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NHBC Standards Cl/SIB 81 II

I
I (HI)
CAWS DID

April 2003 editiQn


Effective from July 2003

Chapter 4.2
Building near trees
This chapter gives guidance on meeting the Technical
Requirements and recommendations for building near
trees, particularly in shrinkable soils.

NATIONAL HOUSE-BUILDING COUNCIL


Amend n ie n t s

This document incorporates the following amendments


Ref Amendment Date

____ • Amendment 1 Apr '01


Amendment 2 Apr '02
2002
____ Erratum_1
Correction I Aug '02
Amendment 3 Apr '03
Amendment 4 Apr '04
Amendment 5 Apr '05
INTRODUCTION
Building near trees

THE STANDARDS CONTENTS Clause Page


The NHBC Standards give: INTRODUCTION 1
• Technical Requirements in red
in dark blue DESIGN
• Performance Standards
Design standard Dl 2
• Guidance in light blue
Statutory requirements D2 2
for the design and construction of dwellings acceptable
to NHBC. The Technical Requirements are given in
Trees and hedgerows adjacent
to structures D3 2
Chapter 1.1 and these must be met by the builder.
Foundations (all soil types) D4 2
Diagrams may contain text in red. This is to highlight
Foundations (shrinkable soils) D5-D7 3
points but has no mandatory significance.
Designing to accommodate heave D8 8
The Standards come into effect for every NHBC
Provision of information DY 10
registered home whose foundations are concreted on
or after the date shown on the cover of each Chapter MATERIALS
and apply throughout the UK, unless otherwise stated.
Materials standards Ml 11

COMPOSITION OF THE STANDARDS Proprietary heave materials M2 11


The Standards are divided into 10 Parts, each
covering a particular aspect. The Parts follow the SITEWORK
usual construction process. Sitework standards 51 12
In general, each Chapter is made up of sections Foundation depths S2 12
dealing with Design, Materials and Sitework. Excavation for foundations S3 12
In some cases one or more of these aspects may not Heave precautions S4 14
be included. Drainage S5 16

APPENDIX 4.2-A
SCOPE Statutory references 17
This Chapter gives guidance on meeting the Technical
Requirements and recommendations when building APPENDIX 4.2-B
near trees, hedgerows and shrubs, particularly in Water demand and mature height of trees 18
shrinkable soils.
APPENDIX 4.2-C
NHBC Standards do not cover aspects of health and
Foundation depth charts 19
safety relating to building operations and to the
handling and use of certain building materials. Such
APPENDIX 4.2-D
matters are covered by statutory requirements.
Foundation depth tables 23

FINDING INFORMATION APPENDIX 4.2-E


Climate zones 29
The following example gives guidance on how to find
information on a particular subject: APPENDIX 4.2-F
For example: 4.2 - D5(b) means: Damage to trees by construction work 30
4 Part 4 Foundations
APPENDIX 4.2-G
2 Chapter 2 Building near trees Information sources and acknowledgements 33
D Section DESIGN
APPENDIX 4.2-H
5 Clause 5 FOUNDATIONS (shrinkable soils) 34
Worked example
(b) Item (b) soil classification
LIST OF CHAPTERS 37

INDEX 37

introduction NHBC Standards - Chapter 4.2


Effective July 2003 Aprii 2003 edition
INTRODUCTION
Building near trees
w
INTRODUCTiON
The combination of shrinkable soils and trees,
hedgerows or shrubs represents a hazard to
structures that requires special consideration. Trees,
hedgerows and shrubs take moisture from the
ground and, in cohesive soils such as clay, this can
cause significant volume changes resulting in ground
movement. This has the potential to affect
foundations and damage the supported structure. In
order to minimise this risk, foundations should be
designed to accommodate the movement or be taken
to a depth where the likelihood of damaging
movement is low.
This Chapter gives guidance for common foundation
types to deal with the hazard and includes suitable
foundation depths which have been established from
field data, research, NHBC data and practical
experience. The depths are not those at which root
activity, desiccation and ground movement are non
existent but they are intended to provide an
acceptable level of risk. However, if significant
quantities of roots are unexpectedly encountered
in the base of the trench, the excavation may need
to be deepened.
The interaction between trees, soil and buildings
is dependent on many factors and is inherently
complex. The relationship becomes less predictable as
factors combine to produce extreme conditions.
These are signified by the need for deeper
foundations. Depths greater than 2.Sm indicate
that conditions exist where prescriptive guidance
is less reliable.
The following situations are beyond the scope
of the guidance in this Chapter and will require
a site specific assessment by an Engineer
(see Technical Requirement R5):
• foundations with depths greater than 2.5m within
the influence of trees
• ground with a slope of greater than t in 7
(approximately 8°) and man made slopes such
as embankmentx and cuttings
• underpinning.
Consideration has been given to the potential effects
of climate change in the guidance provided.
The services of a specialist arboriculturalist may be
helpful for the identification of the type and
condition of trees that may affect building work.
This includes trees both on and adjacent to the site.

