Chapter: 02

Literature Review

Shafi et al. reported a paper on effect of pH. They synthesized their particle
using co-precipitation route with varied pH 8-13. The average crystalline size was
about 8-24nm. The conditions the FTIR measurements was between 370 and 4000cm -
1
. Crystallite size was calculated using Scherrer's equation. The morphology and size
of nanoparticles were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The
crystallite nanoparticles produced at PH=8 and 9 was super paramagnetic behavior.
The magnetic properties of nanoparticle strongly depend on its size and crystallinity
(Shafi et al.,2015)

Lakshmi et al. reported on a paper on characterization of nanoparticle by

solution combustion method. The characterization of calcium iron oxide nanoparticles
via co-precipitation and auto combustion methods. CaFe2O4 particles was obtained
after drying at 80oc overnight via co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction produced
nanocrystas with orthorhombic crystalline structure. Measurements made with TEM
via co-precipitation method produced nanoparticles with size 10-20nm.
Superparamagnetism was occurred because of thermal effect in the materials. All the
FTIR spectra results were observed in range 4500-500cm-1 at room temperature via
co-precipitation method. Stretching bond attributed due to C-H and C-O bond and
bending bond due to Fe-O-H bond (Ghazli et al.,2017)

Lafta et al. reported a paper on effect of pH on structural magnetic and FMR

properties of nanoparticles. He prepared nanoparticles at pH= 1.5, 4, 7, 10, 13. The
crystalline structure using XRD, SEM and TEM. Extra increase in pH result of
improving the clearer spinel pattern. Spinel structure began to appear when value
exceeds pH=4. The presence of nanosize especially at pH-4. The largest crystallite
size at pH=10. The increase in pH lead to an increase crystallite size except for case at
pH=13. Growth rate was largest which gave maximum crystallite size at pH=10.
Sample at pH=4 showed more ferromagnetic nature than sample at pH=1.5.
Nanoparticles has great biomedical applications like magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI)( Lefta et al.,2017)

Huang et al. reported a paper on effect of pH value on electromagnetic loss

properties of spinel ferrites naoparticles prepared via co-precipitation method. They
prepared ferrites nanoparticles at different pH=9-11. Average particle size of
composite decreased from 40nm to 30nm when pH increased from 9-11.
Paramagnetic and ferromagnetic properties of spinel ferrite was controlled by varying
its particle size and distribution. The crystallographic structure was identified by X-
ray diffraction (XRD). Morphology was measured by transmission electron
microscopy (TEM). The particle size was about 30nm when pH value was 9. The
particle size 40nm when pH value was 11. Final dielectric was lost and magnetic
properties enhanced when pH value was 9. (Hunag et al., 2015)

Candeia et al. reported a paper on the synthesis and characterization of spinel

ferrites nanoparticles obtained by polymeric precursor method. Ceramic material with
spinel structure have been studied due to its applicability. Spinel ferrites ceramic
material used as semiconductor and magnetic devices. The thermal decomposition of
organic precursor and crystalline phase formation was evaluated by DTA-50 and
TGA-50. They used ZEISS DSM, 940 A for SEM. Material became completely
crystalline at 800oC Colour was stabilized between 700 oC to 1100oC (Cande ia et al.,
2003)

Nazir et al. reported on the various properties as dielectric, structural and

photocatalytic studied of Mn1-2xZrxFe2-yNiyO4 nanoparticles. The synthesizsis of
nanoparticles through co-precipitation method. These nanoparticles were annealed at
990oC. Structure of spinel ferrites was confirmed by XRD and FTIR. Zirconium
nickel doped manganese ferrites have single phase spinal structure. Scherer's formula
calculated the crystallite size was in range 30-50nm. In the presence of Zr-Ni doped
manganese ferrites nanoparticles with graphene methylene blue decomposed
completely. Dielectric properties of these spinal ferrites were studied in range
frequency 1X 106Hz to 3X 109Hz. The degree of dielectric parameters of Zirconium-
nickel doped manganese ferrites decreased from study of dielectric parameters ( Nazir
et al ., 2016).
Liu et al. prepared the rGO/Nio.4Zno.4Coo.4Fe2O3 nanoheterostructures via
hydrothermal reaction of rGO with metal nitrate. Uniform distribution of nickel zinc
cobalt ferrite on graphene sheet were proved with SEM and TEM. The crystalline size
of nickel zinc cobalt ferrites was in the range of 26.5nm. Nanocomposite of nickel
zinc cobalt ferrites with rGO synthesized by taking different weight ratio and studied
electromagnetic and microwave properties. Nanoparticles of rGO with nickel zinc
ferrites have maximum reflection loss of -57.6 db at 10.1GHz when ratio is 1:10 with
thickness 3nm. So nanoparticles proved to be best candidates for the microwave
absorption (Liu et al., 2016)
Rafiq et al. reported a paper on cobalt doped magnesium ferrites by co-
precipitation method. Synthesized samples of Mg0.6.5xCoxFe2O4 nanoparticles and
calcinated at 750oC for 2n. Fourier transforms infrared and X-ray diffraction study of
cobalt doped manganese ferrites determined the single phase spinel structure. X-ray
diffraction studied the lattice parameters such as particle size of samples. FTIR
spectroscopy determined cationic disposal along octahedral and tetrahedral sites.
Magnetic properties of Mg0.6-0.5xZn0.4-0.5xCoxFe2O4 nanoparticles determined by
vibrating sample magnetometer. It was cleared that dielectric properties showed
inverse relation with frequency (Rafiq et al., 2015)
Zare et al. manufactured Zn-Al doped cobalt ferrites represented by formula Co1-
xZnxFe2-xAlxO4 by co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction proved spinal structure
of Zinc -aluminum doped cobalt ferrites. Crystallite size of these particles was 16-
35nm determined. Two absorption bands were observed in FTIR spectroscopy.
Intrinsic vibration of metal represented tetrahedral site at 560-600cm -1. While other
lower band at 375-415cm-1 represented octahedral site. SEM determined the
crystalline size. It was observed that increasing concentration of Zn-Al saturation
magnetization increased while remanence magnetization and coactivity decreased
(zare et al., 2015)
Afkhami et al. reported on the nanocomposites of nickel zinc ferrites and different
characterization of these Ni0.5Zn0.5 Fe2O4 nanoparticles were done like x-ray
diffraction, TEM and SEM. According to SEM size of nanocomposites was about
27nm Several dyes can be removed by using sorbent (Afkhami et al., 2015)
Kotnala et al. reported on the hard ferrites and soft ferrites through sol-get method
by using citrate as combustion fuel. Structural related specification were determined
by XRD and SEM. Soft structure was cubic and hard ferrites was hexagonal.
Dielectric parameters were determined by getting the support from Maxwell- wagner
model. Coactivity of hard ferrites in the composites material was determined
(Kotnala et al., 2012)

