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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY MOQUEGUA

Professional School of Mining Engineering

N AT I O N A L U N I V E R S I T Y M O Q U E G U A
Professional School of Mining
Engineering

veins and porphyry

CHAIR : YACIMIENTO DE MINERALES


PROFESSOR : Ing. José Antonio Salas Medina
STUDENTS : ARCE CRUZ , Claudia Rocio
MARCA VALDIVIA, Crithian A.
RAMOS APAZA, José Luis
LA TORRE PALOMINO Paulo P.
HINOSTROZA VIDAL, Erika
HUARACHI LAURA, Oliver
MAMANI MORALES, Miler H.
RAMOS SANTOS, Zenon
MAMANI CONDORI, Yeyson A.
AYMA MAMANI, Sara Y.

2018
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY MOQUEGUA

Professional School of Mining Engineering

INDEX

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………..………………...……… 3

OBJECTIVES......................................................................................................................................................... 4

CAPIÍTULO I

VEIN

1.1. DEFINING ....................................................................................................................................................5

1.2. VETA HIGH AND LOW sulfidation ....................................................................................................5

1.3. HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES ..........................................................................................................6

1.4. PARTS OF A VETA ...................................................................................................................................6

1.5. CHARACTERISTICS OF VETAS ......................................................................................................... 6

1.6. STREAKS IN PERU ..................................................................................................................................7

CAPIÍTULO II

PORPHYRY

2.1. DEFINITION ............................................................................................................................................. 8

2.2. ORIGIN ....................................................................................................................................................... 8

2.3. LOCATION OF DEPOSITS ................................................................................................................... 8

2.4. STRUCTURES .......................................................................................................................................... 8

2.5. ALTERATIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 9

CONCLUSIONS ...............................................................................................................................................10

BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................................................11
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY MOQUEGUA

Professional School of Mining Engineering

INTRODUCTION

The vetiforms sites have a tabular symmetry. The origin of the tabular structure
may be a hydrothermal vein, a magmatic dam or mineralized zone fails.

Magmatic dikes are structures formation (magmatic crystallisation) with a


width between 1 m and 200 m. Levees often show a gouge on the edge of the
box rock.

Porphyry deposits today play an important role in the mining of copper,


molybdenum and tin. Porphyries are known under many names, which
complicates the situation. Overall deposits scattered (molybdenums
disseminated), the deposits "stockwerk" today belong to the group of porphyry.

OBJECTIVES
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY MOQUEGUA

Professional School of Mining Engineering

 Define the shapes of the mineralized bodies.

 Characterize alteration and hydrothermal mineralization.

 Define and recognize veins and porphyries in the field when performing a scan.

CAPÍTULO I
VEIN
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY MOQUEGUA

Professional School of Mining Engineering

1.1. DEFINITION

A grain is a tabular body, or sheet form,


composed of minerals that have been
introduced into the rock by a diaclasa or
fissure or fissures and cleat systems. Most
veins are directly and indirectly igneous
origin, although in certain circumstances
the cracks can be filled as a result of
sedimentary processes. The veins are
structures of post-magmatic, hydrothermal
training mostly. Minerals crystallize from a
water phase according to the temperature
and pressure. Fig.1. Mineralization of a vein.

1.2. VETA HIGH AND LOW SULFIDATION

The "low sulfur" are small and have a pH near neutral (the concentration of hydrogen
ions) and fluids "high sulfur", which are more oxidized and acid pH. The terms high
and low sulfidation were introduced by Hedenquist (1987) and refer to the oxidation
state of sulfur. In the high sulfur, sulfur is presented as + S4 as SO2 (oxidized) and
those low sulfidation as H2S and S-2 (reduced).

Fig.2. Volcanic hidrothermal sistema.

1.3. HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES


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Professional School of Mining Engineering

Name given to any of the processes associated with igneous activity involving hot or
superheated water. The water, at high temperatures, is very active, capable of
disintegrating and dissolving silicates many substances normally considered insoluble
substance. The two main types of hydrothermal activity can be considered as:

A) Process alteración.- Serpentinacioó n include olivine and pyroxene rhombic,


the chloritization of ferromagnesium minerals (chlorite group),
saussuritizacioó n, uralizacioó n and propylitization.

B) Deposición.-It is often assumed that many breeding sites are deposits of


hydrothermal solutions; P. Cu, Pb and Zn. These deposits can fill cracks (streaks,
deposits) or can replace existing rocks. Has objected sulfides of some metals
such as Cu, Pb and Zn, they are so insoluble in water that is unlikely to be
transported in solution.

1.4. PARTS OF A VEIN

 Power
 Ceiling Box
 Floor Box
 Round or tilt
 Modified parts

Fig. 3. Parts of a vein.

1.5. CHARACTERISTICS OF VETAS

These might be:

 THREADS: They are very thin veins intersect.


 BRANCHES: They are fork forks that have a noticeably different inclination and
smaller than the same vein thicknesses.
 GLASSES: are formed when mineralizing solutions fill small fractures or cracks in
the rocks adjacent to the veins.
 HORSE: The largely sterile located between the branches of the veins and is
generally constituted by the rock boxing.
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Professional School of Mining Engineering

 IMPREGNACIONES: Deposits of small amounts of mineral in planes touching veins.


1.6. STREAKS IN PERU

Many of the deposits of precious metals and polymetallic in Peru occur as filling and
replacement. These deposits represent a large economic contribution. The depth of
mineralization could reach 1000 m from the surface.

a) BATH IN COSTA:

 Oconñ a: Located in the gorge Churunga, in the department of Arequipa.


