SPE-181980-MS

Calculation Algorithm for Oil PVT-Properties

Serebryakova Darya, LLC Gazpromneft Science & Technology Center

Copyright 2016, Society of Petroleum Engineers

This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Russian Petroleum Technology Conference and Exhibition held in Moscow, Russia, 24-26 October 2016.

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents
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Abstract
This paper describes a new algorithm for calculating oil PVT-properties and associated petroleum gas. The
technique was created to increase the accuracy of the standard "Black Oil" model.
The method proposed is based on new correlation dependencies, material balance and correlation
dependencies published by other authors in the past. To obtain new correlations, new compositional
simulator (written in Visual Basic) and synthetic-oils were used. Bank of synthetic-oils covers a range
of the PVT properties of real-oils (mainly Russian oil fields). Synthetic-oils are assumed to include only
hydrocarbon components. Oil and gas PVT-properties at different temperature and pressure conditions were
obtained by calculation using Peng-Robinson equation of state with shift parameter. Then correlations for
properties at pressure below bubble-point pressure conditions have been created.
New correlations were tested on real oils from Data Bank (certain from Russian fields). For this
comparative calculations have been carried out. Calculations based on the new correlations were compared
with calculations based on compositional models. Resulting correlations were found applicable. Resulting
correlations may be used for calculations with the proposed method as well as independently as an
alternative to other existing calculate correlations. In general, for the calculations using the method
concerned, parameters the only required are the same as for the model Black Oil: the density of oil and gas
in standard conditions, the initial gas-oil ratio, temperature and pressure. Since the calculations with the
approach developed are based on simple mathematical equations with use of minimum of input parameters
and they don't require special software, the technique involved can be easily applied in making engineering
decisions.

Introduction
Standard "Black Oil" model is widely used in engineering practice. This model has a number of advantages
(speed and ease of calculation, the use of a minimum initial information), but it remains quite inaccurate.
This article is an attempt to increase the accuracy of the calculations with the "Black Oil" model without
significantly complicating the algorithm.
There is a concept model of the Modified Black Oil (MBO) (Whitson et al. (1988), Nassar et al. (2013),
etc.). However, these models have been created to describe the thermobaric properties of volatile oil and
gas condensate. While the offered methodology was established in order to clarify the calculation of the
properties of non-volatile oil at the pressure below the saturation pressure.
2 SPE-181980-MS

The common approach for calculation Gas-Oil Ratio and oil formation volume factor at pressure below
bubble-point pressure is the use of the correlations for bubble-point pressure and oil formation volume
factor at bubble-point pressure (Standing (1947), Lasater (1958), Glaso (1980), Al-Marhoun (1992), Lake
(2006), etc.). However, correlations concerned have been established for the calculations of the properties
at the saturation point and therefore it is not entirely correct to use them for calculation properties during
pressure decrease. Examples of the application of different correlations to calculate the solution Gas-Oil
Ratio are shown in Figure 1. Figure 2 shows examples of the types of curves for solution Gas-Oil Ratio and
oil formation volume factor for different types of oils.

Figure 1—Example of calculating the solution gas-oil ratio using various correlations

Figure 2—Various types of solution gas-oil ratio / oil formation volume factor curves for different types of oils (1, 2, 3)
SPE-181980-MS 3

A similar question was raised earlier in the articles (Velarde et al. (1997), Khabibullin et al. (2014)).
Publication (Velarde et al. (1997)) is invited to rely on correlations:

• solution Gas-Oil Ratio Rs(P) using relationship Rs(P) = f(γo, γgs, T, Rsb, Pb, P)

• density of partially degassed oil using relationship ρoR(P) = f(γo, γgs, T, Rs, P)

• oil formation volume factor can be calculated by mass balance equation:

(1)

