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8 Working in high heat and Heat Set up of 2 4 8 - An arm immersion cooling system is a portable
temperatures, with high sun stroke, shade heat stress prevention unit
humidity, direct sun exposure Heat canopies
exposure, no breeze or exhaustio and tents
wind n, Heat
syncope
9 Performing excavation, Whole low back Use anti- 3 2 6 - Follow the standard operating procedure in site
including sitting in Body disorders vibration
construction machines Vibration glove
10 worker who is repeatedly noise Noise- Noise 3 3 9 - Quieter excavators are designed to limit noise
exposed to noise at 85 induced barriers and exposure from loud equipment engines
decibels or above hearing enclosures
loss
(NIHL)
METHOD
Method of risk assessment will be discussed in more details. Risk assessment is defined as a
combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous event with specified period or in
specified circumstances and the severity of injury or damage to the health of people, property,
environment or any combination of these caused by the event. After identification of hazards is made,
analysis and evaluation will be carried out in order to determine how likely and severe the risk is.
When this determination is made, measures should be in place can be decided to effectively eliminate
or control the harm from happening. Generally, risk assessment is carried out by referring to the
following steps ((NIOSH), 2010):
1. Identify the hazards.
The outcomes from the risk assessment will be used for commissioning, design, operations,
construction and decommissioning phase to make sure that all risks identified will be managed
appropriately. Under risk assessment, there are two different methods that can be practiced: risk
estimation and risk evaluation. Risk estimation can be considered as one of the most important part in
assessing hazardous or unsafe situations in a particular job especially in industrial and construction
workplaces, where their work conditions are mostly unpredictable. Meanwhile, risk evaluation is the
process to determine the significance of each risk.
There are two ways to evaluate risks: qualitative risk analysis and quantitative analysis.
Qualitative risk analysis is a project management technique concerned with discovering the
probability of a risk event occurring and the impact the risk will have if it does occur. All risks have
both probability and impact. Probability is the likelihood that a risk even will occur, and impact is the
significance of the consequences of the risk event. Impact typically affects the following project
elements: schedule, budget, resources, deliverables, costs, quality, scope, and performance.
Meanwhile, quantitative risk analysis is a method of quantifying your highest priority risks in order to
determine the probability of achieving your overall cost and schedule objectives. For examples,
rather than ranking the probability of a risk as a three on a scale of one to five qualitatively, we could
estimate the probability to be 50%. Risk assessment can be carried out as shown in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1 Steps for Risk Evaluation
Furthermore, to manage the risk, National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) have come out with
a standard process that is shown in.
Below shows the risk matrix and its level of likelihood and severity for hazard.
Severity (S)
Likelihood (L) 1 2 3 4 5
5 5 10 15 20 25
4 4 8 12 16 20
3 3 6 9 12 15
2 2 4 6 8 10
1 1 2 3 4 5
Figure 3.3 Risk Matrix (HIRARC)
To reduce the hazards in construction site, the following steps can be refer as guideline:
Focus on how each employee performs their work.
Watch for employees who are taking shortcuts that might reduce safety, but also look for employees
who perform tasks in an improved manner that could be adopted by the other staff.