
be".,
The followi .. g ,.ble gives 'be "'-eight. onron 1'<' "'I"a,.., foot of floor .ur·
f.ce, "nd .... igh .. p.,. ",nn;"g y><d fo, diff" .... n!lhiekn<.5e8 o( 'be section;
~II!O 'he mOmon" o( .. >i"an~. for olle foot o(wiJ,h.
PENCOYD Z BARS.
WEIGHTS FOR IRON-FOI St«1.dd ."",,0<'11',
...di=.l,
b.J. ~i:.[:,,,,=b~~~.::~:-:.t:d:"~ ':,ff <';"'KI~~":i ,f.;!:U,l."'.:r ':i:;r,~(!o "'1~~
.. I'~ la<mo.. In '~Ic • .,... of .. eb: I. eo, _,jon "'" I. J I.,<k. ~.llh J{
lru;b .... : .... , .. h... ".0 ;,10".-..1 to~ ioell. , .. <le!Kh Itl~ I.<~ ....d ''''''lIan~
>M I.<bc>-=b. TM.opp!ld .ooach_ oM .. 111"""'«1 "" Plo .. ~l!I.
''<
PROPERTIES OF PENCOYD Z BARS.
WEIGHTS IN TABLE ARE FOR IRON •
."
"
."
STANDARD SPACING OF RIVETS
THROUGH FLANGES OF Z
BAR COLUMNS.
,-,;----,
},{
Siuo/
Z&". "
ALL
6inclt. "I RIVE TS
5" ". , 3-4 INCH.
4"
_,__ ,7'-81 ,
,
,
i<c- --- b --- C ol
STANDARD SEPARATORS FOR
PENCOYD J: BEAMS.
B"'t~. A.
S;"~/lkam.
No. Sf".
If' Heavy. ••
••.,
I" ."
,,
•
,
Light.
Hewy.
Light. .., I"
'"
'"
,.,
.I~)
. 123
.1~3
I'
I~" Heavy.
Medium.
nl
n ..
'.10
~
'"
Light. n '.03
'"
,l
,0"
!?;'
1Ieavy.
Light.
.0
'"
,"
1.9.1
1·9)
I"
'" ....",
'".1
'"
Heavy.
Lighl.
1. 63
1.6)
'"
'" . 10)
.",
" B" Heavy.
Li!:ht.
~:' Heavy.
Light. ""••
1.36
1.36
.~
1..6
'"
I"
'"'"
.,.," ,, I.~ I
.,.,
~' Heavy.
Light. '"
'"'"'" I
1.~4
.-".
n
~:'
t
Heavy .
Light.
He.nj'.
L ight.
,
,
.1
0.85
., ,..,
1>.85
o.~
'"
j"
j"
j"
."
BOLTS AND NUT S.
M . ft "f.ctur~. ·. Stan d. rd. .
~ W1J1tt
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WEIGHT OF FLAT BAR IRON
PER LI N E AL POOT.
Fot Scecl od<I. p.. <*At.
hi
•62 5'-
~, I.",'
r; 1.,6
"'1
."
.•••• ••
.,.,
·3 ' 3 .~,
.6~1 .','7••- .••••••., .., '·'9
1.88 '
2. 03 1
2·)7
'·50
, ., ,
)"l
3-» '"
, 00
:-~
.", .~ 2·SS 2.9" 3·6S
1.95 2·34 '·13 3·" 3·9'
,..,
1"5
1·33 ..., ,"
:-~
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).10
p'
l·3)
,.~
J·n ,.,
4·'1
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•••
'.4 ' •. )4
. .".." ....,,
H6 HS
,,,'".,.,
'·47 ··91
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..
~
1.15
~
•. ¢
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4·°'
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, •. U ,~
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,.- '''1
1· '9
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•. 0)
'-1' 5·4" 6,71
'·'9 •. 92 S·S3 1"9 S.1S
U 6.2S 9_3S
......
'·)4 3-'3
~ B.33 10.0:>
88s , 0.6)
'.S, 9·}8 II··S
'·91 9·~, 11.88
, . ,,~
~:~l
S·21 6.2J n· so
~ S·41
~.~ I] '3
U
I.I~
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S·13
7·'9 :g~
• . ..