Correlations proposed in (Velarde et al. (1997)) were developed based on laboratory differential liberation
data. Attention is drawn to the fact that 1) the gas specific gravity in (Velarde et al. (1997)) is considered
to be constant (it is incorporated in the definition of the "Black Oil" model), 2) the gas specific gravity γgs
used in the calculations is the gas specific gravity at the separator. The authors justify their choice by the
fact that only density of the gas at the separator is measured and stock tank gas specific gravities are rarely
measured in field operations.
The paper (Khabibullin et al. (2014)) examines the applicability of the existing correlations for calculation
of solution Gas-Oil Ratio while reducing the pressure below the saturation pressure. It was noted that the
different oils have different shapes of the curves for solution Gas-Oil Ratio. Correlations Glaso (1980),
Standing (1947) and Velarde et al. (1997) were compared with the results from composite simulation of
Constant Composition Expansion Experiments. The most useful correlations have been chosen for the
calculations of the solution Gas-Oil Ratio at the pressure below the saturation pressure for different ranges
of the gas density, Gas-Oil Ratio at the bubble-point pressure and reservoir temperature.
The article (McCain et al. (1995)) shows a correlation for calculating the gas specific gravity during
Differential Liberation.
This article had the following purposes: a) to make a consistent algorithm for calculation of oil and gas
PVT-properties at the pressure below the saturation pressure; b) to increase the accuracy of calculations
within the "Black Oil" model. The major features allowing to increase the accuracy of the calculations in
the "Black Oil" model:
1. Correlation curves are designed for degassing Rs(P) and Bo(P). This is fundamentally different from
the common approach of using correlations to calculate the saturation point (Pb (Rsb) and Bob (Rsb))
for calculating the properties at P > Pb
2. Selected new type of correlation for Bo(P) calculation
3. The gas specific gravity γg changes in the degassing process (an example is shown in Figure 3)
4. Clarification being achieved through the above-described items and the use of the material balance
improved the calculation of oil density at Psc < P < Pb and T = const.
4 SPE-181980-MS

Figure 3—The dependence of the gas specific gravity of the released gas from the pressure

This approach is based on fundamental physics and allows to increase the accuracy of engineering
calculations.
The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the basic definition. Section 3 describes the process
for the preparation of new correlations. Section 4 is a calculation algorithm in the methodology proposed.
Section 5 contains examples of the application suggested procedure.

Oil PVT Properties

Oil PVT-properties:
– Pb - bubble-point pressure
– Rsb, Rs(P) - solution gas-oil ratio at the bubble-point pressure and below
– Bob, Bo(P) - oil formation volume factor at the bubble-point pressure and below
– ρo, γo - oil density, oil specific gravity
– ρg, γg - gas density, gas specific gravity (γair = 1)
PVT correlations use oil and gas parameters, which can be easily measured in the field as the input data.
These include: γo - oil specific gravity, γg - gas specific gravity, Rsb - solution gas-oil ratio at the bubble-
point pressure, T - reservoir temperature.
To calculate solution gas-oil ratio at the pressure below bubble-point the dependence of the type Rs(P) =
f(γo, γg, T, P) is commonly used. To calculate the oil formation volume factor the relation of the type Bo(P)
= f[γo, γg, T, Rs(P)] is used.
In the classical "Black oil" model, it is assumed that there are two components: oil and gas. The oil is
always in a liquid state, and the gas may be a vapor and a liquid. According to this approach and material
balance, if the oil has dissolved gas then at the pressure below the saturation pressure the oil density is
(Velarde et al. (1997), Lake (2006)):

(2)

All recent developments in computation of PVT-properties based on correlations are discussed in the 1
Introduction. The following section describes the process of obtaining new correlations.
SPE-181980-MS 5

Preparations of Correlations
Problem
Find correlations to calculate solution gas-oil ratio, oil formation volume factor and density of oil and gas at
the pressures below the saturation pressure. The input data for new correlations must contain the following:
the density of dead oil the density of all the evolved gas , solution gas-oil ratio at the bubble-
point pressure Rsb, oil formation volume factor at the saturation pressure Bob, saturation pressure Pb and
temperature T.

Solution
The following work has been done to create the correlations:
1. Synthetic oil reservoir database was generated. Various molar compositions Zi, different properties of
pseudo-component C7+ and temperatures were combined.
2. The samples generated were analyzed in compositional simulator developed. We used Peng-Robinson
equation of state with shift-parameter. The compositional simulator created was tested. The results of
calculations of PVT-properties with the new simulator differed from the results of calculations with
a commercial compositional simulator not more than 2%.
The Differential Liberation Experiments (step pressure – 0.05 Pb) and the Constant Composition
Expansion Experiments were simulated. As a result, for each sample for each experiment were
obtained sets: . Further samples
were taken, the properties of which do not differ by more than 20% of the limit values of the properties
of real oil from Russia (data bank of 692 productive layers). There are the ranges of received PVT-
properties in Table 1.
The article of Wu et al. (1999) shows that the compositional model reproduces PVT-properties
better than the correlations for "Black oil" model after tuning (calculations were compared with
laboratory test data). Therefore, the compositional simulator was considered as the basement for the
validation of other calculations.
3. The samples were divided into sets according to various ranges of solution gas-oil ratio at the bubble-
point pressure and gas specific gravity. Further correlations for Rs(P), Bo(P), MG(P) were found.

