CONFIDENTIAL

Part A (Answer ALL Questions) – 40 marks

Question 1

a) In radio communication system, information is carried in a radio wave.

(i) Briefly explain three characteristics of a radio wave.

[6 marks]
(ii) Determine the wavelength of a radio wave signal of frequency 315 MHz.
[2 marks]

b) Fading and multi-path distortion are the two main problems that occur in space wave
propagation method. In your own sentence:

(i) Discuss the cause of each problem.

[4 marks]

(ii) Suggest solutions to overcome the problems.

[4 marks]

c) State the Nyquist’s Sampling Theorem. Discuss the significant of selecting the sufficient
sampling frequencies so that the signal will be correctly recovered at the receiver.
[4 marks]

Question 2

a) A receiver with a 75Ω input resistance operates at a temperature of 310C. The received
signal is at 89MHz with a bandwidth of 6MHz. The received signal voltage of 8.3µV is
applied to an amplifier with a noise figure of 2.8dB. Produce the following:
a. The input noise power
b. The input signal power
c. Signal-to-noise ratio in dB
d. The noise factor and the Signal-to-noise of the amplifier
e. The noise temperature of the amplifier
[10 marks]

b) On a particular physical communication channel, the effect of noise can be ignored if we

use not more than 20 different physical symbols, like voltage states or QAM points. If the
bandwidth available is 6MHz, determine the number of bits per second can be sent on
the channel? Use the maximum Nyquist sampling rate.
[4 marks]

c) Signals transmission can be improved by coding methods. Explain the minimum

bandwidth needed to achieve a data rate of B bit per second if the signal is transmitted
by using
a. Non-Return-Zero (NRZ)
b. Manchester Encoding
[6 marks]
 CONFIDENTIAL

Part B (Answer 3 Questions only) – 60 marks

Question 3

a) An electronic circuit supports in wireless transmission by using Analogue to Digital

Converter (ADC). An 8 bit (ADC) has reference voltage of 5V. Determine:-
i. The minimum sampling frequency if the highest frequency component of the
analogue signal is 12kHz.
ii. The resolution of the ADC
iii. The output bits of the transmission for at least 1.95V
iv. Maximum output voltage for input digital of 10001001 and 00101100.

[8 marks]

b) In a digital transmission a linear digital to analogue converter (DAC) has the following
characteristic:
 Number of bits: 8 bits
 Voltage accuracy: + 10% of its resolution

i. Determine the resolution of the DAC for the maximum output scale is 5V
ii. With full scale output voltage of 5V, determine the range of output voltage when
the digital input signal is set to 10001000
[6 marks]

c) Suppose that the spectrum of a channel is between 10 MHz and 12 Mhz, and an
intended capacity of 8 Mbps.
i. Evaluate the Signal-to-Noise (SNR) ratio in order to obtain this capacity?
ii. How many signaling levels are required to obtain this capacity?
iii. Produce what would be the capacity if the environment starts suffering lesser
noise and the SNR goes up to 27 dB.
[6 marks]

Question 4

a) Space time coding allow for the adjusting and optimization of joint encoding across
space and time in order to maximize the reliability of a wireless link. Briefly explain “The
Space Time Block Codes” and “The Space Time Trellis Codes”.

[6 marks]

b) Discuss the system that has multiple input and multiple output transmission, assuming
there is some white Gaussion Noise in the system during the signal propagation.
Produce its linear equation.
[6 marks]
c) In MIMO OFDM transmission, compare the Alamouti Scheme and Trellis Code in terms
of their diversity order and bit error rate.

[4 marks]
 CONFIDENTIAL

d) Migration to 3G standards has the impact to high data rate communication, high quality
transmission and bandwidth efficient communication. Major obstacle to be solved is
“multipath fading” signal. Explain the solution of ‘multipath fading’ and includes the term
frequency diversity and time diversity.
[4 marks]

Question 5

a) By using a wireless physical layer, 802.11 standard is Direct Sequence Spread

Spectrum, determine its idea that produce at least 4-bits chipping sequence below
i. Data stream 1010 with random sequence 0100
ii. Data stream 1001 with random sequence 1011
[6 marks]
b) Briefly explain the wireless physical layer and its standard for the following technology
i. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
ii. High-rate Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
[6 marks]
c) Media Access Control (MAC) Sublayer Protocol has 802.11 standards. Briefly explain
the implementation of the standard that supports all modes of operation.
[8 marks]

Question 6

a) Ultra Wide Band (UWB) radio in wireless applications has the characteristic of simple
radio frequency (RF) architecture. Explain briefly its characteristics and support your
answer with example of UWB applications.
[5 marks]
b) In Positioning Wireless Network, the node for its physical coordinate or symbolic location
can be determined by using Multihop Scheme Estimation and Trilateration. Discuss to
compare both method mentioned earlier.
[6 marks]
c) Determine the main difference between the range-free and range-based methods used
to identify the virtual coordinates of the node.
[4 marks]
d) Discuss the generic steps in calculating node position using anchor node method.
[5 marks]