Professional Documents
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INORGANIC
PHARMACEUTICAL
CHEMISTRY
Rowel P. Catchillar, MS
The Basics of…
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HYDROGEN
Aka: “inflammable air”
Lithium
Preparation: LANE PROCESS & Lightest metal
MESSERSCHMIDT PROCESS: 99% PURE Earth
HYDROGEN Discoverer: J.A. Arfvedson
Lightest _____
Cation: ____ or ____; Anion: _____
Isotopes:
Lithium carbonate
Quilonium-R
Lithane
Eskalith
Indication: Bipolar disorder
Relationship with Na?
Component of Lithia water
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Pharmacologic action:
Diuretic; muscle contraction
KCl diuretic
NaCl expectorant
Na lactate diaphoretic
Water for injection
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K hydroxide K bromide
K chlorate K nitrate
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K thiocyanate K bitartrate
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Properties: COPPER
Can occur in free metal state Syn: Cuprum
Complexes / chelates Only reddish metal
Very malleable 3rd most malleable metal
Easy to recover from ore 2nd best conductor
Component of HEMOCYANIN
(respiratory pigment) and cytochrome
oxidase
COPPER
2 important of alloys:
Brass: Cu +Zn
Bronze: Cu + Sn
Pharmacologic actions:
Protein precipitant
Enhances physiological utilization of iron
Toxicity: Wilson’s disease (Antidote:
penicillamine)
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Ag(NH3)2NO3
Howe’s solution Mild Silver Argyrol Eye antiseptic, for
Proteinate vaginitis
Dental protective
Desensitizing agent Strong SilverProtargol Germicide for ear
Proteinate and throat
Colloidal Silver Collargol General germicide
Proteinate
Colloidal Silver Lunosol
Chloride *silver protein
stabilizer: Disodium
EDTA
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CompoundSynonyms Uses
GOLD
Aurothioglucose Solganal® Treatment of
Aka: Aurum, shining dawn, king of (IM)gout and R.A
all metals Felty's
Most malleable and ductile syndrome (RA,
3rd best conductor of electricity neutropenia,
Dissolved by: splenomegaly)
Myochrysine® Treatment of goutGold Na
Aqua regia
thiomalate (IM)and R.A
Selenic acid (H2SeO4) > the only Ridaura®AuranofinGiven orally for
SINGLE acid that can dissolve gold RA
BERYLLIUM MAGNESIUM
Never employed in medicine because 2nd most abundant intercellular cation
it is the most toxic metal Present in chlorophyll (Significance:
Fluorescent lamp Photosynthesis)
Present in grignard’s reagent
Natural sources:
As silicates: (talc, asbestos)
As CO3 ( magnesite, dolomite)
As SO4 ( kieserite )
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Calcium Calcium
2nd most abundant cation in Pharmacologic action:
extracellular fluid Blood coagulation factor
major constituent of bones and teeth Important muscle contraction
hydroxyapatite Important release of neurotransmitter
Vitamin D is needed for its maximum Primary element of bones and teeth,
absorption (98-99%)
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Sensodyne™ BARIUM
temperature desensitizing agent Aka: heavy
Toxicity: Baritosis
Antidote: Epsom salt
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RADIUM Property:
Discovered by Curie Exhibit autocomplexation
Board Question: What is the FIRST Only zinc is ampthoteric
radioactive element discovered by
curie? POLONIUM.
Radioactive element use for:
Cancer radiotherapy
Diagnostic purpose
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Astringent M+2M+32(SO4).24H2O
Antiseptic M+ is monovalent (Na, K, NH4)
antiperspirant/ deodorant M+3 is trivalent (Al, Tl, Cr or Fe)
[AlNH4(SO4)2. 12H2O] – NH4 salt
[AlK(SO4)2. s12H2O] – K salt
Uses
Astringent
Antiperspirant/deodorant
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GALLIUM CARBON
Pcol use: treatment of cancer-related The only element that can form bond
hypercalcemia by binding with with itself (catenation)
transfer
Nonpharma: substitute for mercury in
manufacture of arc lamps
Thallium
Green twigs
Use: ant poison, insecticide
AMORPHOUS
bituminous (soft coal)
anthracite (hard coal)
coke (impure form of carbon)
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GERMANIUM SILICON
possesses s immune system 2nd most abundant element
enhancing and antitumor effect Toxicity: Silicosis (condition
Eka silicon – Germanium resembling TB in symptoms
Eka aluminum – Gallium develops after long exposure)
Eka boron – Scandium
Eka manganese – technetium
Germanium dioxide
increases RBC production
NP general purpose NP
soda lime glass
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Bentonite Talc
Attapulgite Simethicone
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LEAD LEAD
Aka: plumbum Source of poisoning
Pharmacologic use Lead pipes
Astringent Paints
protein precipitant Batteries
Poisoning: Plumbism
Antidote:
EDTA
Ca Versenate
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TITANIUM ZIRCONIUM
Aka: Titan (Son of the earth) Use: same with Aluminum but
Use: powerful reducing agent banned due to granuloma
Titanium (IV) oxide formation