Table 1—Ranges of PVT-properties of synthetic data Bank for develop correlations

Rsb, m3/ Sm,3 γo , kг/m3* T,, K Pb, barsa Bob, vol/std vol

14.6-60 0.82-0.95 0.65-1.40 315-375 18-232 1.040-1.298

60-100 0.80-0.90 0.65-1.40 315-375 43-250 1.131-1.432

100-200 0.79-0.88 0.65-1.40 315-375 70-265 1.213-1.683

200-300 0.74-0.85 0.75-1.37 315-375 180-250 1.470-2.092

300-400 0.79-0.84 0.85-1.30 315-375 170-330 1.726-2.494

*
)at Tsc = 293.15 K

Results
For synthetic Bank deviation correlations are shown in Table 2. There are the examples of real objects
in 5 Application Examples. Necessary curves were calculated in the commercial composite simulator (after
adjustment for laboratory values; they are called "According to project documents") and using different
correlations including new correlations.
6 SPE-181980-MS

Table 2—Deviation of the obtained correlations

Gas density at P = min 0.65 0.995 0.65 0.65 0.995 0.75 0.85
1.0132 barsa and T
= 293.15 K, kg/m3 max 0.995 1.4 1.4 0.995 1.4 1.368 1.3

Solution gas- min 14.6 14.6 60 100 100 200 300

oil ratio at the
bubble-point
max 60 60 100 200 200 300 400
pressure, m3/Sm3

Constant Composition Expansion

The number of samples 24725 17215 22559 15105 12090 3496 1504

Average absolute percent

2.05 2.31 2.59 3.34 2.65 3.17 3.33
relative error for GOR, %

Average absolute percent

0.33 0.36 0.49 0.61 0.91 1.05 1.66
relative error for Oil FVF, %

Average absolute percent relative

1.5 2.9 2.9 2.0 3.0 3.0 2.6
error for gas specific gravity, %

Average absolute error for

0.28 0.44 0.47 0.61 0.68 0.87 0.86
gas volume fraction, %

Differential Liberation

The number of samples 50931 22559 15105 12090 4126 1504

Average absolute percent

2.45 2.81 2.99 3.02 2.95 3.00
relative error for GOR, %

Average absolute percent

0.37 0.54 0.66 1.01 0.79 0.98
relative error for Oil FVF, %

Algorithm for Calculating the Oil PVT Properties

Input data is the following: - oil specific gravity at standard conditions (degassed oil), -weighted
average (total) gas specific gravity, Rsb - solution gas-oil ratio at the bubble-point pressure, T - reservoir
temperature, Pb - bubble-point pressure at the reservoir temperature, Bob - oil formation volume factor at the
bubble-point pressure. The correlation coefficients are selected from Table 3 (for calculation of degassing
at constant composition) or Table 4 (for calculating the differential liberation) depending on the type of
degassing, the initial gas-oil ratio (and possibly the gas density).

Table 3—Coefficients for the New Constant Composition Expansion Correlations

Gas density at P = min 0.65 0.995 0.65 0.65 0.995 0.75 0.85
1.0132 barsa and T
= K 293.15, kg/m3 max 0.995 1.4 1.4 0.995 1.4 1.368 1.3

Solution gas- min 14.6 14.6 60 100 100 200 300

oil ratio at the
bubble-point
max 60 60 100 200 200 300 400
pressure, m3/Sm3

Coefficients For The New Solution Gas-Oil-Ratio Correlation

c1 1.112E+00 5.722E-01 1.743E+00 2.004E+00 9.848E-01 2.834E+00 5.66E+00

c2 -1.221E+00 -2.772E+00 4.855E-01 -2.680E-01 8.513E-03 6.912E-02 -3.330E-01

c3 -1.499E-01 2.884E-02 -1.895E-01 4.661E-04 1.215E-03 -1.719E-03 1.130E-03

c4 -5.500E-02 -3.381E-01 5.333E-02 -3.763E-01 -4.718E-02 -4.406E-01 -7.070E-01

c5 5.062E-01 6.079E-01 2.650E-01 3.134E-01 1.177E-01 2.579E-01 3.960E-01

(continued on next page.)