wang et al. also worked on ferrites. They prepared the nanoparticles of BiFeO3 by
sol-gel method. Average crystalline size of bismuth ferrites nanoparticles was
calculated by Scherer's formula. The crystallite size 35-50nm was observed. The band
gap was existed in range 2.0 bev. They found that ferrites can be used as
photocatalyst. Photocatalyst activity was determined by using organic dye. They also
studied the photocatalytic activity at different pH values. They studied the photo
catalytic activity at 10w pH rather than at high pH (wang et al., 2011)
Zhang et al. Manufactured cobalt ferrites nanoparticles though co-precipitation
method. The ferrites characterized by several technique such as XRD, TGA, TEM that
proved the single phase spinal structure. The crystallite size was determined by XRD.
On mixing the mixed solution of Co+2 and Fe+3 inns with NaOH solution, a small
saturation magnetization increasing coactivity was observed. It leads to formation of
poor crystal on surface of cobalt ferrites (Zhang et al., 2010)
Laohhasurayotin et al. prepared ferrites through co-precipitation method and
made composites of TiO2 / SiO2 / MnZn Fe2 O4 which used as best catalyst. These
composites consisted of three layers lower one was manganese zinc ferrites middle
and upper layer consisted of SiO2 and TiO2. Structure and morphological studies were
done through XRD analysis and by TEM. Another property was determined by
vibrating sample magnetometer. Photo catalytic activity was determined by UV-
Visible spectroscopy. It was determined that middle layer was 20nm (Laohhasurayotin
et al., 2012)
Joshi et al. prepared nickel ferrites through co-precipitation method. Structure and
magnetic studies were carried out through XRD, SEM and dielectric measurements.
Spinel structure was determined by XRD analysis crystalline size was determined in
range of 8-20nm. The photocatalytic activity was determined by UV-Visible
spectroscopy. Nickel ions were present at octahedral and tetrahedral sites were
determined by photoluminescence study ( Joshi et at ., 2014)
Bhadraswany et al. Synthesized the nanocrystals of calcium ferrites
nanoparticles via solution combustion method. Liable application of solid egg shell
waste obtaind from food industry. Calcium ferrites nanoparticles were put in
significance to waste generate . XRD sample analyzed the octahedral structure of
calcium ferrites of nanoparticles. Morphology of calcium ferrites nanoparticles
exhibited the spherical shape. Scherer's equation determined the crystallite size 10nm.
FTIR spectra detemined the chemical bonding of calcium ferrites nanoparticles. SEM
examined the morphology of calcium ferrites nanoparticles spherical and capsule like.
(Veerabhadraswamy et al 2017)
Lwin et al. reported on nanoparticles via solution combustion method at various
pH. The phase formation, microstructure and electromagnetic properties were studied
using X-ray diffraction scanning electron microscopy, vibrating sample
magnetometer. Single phase of pure spinel ferrites were obtained for all samples at pH
(<1, 3,5,7,9) . The result showed that pH improved the crystallinity of spinel ferrites
nanoparticles. The average size of spinel ferrites nanoparticles were increased with
increase in pH. XRD analyzed that the crystalline size of calcinated powder in range
10-26nm. SEM images showed the clear change in morphology as pH increase from 3
to 9 . The magnetic properties were determined through (VSM) Dielectric constant,
dielectric loss were measured by an impedance / materials analyzer (Lwin et al .,
2015)
Kim et al., 2015 Manufactured nanoparticles at various pH values through sol-gel
process. Dielectric properties were determined in frequency range of 100Hz-1MHz at
room temperature. They found that dielectric properties strongly depended on pH
values. pH=3.5 showed highest dielectric constant. At pH 11.5 showed lower
dielectric constant. Cationic distribution and magnetic properties were investigated
through studies of Mossbauer spectroscopy and vibrating sample Magnetometer
(VSM) measurements. Morphology of synthesized samples was determined with
SEM. Besides variation in pH values synthesis process influenced the crystalline
structure, morphology, bulk density and cation distribution of nanoparticles which
resulted due to variation in combustion (Kim et al ., 2015)
Roonasi et al. Studied a series of ferrites nanoparticles as heterogeneous catalyst
for phenol removal at neutral pH. They found that copper ferrites was more active
than other studies ferrites for removal of phenol at neutral pH. The effect of pH was
studied in pH values of 3.6 and 10. It was determined at pH=6 for higher removal of
phenol. Samples were characterized using IR spectroscopy. Scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) determined the crystalline structure.