Former Official Compounds:
Titanium dioxide
Opaquant (Ocusert®)
Oxide & CO3Both used as
UV Ray protectant antiperspirant and for athlete’s foot
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PHOSPHORUS ARSENIC
Aka: light carrier, St. Elmo’s fire Aka: Lewisite metal
2 forms: Insecticide: Copper Aceto Arsenate
White: poisonous
Toxicity: Aldrich-Mee’s Line
Red: non-poisonous Antidote: BAL
Test in As detection
PO4: Antacid; Cathartic
Marsh Test (Modified form of this test is
GUTZEIT TEST)
Fleitmann’s Test
As2O3 AsI3
Insecticide Primary standard in the
Anti-leukemia preparation of cerric sulfate
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TANTALUM OXYGEN
Not affected by any body fluid, Other names:
therefore inert in our body EMPYREAL AIR (Scheele)
Sheet form use in repair of bones, DEPHLOGISTICATED AIR (Priestly)
nerve and tissue YNE
ACID FORMER (Lavoisier)
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OXYGEN Sulfur
Most abundant element Other names:
Use: treatment of hypoxia/asphyxia “Sufra” Arabic term which means
Container: green yellow
Brimstone
Shulbari enemy of copper
Source
crude furnace
Calcarone: Synthesized via Frasch
Process
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CHROMIUM MOLYBDENUM
Essential trace element Essential trace element
Glucose tolerance factor Co-factor enzyme
Deficiency: hyperglycemia Molybdenum Oxide
K2Cr2O7
+ FeSO4 – use: hematinic
Brand name: MOL-IRON
Use: powerful oxidizing agent
URANIUM FLUORINE
Discovered by Becquerel Strongest oxidizing agent
Radioactive element used for Superhalogen (Linus Pauling)
manufacturer of atomic bombs Poisoning: Fluorosis
No pharmaceutical use Principal manifestation:
mottled enamel
abnormal bone growth
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NaF CHLORINE
Use: anti-cariogenic at 2% soln Aka: dephlogisticated muriatic
SnF2 acid
Use: anti-cariogenic at 8% soln “Chloros” greenish yellow
Na2FPO3 Most abundant extracellular
Use: also anti-cariogenic anion
Freon Used as water disinfectant
CCl2F2 Chlorides are precipitated with Silver
Use: refrigerant, aerosol propel Nitrate
BROMINE BROMINE
Pcol action: sedative/depressant Bromine 10th N solution
Poisoning: bromism Koppeschaar’s solution
Principal manifestation: Three Bromide Elixirs (Na, K, NH4)
Skin eruption
Psychosis
Weakness
Headache
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. IODINE .IODINE
Most metallic halogen Iodine isotopes have wide use in
Uses diagnosis and therapy
EXPECTORANT
Deficiency: Goiter
Anti-fungal Toxicity: Iodism
Antibacterial (1:5000 or 0.02%)
(greater antibacterial activity versus
Chlorine and Bromine of the same
strength); same strength as KMnO4
Poisoning: Parkinson-like
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KMnO4 TECHNETIUM
mineral chameleon 1st element produced artificially
Uses (“technetos” artificial)
Oxidizing agent
Used in preparation of
antiseptic radiopharmaceutical
Most commonly used
MnO2 radiopharmaceutical
mask blue green color of the glass From decay of Mo-99
NEON ARGON
For advertising Most abundant noble gas
Substitute for N2 in providing inert
atmosphere
XENON
Investigational with inhalatory
anesthetic activity
Least abundant of all noble gas
(Stanley and Moghissi, 1975)
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KRYPTON RADON
Have inhalational anesthetic activity Aka: NITON
Ramsay and Travers isolated krypton Synthetic noble gas
in liquid residues from argon Used for treatment of CA (cervical
CA)
Enhance absorption of
Vitamin C
Copper
IRON Iron
Iron is best absorbed in the Use: hematinic
duodenum. Toxicity
Mucosal block postulation by Hahn is GIT distress
the best known hypothesis of iron cardiac collapse
absorption hemochromatosis
Most important element in
engineering Antidote: Deferroxamine
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Ferric subsulfate
chloride solution Ferric ferrocyanide
Group VIIIB: Triads
Monsel solution
Astringent COBALT
Fe 4[Fe(CN)6]3
Styptic Prussian
Essentialblue
in development of
Detection of tannin erythrocytes and hemoglobin
Component of vitamin B12
Deficiency: megaloblastic anemia
FerrousCompounds
Cobalt ferricyanide Ferric Oxide
Group VIIIB: Triads
Cobaltous
Fe 3[Fe(CN)chloride
6]2 NICKELcalamine pink
Makes
Turnbull’s
CoCl2 blue Aka: old nick’s copper
Aka: lover’s ink, sympathetic ink Fossil fuel
Use: desiccators’ indicator OSMIUM
Heaviest/densest metal
blue color anhydrous
pink color hydrous
Osmic acid and Osmium tetroxide
“Prussian blue and turnbull’s blue
2. Cobalt
have meta-aluminate
different chemical formula, yet Both are used in staining microorganism
“Thenard’s
they are blue”
identical” for microscopic study especially electron
microscopy
FerrousVIIIB:
Group ammonium
Triads sulfate Iron sorbitex
PLATINUM
Mohr salt Complex of iron, sorbitol, citric
Used
Low in
oxidation
analytical
potential
chemistry
and low acid and dextrin
reactivity noble metal
Catalyst in finely divided steel
PALLADIUM
Catalyst in finely divided steel
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