SPE-181980-MS 7

Table 3—(continued).

c6 -3.209E-03 -1.037E-03 -8.027E-01 -1.104E+00 -7.759E-01 -1.059E+00 -1.380E+00

c7 1.242E-01 2.358E-02 1.467E-01 2.034E-01 3.144E-01 3.841E-01 4.300E-01

c8 7.114E-02 2.566E-01 1.142E-04 -1.628E-01 3.749E-02 -3.553E-01 -5.730E-01

c9 7.075E-02 8.373E-02 1.381E+00 1.417E+00 1.502E+00 2.608E+00 2.110E+00

c10 6.705E-05 6.387E-05 6.114E-05 6.060E-05 6.061E-05 6.016E-05 6.060E-05

c11 3.872E-01 3.304E-01 2.027E-03 3.246E-01 4.352E-02 2.876E-01 6.170E-02

c12 2.502E-02 6.506E-02 4.317E-02 -4.046E-01 1.908E-01 -4.383E-01 2.420E-02

Coefficients For The New Oil Formation Volume Factor Below Bubble-Point Correlation

x1 2.881E-01 2.672E-01 2.667E-01 1.820E-01 1.643E-01 1.883E-01 1.612E-01

x2 2.307E-01 2.554E-01 2.377E-01 3.140E-01 2.669E-01 2.342E-01 2.320E-01

x3 2.429E-01 2.271E-01 2.404E-01 1.860E-01 1.654E-01 1.992E-01 1.798E-01

Coefficients For The New Mass of the Released Gas Correlation

m1 4.510E-01 6.776E-01 8.953E-01 9.950E-01 1.123E+00 1.217E+00 1.416E+00

m2 2.144E+00 6.144E-01 1.544E+00 1.352E-01 5.003E-01 2.313E-01 2.149E-01

m3 -2.313E-01 2.056E-03 -4.414E-01 3.174E-02 -1.016E-01 -6.085E-03 -7.831E-02

m4 1.338E-01 7.831E-02 3.471E-01 -1.325E-01 1.029E-01 -1.206E-01 -7.039E-02

m5 -3.133E-01 6.326E-02 5.674E-01 1.205E-01 6.220E-02 7.434E-02 9.972E-02

m6 9.020E-02 -3.742E-01 1.515E-01 -1.974E+00 -4.223E-03 -1.594E+00 -2.086E+00

m7 -4.767E-01 3.064E-01 -6.831E-01 1.937E-01 9.395E-02 3.570E-01 4.397E-01

m8 -6.504E-02 2.881E-02 -3.299E-01 -3.251E-02 4.902E-01 -7.314E-02 -3.215E-01

m9 3.369E-01 3.011E-01 2.680E-01 3.325E-01 1.232E+00 5.150E-01 3.412E-01

m10 -1.280E+00 -1.795E+00 -1.171E+00 1.634E-01 1.343E+00 -9.743E-02 4.402E-01

m11 6.791E-02 9.907E-02 1.172E-01 4.245E-01 -3.515E-01 3.690E-01 -1.204E-01

m12 5.750E-02 3.251E-01 1.102E-01 -4.233E-02 9.793E-01 0.000E+00 9.755E-01

Table 4—Coefficients for the New Differential Liberation Correlations

Gas density at P = min 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.995 0.75 0.85

1.0132 barsa and T
= K 293.15, kg/m3 max 1.4 1.4 0.995 1.4 1.368 1.3

Solution gas-oil ratio min 14.6 60 100 100 200 300

at the bubble-point
pressure, m3/Sm3 max 60 100 200 200 300 400

Coefficients For The New Solution Gas-Oil-Ratio Correlation

c1 3.770E-02 8.115E-02 2.100E+00 8.730E-01 3.167E-01 1.400E+00

c2 3.870E+00 3.670E+00 3.712E-01 3.450E+00 1.547E+00 1.440E+00

c3 2.740E-01 1.346E-01 -2.366E-01 -2.810E-01 -4.985E-01 -4.650E-01

c4 2.950E-01 2.228E-01 -4.902E-02 7.230E-02 1.062E+00 5.000E-01

c5 5.720E-08 2.387E-08 2.050E-01 3.690E-06 1.145E-02 7.370E-02

c6 2.170E+00 2.595E+00 -1.658E+00 4.560E+00 -6.300E-01 -9.730E-01

c7 2.830E+00 2.968E+00 6.856E-02 1.830E+00 4.330E-02 1.610E-01

(continued on next page.)