There are two very worked veins: vein San Juan and Mercedes vein.
 CALPA: It is located in the department of Arequipa, province of Caraveli, the
main vein is the vein and the vein San Miguel nameless.
 PAYARNIYOC: Found in Ayacucho, there is a first seam 300 m and a
secondary grain of 200 m.
 SOL DE ORO: Located in Nazca in the department of Ica. The main vein has a
length of 1000 m.
 RIO AZUL: Located in the city of Huaral in the department of Lima, is the
grain owl, its texture is full of broken stripes.

b) VOLCANIC CHAIN CORDILLERA OCCIDENTAL:

 Quiruvilca: Located in the department of La Libertad in northern Peru.


Quiruvilca has over 100 veins.
 Ticapampa: Located in the department of Ancash. It has 5 large veins that
are Collaracra, Hercules, Coturcan and Huancapetíó.
 Casapalca: It is located in the department of Lima. The main veins in
Casapalca have a power of about 2 meters.

c) SEDIMENTARY MOSOZOICA CHAIN MOUNTAIN WEST:


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Professional School of Mining Engineering

 MOROCOCHA: It is located in the department of Junin. The veins have an


average width of 1 meter.
 SAN CRISTOBAL: Located in the department of Junin. The large vein of San
Cristobal has a variable width from 1 to 8 meters.

CAPÍTULO II

PORPHYRY

2.1. DEFINITION

Porphyry copper: are formed by hydrothermal fluid circulation linked to the last stage
of intrusion subvolcanic stocks analytical composition, granadioritica, monzdioritic
andesitic nature or deposits calc-alkaline

2.2. ORIGIN

Last stage hydrothermal fluid intrusion levels semideep 2 km, metal concentrates
transported in vapor or chlorinated solutions precipitate to changing conditions of P
and T converging plate margins and magmatic arcs in subduction zones.

2.3. LOCATION OF DEPOSITS

These deposits are mainly distributed along the Ring of Fire, although also exist in
Australia, China, Iran, Kazakhstan, the Balkan Peninsula, Russia Namibia and Zambia.

2.4. STRUCTURES:

A) Desiminacion:The particles may be small (not visible to the eye), or may


be of greater size but rarely exceed 2 mm. The spread often meets Ventillas.

B) Stockwork: They are small veinlets intercepting all rock. There are several
ways of symmetries and sizes. The filling consists of mineral ore especially
hydrothermal formation. Rock can be altered but also fresh.
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY MOQUEGUA

Professional School of Mining Engineering

C) Pebble dyke-gap
hidrotermal: These
rocks contain, altered,
bleached clastic
different sizes
commonly between 0.5
cm to 10 cm. Most of
the clasts are angular
and in several sectors
meet the criteria puzzle. Fig.4. Pebble dyke-
gap hidrotermal.

2.5. ALTERATIONS

Different types of hydrothermal alterations differ by their content of secondary


minerals.

Fig.5. Alterations hydrothermal.

A) ZONA potassic:It develops greater than 300 ° C, from highly saline fluids
with higher ratios also K + / H +, high oxygen fugacity. The core of this area
may be poor in mena.
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY MOQUEGUA

Professional School of Mining Engineering

B) FILITICA AREA:It occurs when magma crystallization is over, the pressure


and temperature decrease. paragenesis quartz-sericite-pyrite (pyfi) is
known. Carbonates and anhydrite are very scarce in this area.

C) ZONA argillic:Not always well developed area. Mainly it corresponds to the


formation of clay minerals such as kaolin, montmorillonite and pyrite in
small veinlets. Alkali feldspars do not show strong alteracaiones, biotite
primary was changed partly to chlorite.

D) Propylitic AREA:Mainly characterized by epidote-chlorite association with


or without albite, calcite, pyrite, quartz with accessory minerals such as
magnetite-illite. Propylitic alteration occurs usually as gradational and
distal halo potassic alteration.

CONCLUSIONS

 The stockwork is characterized by a network of interlocking mineral crossing a


rock mass.

 Stockwork structures form orebodies that can reach areas of more than one
square kilometer.

 High sulphidation veins are due to sulfur.

 The porphyry copper are large deposits of minerals CU highly dispersed, low-
grade and high tonnage. Among the copper porphyry deposits an inverse
relationship between age and importance (size and law).
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY MOQUEGUA

Professional School of Mining Engineering

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Chile Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, distribution and occurrence of


mercury science in the field recovered on May 20, 2018.

 http://www.pepeline.cl/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/MN632_05_2015.pdf
recovered on May 20, 2018.

 http://www.proexplo.com.pe/2013/programa/cursos_cortos/Yacimientos
%20y%20Metalogenia/DEPOSITOS%20TIPO%20PORFIDO.p recovered on May
20, 2018.

 http://www.geovirtual2.cl/depos/01veti001.htm recovered on May 20, 2018.

 http://www.geovirtual2.cl/depos/ftermal00.htm recovered on May 20, 2018.

 http://geco.mineroartesanal.com/tikidownload_wiki_attachment.php?
attId=140 recovered on May 20, 2018.
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY MOQUEGUA

Professional School of Mining Engineering

 https://es.slideshare.net/MarceloEduardoRojasVidal/vetas-y-mantos
recovered on May 20, 2018.

 Genesis of porphyry recovered on May 20, 2018.

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