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~ 375
)·9'
6.2$
6.S' 'r.
i.;
875 10.«> ... SO ' 5.«>
9.11 10 t" 1]_"" 15·6]
it,
~
'." 1·35
1·4' i •. 81
,00
4_ >2
6_11
,." 8.H
9·'S '0:8) 'J 54 ,6"J
9·S. II _'S 14.061 16.88
'.. ~
,., 8.75 '0." ",.67 't sII' '1·$<'
,a
'1'-)")
3 ·'3
'i
I';
s ,.00
9·~8
,." "."
8.)3 '0_«> ...67
10·51
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....
>,_011 '5 ,01,8.,)
"·SO '56). 1 8.,~
.6_,S 1 ' 9·)11
,,I'I I
.34>
)']l
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3·'~
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8.85 10.6], 12'40
II_.J 'l"l
,.", "u '1_85
' 0.42 I ... so 't.sS
..
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001
4."
!:~ !::c
16"5
'0·94 1). 13 '5-3'
"II 91146 1'4·)8
')·1S .6..,..
,6."
.
"I , .• 11 "9
S~ " .50' '5.00 '1.SO: ""'.«>' .s 00' )0 00
WEIGHT OF FLAT BAR IRON
PER LINEAL FOOT.
"0. Steel odd '1""
I ,
c<nt.
..
.~ 3·]3
1· 0 J
.~
....
5.• 6
J.~8 3·15 4 .2 ' ,.63 .~ ,.~
3.65
4·0.
4·'7
4·58
~
5. 16
S·"
5·73
5·n
~
6_'5
6.88
6.11
7-45
l"'9
.0'
l'S,
.~
8·33
9. 11 :1
,- ..
......,
4.38
4 ·74
5. 10
5. 8]
,.0
5_8]
6,'5
.~
5.6]
••';I
7·"]
,.~
6"5
6·17
,.~
1·8,
::~3
7-45
'00
·W
~
9-'7 10.0<>
~:~
8,75
9.38
8"3
~
8.75
.
9_48
9.48 10."
10.16 ~
Ic.8J 11.67
9.38 10.00
10.16 10.83
,0.9i ... 67
II.]>
I2_SO ']·]3
12.~
:1
:1
•
6.56
,~
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l·91
"' 9.3~
9·74 ,,,_63
'C·3 ' ''-'5 ...".
11·5' 12·4"
~ ')·'3
13.• 8 '4·'7
'4_06 '5. 00 :t
.. ....
6,93 1·9' 8,9 '.,0 ,,,.Sg ... B8 '3. 85 '4·84 15.8] .j
7.~
t"
8,33
875 ,'r.
9. 17 10.3
IC·4' ''-46 "·SO
12.03
:~:~ 12.60 '3"3
'3_75
'3·$4 14_sS
' •. 02 '5.3 1
"-9'" ,6.04
'5. 6 3 ,6.67
,6.4'
'7. 19 :,:~ ;1
••• ,~ '0.78' '3_,8 '4.38 '5·51 ,6·n ' 1·91 '9·'1
,
,.
8.7~
lO."
10.00 11·'5 '2.5" '3·75
.0.83 "·'9 '3·$4
!l.61 '4.~8 :t~
::::J
'5-""
,6,'5
'7·5"
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,~.6o
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,8.75 I <>O.OC
,.., ...-
.6-11
.. 3"r.
3'-'5 33·5. 35·94 38 .33
,
..
n·so 05·00 '1·50 ~ 35.00 37·5" 40.<>0
l~ 20.83 ']--H
21.6,- '4.3 8
0'·50 '5-3 '
:6:~
,i"l
.8.65 3 -'5 ns 36_46 ~oo ~,.67
'
~. 3'·50 ~.2I lHP
]<1·94 3H5 , .¢
..,.63 43 ·]3
~ «'-'9 ,,00 n
'0.4' "3·33 ,6.,s "9·'7 .~ 35·00 37·\12 ~0.83 .3·15 46.6] ,
'l··g JP~ ii-'s
""r
,~l
"·'5 "4. 11 3<',01 ,~P7 -1'-'9 t 8 ·33
01.88 3'·'5 3-1-· 37.50 40.6~ 43·75 46. 8 ~.ro
~:~
'5·00
0 •• 60 '5.83 3"'~ 35·5' 38 _15 4'·9 45·" 48 _H ,'.61
" ,,I'I
'3·33
oS.33 3,-88 ]5·4' lB.¢ 4'-SO 49·5 53·'3
~:~ ~- ~~_l~ 31 SO 4' ·'5 45.00 4S.,~ 5','" ,;6"5 00._
'1·1'
"9"1
,.3O.~
3'.67
33·3]
35- 00
~~
31·S<>
39.3 8
45. 83
-1 .. 6,
~-
48.13 5'-5"
:H~
43·';4 iJ·S<> 5'·4
~~:;I
55·.'