8 SPE-181980-MS

Table 4—(continued).

c8 1.270E-01 8.675E-02 2.699E-02 3.260E-01 1.102E+00 2.950E-01

c9 5.270E-01 4.347E-01 1.256E+00 4.340E-01 9.595E-01 6.100E-01

c10 -4.910E-01 -4.313E-01 2.619E-01 -2.940E-01 3.967E-01 6.060E-05

c11 7.480E-02 1.362E-01 4.461E-02 1.320E-01 -1.054E-01 7.450E-02

c12 4.300E-02 2.483E-02 7.153E-02 8.120E-02 4.528E-01 3.340E-01

Coefficients For The New Oil Formation Volume Factor Below Bubble-Point Correlation

y1 5.069E-01 1.259E+00 1.438E+00 9.917E-01 1.815E+00 2.348E+00

y2 3.471E-01 9.478E-01 1.550E+00 9.165E-01 1.520E+00 1.211E+00

y3 1.079E-01 6.390E-01 8.715E-01 5.161E-01 1.326E+00 1.914E+00

Calculation of Degassing at a Constant Composition

1. Solution Gas-Oil Ratio at the pressure below bubble-point pressure:
(3)
where

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)
2. Oil Formation Volume Factor:
(8)

(9)

(10)

3. Density of the extracted gas:

(11)

where

(12)

(13)

(14)
SPE-181980-MS 9

(15)
4. Oil density from the material balance:

(16)

5. Gas volume fraction and density of the liquid-gas mixture:

(17)

(18)

(19)

For calculation it is recommended to use the method proposed in (Dranchuk et al. (1975))

Calculation of Differential Liberation

1. Solution Gas-Oil Ratio below bubble-point pressure from the equation (3))
2. Oil Formation Volume Factor below bubble-point pressure:
(20)

(21)

Application Examples
The present section is devoted to the demonstration of certain examples of the application of the method.
Input data is given in Table 5. CCE - Constant Composition Expansion, DL - Differential Liberation. In
order to tune the Standing correlation (1947) to the saturation pressure, the stretching / compression of
the graphs along the axis of pressure were made. Velarde (1997) −1 in Figure 4 and Figure 6 - oil density
calculation was performed according to the formula proposed in Velarde (1997). Velarde (1997) −2 oil
density calculation was made using a material balance.

Table 5—Input properties for the calculation of examples

Example Experiment Rsb, m3/ Sm3 γo T, K Pb, barsa Bob, vol/std vol

1 CCE 264 0.856 1.067 351.6 197 1.880

2 CCE 94.9 0.869 1.067 360 122 1.362

3 DL 122.3 0.822 0.865 360 132 1.425

10 SPE-181980-MS

Example 1

Figure 4—Example of the application of the method 1

SPE-181980-MS 11

Example 2

Figure 5—Example of the application of the method 2

12 SPE-181980-MS

Example 3

Figure 6—Example of the application of the method 3

Discussion and conclusions

The results of work are consistent with previously published works (Cronquist (1973), Namiot (1976),
Velarde et al. (1997), Khabibullin et al. (2014), Odegov et al. (2015)) - solution gas-oil ratio curves for
different oils have different shapes, which are often significantly different from the form obtained from the
inversion of correlations for the saturation pressure.
Described correlations are based on fundamental physics, because the gas composition and, consequently,
gas specific gravity are not constant (McCain (1995), Odegov et al. (2015)).
The largest deviations of correlations are obtained at low pressure.
The paper proposes new correlations for calculation solution gas-oil ratio, oil formation volume factor
and density of escaping gas at the pressure below the saturation pressure. The algorithm of calculation PVT-
properties is described. New correlations are recommended to use for calculations as part of "Black Oil"
model.

Nomenclature
Bob, Bo (P) = oil formation volume factor (FVF) at bubble-point pressure and below, vol/std vol
MG(P) = the mass of the released gas, kg
P = pressure
Pb = bubble-point pressure
Psc = standard pressure (=1atm=14.7 psia)
Rsb, Rs(P) = solution gas-oil ratio (GOR) at bubble-point pressure and below, m3/Sm3
T = temperature, К
Tsc = standard temperature, К (293.15 K or 60°F)
= supercompressibility (compressibility) factor of gas at conditions P,T
ρg = gas density, kg/m3
= weighted average (total) gas density at standard conditions, kg/m3
ρmix = density of the liquid-gas mixture, kg/m3
ρoR = density of the reservoir oil, kg/m3
= density of the air at standard conditions, kg/m3
φg = gas volume fraction
SPE-181980-MS 13

ρo = oil density, kg/m3

γg = gas specific gravity (air specific gravity =1)
= weighted average (total) gas specific gravity
γo = oil specific gravity
= oil specific gravity at standard conditions, kg/m3

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