NHtC Staxdards - chapter 4.2 Page 1 of 37


April 2003 editioe Effective: Joly 2003
DESIGN
Building near trees

DESIGN STANDARD Damage should be avoided by erecting suitable


fencing to create a tree protection zone for each
4.2 - Dl Design shall meet the Technical remaining tree and ensuring this zone is left
Requirements undisturbed during construction work.
Design that follows the guidance below will be Further guidance is given in BS 5837 and
acceptable for building near trees, hedgerows Appendix 4.2-F.
and shrubs.
(c) allowance for physical growth of young trees
Direct damage due to the growth of the main trunk
STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS and roots of young trees should be avoided by
locating structures and services at a safe distance
4.2 - D2 Design shall comply with all relevant from the trees. Further guidance is given in 85 5837
statutory requirements and Appendix 4.2-F. Where this cannot be achieved
A list of statutory references applicable to this precautions should be taken to allow for future
Chapter is given in Appendix 4.2-A. growth. For example:
• foundations should be reinforced to resist
lateral forces
TREES AND HEDGEROWS
ADJACENT TO STRUCTURES • walls or structural slabs should bridge over the
roots allowing sufficient clearance for future
4.2 - D3 The design shall take account of trees growth or be reinforced to avoid cracking
and hedgerows and their growth • pavings and other surfaces should be laid
Items to be taken into account include: on a flexible base to allow for some movement.
(a) removal of existing trees and hedgerows
Dead trees and dead hedgerows should be removed.
Unstable trees should be made stable but where this FOUNDATIONS (all soil types)
is not possible they should be felled, If in doubt, 4.2 - D4 Foundations for all soil types shall
advice should be obtained from a Registered
be designed to transmit loads to
Arboriculturalist.
the ground safely and without
Acts of Parliament, planning conditions, Conservation excessive movement
area restrictions or tree preservation orders may mean Foundations for all soil types should be designed and
that trees and hedgerows are protected and must be constructed in accordance with Chapter 4.1 'Land
retained. The local planning authority should quality - managing ground conditions' and other
be consulted. relevant Chapters of the Standards (depending on
site specific conditions).
(b) protection of remaining trees and hedgerows Different foundation types should not be used to
Most of a tree's root system is within 600mm of the support the same structure unless the foundations
surface and extends radially for distances often in and superstructure design are undertaken by an
excess of the tree's height All parts of the root
Engineer (see Technical Requirement R5).
system are vulnerable to damage and once damaged,
roots may not regenerate. Extensive root damage The remainder of this Chapter gives additional
may impair the stability of the tree. guidance that applies when building near trees
hedgerows and shrubs on shrinkable soils as defined
Root damage and tree instability can be caused by: in Clause D5(b).
• stripping topsoil too close to trees
• excavating trenches for foundations and services
too close to trees
• raising soil levels adjacent to trees, particularly
where non-granular materials are used
• compaction of soil around trees by heavy plant
• storage of heavy materials around trees
• covering rooting area with impervious surfaces.

