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overview
• done
by
applying
small
5me
delays
to
a
calibrated
phase
array
of
antennas.
The
effec5veness
of
beamforming
varies
with
the
number
of
antennas
Beamforming
• With
just
two
antennas
li[le
gain
is
seen,
but
with
four
antennas
the
gains
are
more
useful.
Obtaining
the
ini5al
antenna
5ming
calibra5on
and
maintaining
it
in
the
field
are
challenges.
• Turning
a
MIMO
system
into
a
beamforming
system
is
simply
a
ma[er
of
changing
the
pre-‐coding
matrices
.
• In
prac5cal
systems,
however,
antenna
design
has
to
be
taken
into
account
and
things
are
not
so
simple.
It
is
possible
to
design
antennas
to
be
correlated
or
uncorrelated;
for
example,
by
changing
the
polariza5on.
However,
switching
between
correlated
and
uncorrelated
pa[erns
can
be
problema5c
if
the
physical
design
of
the
antennas
has
been
op5mized
for
one
or
the
other.
Beamforming
Since
beamforming
is
related
to
the
physical
posi5on
of
the
UE,
the
required
update
rate
for
the
antenna
phasing
is
much
lower
than
the
rates
needed
to
support
MIMO
pre-‐coding.
Thus
beamforming
has
a
lower
signalling
overhead
than
MIMO.
QUIZ
HOW
300Mbps
??
LTE
Adaptive
Behavior
• Mul5-‐carrier
channel
dependent
scheduling
• In
this
way,
if
a
value
of
3
is
assumed
for
the
reuse
factor,
one
third
of
the
spectrum
which
is
called
the
major
segment
will
be
used
on
cell
edge
with
high
power
compared
to
the
normal
segment
of
the
spectrum
which
will
be
used
in
the
middle
of
the
cells.
The
normal
segment
can
be
all
the
available
spectrum
but
with
low
power.
Rate/Link
Adaptation
• Link-‐adapta5on
techniques
are
employed
to
make
the
most
of
instantaneous
channel
quality.
• Link
adapta5on
is
performed
in
5me
domain
only
• Link
Adapta5on
link
adapta5on
adapts
the
selec5on
of
modula5on
and
channel
coding
schemes
(MCS)
to
current
channel
condi5ons.
• This
in
turn
determines
the
data
rate
or
error
probabili5es
of
each
link.
System
Architecture
Evolution
(SAE)
• The
LTE
work
in
3GPP
is
closely
aligned
to
the
3GPP
system
architecture
evolu5on
(SAE)
framework
which
is
concerned
with
the
evolved
core
network
architecture.
The
LTE/SAE
framework
defines
the
flat,
scalable,
IP-‐based
architecture
of
the
Evolved
Packet
System
(EPS)
consis5ng
of
a
radio
access
network
part
(Evolved
UTRAN)
and
the
Evolved
Packet
Core
(EPC).
• One
of
the
main
objec5ves
of
the
LTE
architecture
is
an
overall
simplifica5on
of
the
network
with
a
reduc5on
in
the
number
of
nodes
required
in
the
radio
access
and
core
network
components.
The
evolu5on
of
the
network
is
designed
to
op5mize
performance
and
improve
cost
efficiency.
Also
interoperability
with
the
exis5ng
3.5G
infrastructure
is
important,
par5cularly
mobility
and
handover
between
the
networks.
LTE/SAE
• the
Evolved
Packet
System
is
purely
packet
based.
Voice
transport
is
thus
based
on
Voice
over
IP
(VoIP)
technology.
Circuit-‐switched
(CS)
voice
traffic
is
supported
by
either
using
the
CS
fallback
(CSFB)
or
the
single
radio
voice
call
con5nuity
(SR-‐VCC)
interworking
solu5on.
LTE/SAE
VS
GSM
LTE/SAE
VS
GPRS
LTE/SAE
VS
UMTS
R99
GSM,
GPRS
and
UMTS
UMTS
&
LTE
E-‐UTRAN
• Evolved
UMTS
Radio
Access
Network
(E-‐UTRAN)
contains
a
single
element
known
as
the
Evolved
Node
Bs
(eNB).
• The
eNB
supports:
• all
the
user
plane
and
control
plane
protocols
to
enable
communica5on
with
the
UE
• radio
resource
management,
admission
control,
scheduling
• uplink
QoS
enforcement,
cell
broadcast,
encryp5on
and
compression/decompression
of
user
data
• The
eNB
is
connected
to
the
core
network
on
the
S1
interface.
• The
S1
interface
allows
the
eNB
to
communicate
with
the
Mobility
Management
En5ty
(MME)
via
the
S1-‐MME
interface
and
the
Serving
Gateway
(SGW)
via
the
S1-‐U
interface
• The
interfaces
support
a
many
to
many
rela5onship
between
eNB
and
SGW/MME.
E-‐UTRAN
• The
eNB
are
also
networked
together
using
the
X2
interface.
The
X2
interface
is
based
on
the
same
set
of
protocols
as
the
S1
and
is
primarily
in
place
to
allow
user
plane
tunnelling
of
packets
during
handover
to
minimise
packet
loss.
Evolved
Packet
Core
(EPC)
• The
Evolved
Packet
Core
contains
two
principle
func5ons
that
are
carried
out
by
the
SGW
and
MME
:
• high
speed
packet
handling
• mobility
management