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Gabor Takacs nal points for pseudoreduced tem- Thus the need arose early for some
Texas Tech University perature (Tr) and pseudoreduced pres- kind of mathematical description of
Lubbock, Tex. sure (Pr) in the ranges of 1.2 -:; T, -:; that chart. Furthermore, numerical
3.0 and 0.2 -:; p, -:; 15.0. methods are of utmost importance for
From an examination of computa- Petroleum engineering calculations computer application of any calcula-
tional methods, one can select the often require knowledge of Z-factors tion involving determination of Z-fac-
most accurate method for calculating for natural gases, but experimental tors.
a gas deviation factor (Z), the method data from pressure-volume-tempera-
that needs the least computer time, ture (p - V - T) measurements are sel- Methods investigated
and whether a minicomputer or larger dom available. In such cases, use of The most commonly used methods
machine is needed. the Standing-Katz Z-factor chart' or its to describe the original Z-factor chart
This examination covered thirteen tabulated form is generally accepted. are evaluated in this article which is
computational methods for describing This chart gives reasonably accurate an extension of a study published in a
the Standing-Katz natural gas devi- results for mixtures composed of pure previous article by the author."
ation factor chart that has been used hydrocarbon gases. Following is a review of the meth-
for more than 40 years. The use of this chart in complex ods investigated:
The accuracy of the methods has calculation schemes is often too time- Gray-Sirns.:' This method involves
been determined based on 180 origi- consuming or perhaps impossible. the storage of a matrix composed of Z
Table 1
6. Carlile-Gillett (1971)
2. Sarem (1969) 11. Gopal (1977)
7. Hall-Yarborough (1973)
3. Leung (1964) 12. Burnett (1979)
8. Brill (1974)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Average error, % 0.145 -0.043 0.638 -4.889 2.261 -0.052 -0.158 -3.423 -0.017 -0.002 0.105 -3.882 0.120
Average absolute error,% 0.190 0.939 2.115 7 .• 69 2.799 0.208 0_ 512 3.966 0.361 0.304 1.338 4.601 0.539
OGJ
each. Therefore, the use of most types 70 DATA 0.0984,-0.2053,0.062190.858,0.0211,-0.0527,0.0127 ,0. 9549
80 DATA -0.3278,O. 47~2,1. 8223,-1. 9036,-0. 2521,0. 3871,1.6087,-1.6635
of programmable calculators is heavi- 90 DArA -0.0284 ,0. 062~,0. 4714. -0. 0011 ,0.0041,0.0039,0.0607,0.7927
100 FOR 19=1 TO 48
ly restricted, as their storage capacity 110 READ A(I9)
Z
10 REM SUBROUT1NE TO CALCULATE GAS DEVIATION FACTORS
m=O n=O 20 REM usi ng the method of LEUNG (1964)
30 DIM 8(16)
40 FOR 19:::1 TO 16
In this formula, constants Amn are 50 READ 8(19)
Acknowledgments
system leaves for Saudi Arabia
The support received from Texas
Tech University and the Soros Foun- Daniel Industries Inc. of Houston has In redundant configuration, the
dation, ew York, during the author's shipped to the Middle East an auto- MM3000's provide automatic control
stay at Texas Tech is sincerely ac- mated crude-oil, tanker-loading sys- for three independent crude-oil-me-
knowledged. tem (Fig. 1) with capacity to load tering stations which measure crude
390,000 bbl/hr. oil as it is passed to offshore loading
References The custom-designed, multimillion- faci Iities.
1. Standing, M.B., and Katz, D.L., "Density of
natural gases," Trans. AIME, Vol. 146, 1942, dollar system will measure and con- Using data from system sensors and
pp. 140-49. trol the flow of crude oil loaded into flow computers, they perform station
2. Takacs G., "Comparisons made for computer
Z-factor calculations," OGL Dee. 20, 1976, tankers at the Yanbu (Saudi Arabia) totaling, meter proving, and operator-
pp. 64-66. terminal for the new IPSA-2 pipeline control functions.
3. Gray, E.H., and Sims, H.L., Z-factor determina-
tion in a digital computer," OGL July 20, 1959,
from Iraq to the Red Sea. That 602- Six Daniel Model 2522 (8088-
pp. 80-81. mile pipeline is set for completion based, 128 RAM) microcomputers
4. Sarem, A.M., "Z-factor equation developed for later this year. perform flow-measurement calcula-
use in digital computers," OGL Sept. 18, 1961,
p. 118. In February of last year, the pipeline tions and handle individual line-pro-
5. Dranchuk, P.M., and Quon, D., "A general contractor, Mitsubishi Corp., selected cessing tasks based on input from
solution of the equations describing steady state
turbulent compressible flow in circular con- Daniel to build the system. Design, each metering station's six turbine
duits," )CPT, Summer 1965, pp. 60-65. construction, and flow testing were flow meters and various temperature
6. Papay, J., "A terrnelestechnologiai pararneterek
valtozasa a gaztelepek muvelese soran." OGIL
conducted at Daniel's Houston facili- and pressure sensors.
MOsz. Tud. kozl.. Budapest, 1968, pp. 267-73. ty. The project has been completed Operator interface is provided by a
7. Hankinson, R.W., Thomas, L.K., and Phillips, ahead of schedule. pair of Daniel model-600 IBM Pc/AT-
K.A., "Predict natural gas properties," Hydro-
carbon Processing, April 1969, pp. 106-108. Cash register. Daniel's Yanbu sys- compatible (80286-based) color-
8. Carlile, R.E., and Gillett, B.E., "Digital solu- tem weighs over 275 tons and will graphics computers with proprietary
tions of an integral," OGL July 19, 1971, pp.
68-72. occupy more than 7,000 sq ft when data-collection and communications
9. Yarborough, L., and Hall, K.R., "How to solve installed. It will perform as a "cash programs.
equation of state for Z-factors," OGL Feb. 18,
1974, pp. 86-88.
register" for the IPSA-2 pipeline. Three berths. The system consists of
10. "Two-phase Flow in Pipes," Intercomp Course, In addition to the mechanical flow- three separate loading berths and,
The Hague, 1974. control equipment, it uses a micro- with its automated control system,
11. Dranchuk, P.M., Purvis, R.A., and Robinson,
D.B., "Computer calculations of natural gas processor-based instrumentation sys- can load three super-tankers simulta-
compressibility factors using the Standing and tem to ensure accurate measurement neously. The system's electronic and
Katz correlation," lnst. of Petroleum Technical
Series, o. IP 74-008, 1974. of the crude oil being delivered. mechanical measuring components
12. Dranchuk, P.M., and Abou-Kassem, J.H., "Cal- Two Daniel MM3000 system-con- were specifically selected from field-
culations of Z-factors for natural gases using
equations of state," )CPT, July-September 1975,
trol-unit microcomputers, three me- proven products manufactured by
pp. 34-36. tering-station-control cabinets, and Daniel.
13. Gopal, V.N., "Gas Z-factor equations devel- two color-graphics terminals form the After delivery, Daniel will provide
oped for computer," OGL Aug. 8, 1977.
14. Burnett, R.R., "Calculator gives compressibility operations and monitoring center for the expertise required to ensure suc-
factors," OGL June 11, 1979, pp. 70-74. the tanker-loading system's instru- cessful commissioning, training for
15. Papp, I., "Uj m6dszer Ioldgazok elteresi tenve-
zojenek szamirasara," koola] es Foldgaz, No- mentation and flow-control equip- operating personnel, and future field
vember, 1979, pp. 345-47. ment. service.