~8'33
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59.3 8 63-33
62·50
6;.63
66.6,
~-
.
"I
:¢i.67 4' '5 SO·'" 55·0<> 59.58 6~_'1 6B·U !H3 "
~1·54
35. 00
38.33 43·'3 H·9" 5'·1' 51-SO
.".00 145 .00 ~.- _15·0<>
00._
6>"9 67·<>8
,,00 ~-
71. . , ' 7 "I
75.00 lao.oo ..
WEIGHT OF ROLLED SHEETS OF
WROUGHT IRON AND STEEL.
CALCULATIO N S BA SE D ON S P EC IPIC G R AVITY OP ,..,0
FO R IR O N AN D , .8S FO R ST e EL .
W c1lhh per Square 1"001.
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1443
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Plate N~ IX
B OX GIRDERS
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INDEX.
I ..... . S«:tiou.
radii of JYnlioll. ···········<p,9J, 'os. ,06, U!
_fe loads and de6«tlon •. . ............... lob ..... i5
If*:ins: of.... . ............ . .. sf, 60
• ubject 10 botb bendins: and oompr..-Ion .. ~
lupponios: brick wall •. . ... 65.66
irrq<:ul.ar loads. .h.83
unoymmetrical occtions ••.
wdghllof ~. ' :5
•
wilb 6xetl ends •• ..)1, 19
witbout later:rJ supports
Steel • Section...
.. )6, '3
dimensioou and ...,ights of .•.• •. ,
~Ie-"I. and propcrt;" of. . ••••• .
"'f~ '-Is and deflections
•
. . . . . , 12
8eamJ UlUuts .••.....
'''-')4
Belti!\( . ••• . .......... .
lWndi!\( IIlOlIICnts for Oeams ... . ..,8, h
."
retistana: of iron 10 •• p
Uolts and nuts, wrights of. 'W
Urick archei for ftnon. ~
... rcllH, lie rods for.
Win., beams fo r supporti,,¥ ..6$.66 "
Bulb 1lRA'11"I.. ••. . .......•.•.
•
"
pl"'I~....
bca......... .
. .....••.••.••.••.
... (~ ikams.)
•
Canli1eTcr bnms .•••. . ... )8. 14-'71
Carbuilckrs' cMonck .. • .•.••• 4
CHA:-<SELS.
1_.
appronimat<e rule for .....•••.•••••.• •••••.•......... •• •• 119
"JUU~ ....•..••.••• . .•.•....... " •• -'53
di_ioos and weights of ... . ... J, ,6
~lelllCnta and propatios of . . .. 9,901. 95
momen~ of ine.u:a .•••..... . ..•••••••••,.. 9$1 '05
ndli of 1I')'r.llioo. • .• ')4, 95. '<>$
.. re Ioods and dttleclio .... "], '4.46-49
.lruU 121, 'n
Steel.
dim~o.lonsand
~lem~nu
weighu of. .......••••...•.••..
and prop<:tIics of ..
Mft t.o.ds and del\ectiou.
,,
..n, U
CIn:1r:$. Ill'CaS and circllmfenocu .••• ..••.. '18-.S1
Colam... of ....-oua-hl iron .•..••••. . ..• s.-'59. ' 95
DIe loads for ruund. .. • •..• •• ••••.. •••.••.• ..•. '$6. '57
IND&x.
r ... c:"
CoIum.... safe load_ 100" tq~ ... ...... .••.. • • .••.•• 51. ' .59
Compreuloa. ~ht iron .0........... ............. .8-fl
Con,in""lUl br.... l. ,.. J9, 15" 17
Con"ujra1bl! I\oorillj;l" .. ... ' <}4
Co~cr anll"lee. tlu. and .. ~ighu...... 6
Crane It~_ .. •63"~
.....•".n
'"
E laMicity of ..·. O!.'ibt iron
E Iemcntt of Mructural ahlpos •• 87""9'
tables ........•. .9"-' 0'
F ..:tonl of ",fety for btam •. ~
.trur. .••....•..
lIlafdng .••.
I'1at bar Iron. app.-o~imate rule 100" bean>s of • ..
Flaun: ....... .
.. .. 6-.. 7
. ... '7'
..•. fSce lklkctioa.)
.
floor llcam:I. . . ... .•••. . .............. . ···5~S
rule for "'dehtl of.. ....•.
1JIOd", of .•......••.•• •• ~ "
lalerallln:~ •• . .. ...••. • •••
F1oori .... trough-shaped «Ctloas for brid;-eII and l!u ildln,ga . •• ••..
F onIIui.ae for u .. ymmctrical beams.
"
apprwtl,..,u, 100" rolled beams .•...
.... bLQ of, for beo.a>s of variout _ tIOM •.
~
••. ••• • _68. 69
"
F raction. of an In.ch u pl'Ulll<'d in d«imal •...
.......
fonDw.e fOO" n r ioul-=lM:>ol
.,
.,
>,>.
~ U> oompre.;on ..
el_icily of rnUed .•••• "'.
-.,
Icnsilc and compressive 1ea3.
rcai.Uln~ 10 ihcariog . •• ., .,
..• "
.. ronion.
!>ending, .•
<:OIumn. .~
wit;,,&, '70-']5
Mrt' .. "i"S')
,•
.;;..,. of ban. .... ... X
"-ciaM PI'" Ii~al foot of b&n. ••••••• '9<;-00'
Riveted gir<kn
Rivct$, weil(hts of
...
."
Roof streaoes
Round bar iron, si.c<:S . •.
.'~1-'69
,
appro.o:lnu.te rule for beilln. of
Rule for ..elICh! of roLled iron
wei&hl of 1..... in &or~.
'5.68"
thnI,t of brick arches
IalCoal itrenlf\b of ( beam •. •••.
""
6l,6.j
.. cbanotl ban. ..6], 64
beams bearinG: irregular load •.
••
INDEX. '"7
.,,(;.!C
Rules, approximate for mOmen!'> of inertia. .0,
for shafting. . .. 17<>-'n
.,.,
.1P-'75
Shapes, mi.cellaneous,dimensions and wcighur.
Shearing strength of wrougbt iron ...
Spacing of fioor beams ..
tables of, fOt" eyebcam sections. ·S8-6~
" " deck beam scetions. .,6,57
Specifie gmvity_iron aDd steel ,0,
Square bar iron, sizes.
rOOt ""gl,,", weight. pcr yard of various thicknesses. ,
STEEL.
!>cams.. ••••••••• ?, 8, ",", '7, ~8
beams, dcllcetiOn of
channds. . ·3, 9, II, ,. "
modulus of elasticity.
sbafting.
"trength of, in compression.
~
• '4-21i
"
" " in tension ">4-,6
.. ~7, ~8
5U1110 •• >9, )0, '''3
Strength of wrought iron in comprCGSion . 18, .,
tension. ,,'7,"
shearing. . ............................. . ';
Strcsse9 in framed structure •. .163- 16<)
Structural sleel .... .... '4
Strut. of rolled iron ..... lit, '59
rull"<l steel. ."9, ~."3
lactors of ""fety for. .... ,.6, "7
table of ultimate resistallce for iron .......... .
greatest safe loads for iron of any ~ct;o".
n'
n,
,," INDEX.
PACK
Struts or tables of safe loads ror beam seetion~. . ...... n4-''M
angle ........ "38-'40
,eo '4'-'43
flo., ended "'eel or iron.
channel sec'ion~,. ···'H-'SJ
,.
Tees, dimensions and weight. of. ,
clements of even-legged. .00
" uneven.legged '0'
moments of inenia __ .... .... . ._.,ao. 'o",~
'00, '0'. I~
radii of gyralion •.•.
as strut. and lables of safe load •.
apprOXimale rule for beams of.
. ...... ,.'-' ..,
~
Tension in wrought iron.
Tie rod. for brick arches .
Tonional st",ngth of wrought iron.