Page 2 of 37 NHBC Standards - Chapter 42


Effective July 2003 April 2003 edition
DESIGN
Building near trees

FOUNDATIONS (shrinkable soils) Alternatively the Plasticity Index may be used without
modification. For pure clays and other soils with
4.2 - D5 The design shall make allowance for 100% of particles less than 425pm the result will be
the effect of trees and hedgerows the same. However, for mixed soils such as glacial
on shrinkable soils tills, use of the modified Plasticity Index may result in
a more economic design.
Items to be taken.into account include:
For further information about the modified Plasticity
(a) shrinkage and heave Index refer to BRE Digest 240.
Shrinkable soils are subject to changes in volume as
their moisture content is altered. Soil moisture The volume change potential should be established
contents vary seasonally and are influenced by a from Site investigation and reliable local knowledge
number of factors including the action of tree roots. of the geology.
The resulting shrinkage or swelling of the soil can
Sufficient samples should be taken to provide
cause subsidence or heave damage to foundations, confidence that the test results are representative of
the structures they support and services. Heave
the soil volume change potential for the site. If in
precautions are described in Clause D8.
doubt use the higher value of volume change
Shrinkable soils are widely distributed throughout the potential.
UK. Local geological survey maps may give relevant If the volume change potential is unknown, high
information.
volume change potential should be assumed.
(b) soil classification (c) water demand of trees
For the purposes of this Chapter, shrinkable soils are Water demand varies according to tree species and size.
those containing more than 35% fine particles and
having a modified Plasticity Index of 10% or greater. Appendix 4.2-B gives the water demand categories
of common tree species.
Fine particles are defined as those having a nominal
diameter less than 6Opm, ie. clay and silt particles. Where the species of a tree has not been identified,
high water demand should be assumed.
The Plasticity Index (Ip) of a soil is a measure of its
volume change potential and is determined by Where the species of a tree has been identified but is
Atterberg Limits tests. These tests are carried out on not listed, the following assumptions may be made
the fine particles and any medium and fine sand for broad leafed trees.
particles. Soil particles with a nominal diameter
• high water demand - all Elms, Eucalyptus,
greater than 425pm are removed by sieving
beforehand. The percentage of particles smaller than Hawthorn, Oaks, Poplars and Willows
425pm is routinely reported for Atterberg Limits tests. • moderate water demand - all others.
This is a requirement of BS 1 377, which specifies the
test procedure. Where trees are not listed in Appendix 4.2-B,
information may be obtained from suitable
The Modified Plasticity Index (l'p) is defined as the alternative authoritative sources (see Appendix 4.2-G).
Plasticity Index (Ip) of the soil multiplied by the
percentage of particles less than 425pm. Tree identification can be assisted by reference to a
tree recognition book (see Appendix 4.2-0).
i.e. l'p = Ipx % less than 425rtm
100% For the purposes of this Chapter, the zone (i.e. lateral
extent) of influence of trees is shown in Table 2.
Modified Plasticity Index is related to volume change
potential as shown in Table 1. Table 2 Zone of tree influence
Table 1 Volume change potential Water demand Zone of influence
Modified Plasticity Index Volume change potential High 1.2S x mature height
40% and greater High Moderate 0.75 x mature height
20% to less than 40% Medium Low 0.S x mature height
10% to less than 20% Low

NI-IBC standards - Chapter 4.2 Page 3 of 37


April 2003 edition Effective: July 2003
DESIGN
Building near trees

(e) climate
FOUNDATIONS (shrinkable soils) High rainfall reduces moisture deficits caused by trees
4.2 - D5 (continued) and hedgerows, and cool damp weather reduces the
(d) tree heights rate of water loss from the tree, thus reducing the
Mature heights of common tree species are listed in risk of soil movement. As the driest and hottest
Appendix 4.2-B. For the purposes of this Chapter, conditions in the UK usually prevail in southeast
these are the average mature heights to which England, the greater risk occurs in that area and
diminishes with distance north and west.
healthy trees of the species may be expected to grow
in favourable ground and environmental conditions. For the purposes of this Chapter, the UK has been
These may be used even when the actual heights are divided into zones at 50 mile intervals from London.
greater. After the foundation depth has been derived from
The mature heights given in Appendix 4.2-B should Appendix 4.2-C or 4.2-D a reduction of 0.05m
be used for trees that are to remain or are scheduled (50mm) may be made for every 50 miles distance
to be planted and where ground levels are unaltered. north and west of London (see Appendix 4.2-E).
Where ground levels are increased see also Figure 1
and Sitework clause S3(c). 4.2 - D6 Foundations shall be capable of
accommodating the effects of trees
Where there are different species within hedgerows, and hedgerows on shrinkable soils
the mature height of the species likely to have the without excessive movement
greatest effect should be used.
Items to be taken into account include:
For trees which have been or are to be removed,
allowance should be made for the fact that the water (a) foundations
demand of a tree varies with its size and rate of Foundations to all permanent structures (including
growth (see Figure t). The water demand of a semi- garages, porches and conservatories) should take
rriature tree may be as great as that for a mature tree account of the effects of soil desiccation caused
of the same species whereas the water demand for a by previous or existing trees and trees which are
sapling or young tree will be significantly less. scheduled to be planted.
Figure 1 Tree height H to be used for particular The following foundations will be acceptable in
design cases shrinkable soils, provided that they are capable of
supporting the applied loads without undue
mature he,ght
settlement, heave precautions are taken as in Clause
D8 and their design takes account of Clause 07:
in this range use
H = mature height . strip
as listed in
. trench fill
Appendix 4.2-8

50% mature height


• pier and beam
• pile and beam
in this range use • raft.
H = actual height
Variations to the foundation depths derived from this
Chapter may be permitted where other foundation
depths are traditionally acceptable or where necessary
to take account of local ground conditions, provided
that they can be supported by a design in accordance
This guidance should be used when; with Technical Requirement R5.
• deriving foundation depths when trees have been
removed (use tree height at time of removal) Root barriers are not a reliable means of reducing the
• checking the appropriate level from which depths effects of trees on foundations in shrinkable soils and
should be measured when trees remain and ground are not an acceptable alternative to the guidance
levels are increased (use tree height at time of given in this Chapter.
construction relative to original ground level)
Freestanding masonry walls should be constructed
• determining whether heave precautions should be
on foundations in accordance with this Chapter or
provided (use tree height at time of construction).
be designed to accommodate likely ground
movement, for example, by careful use of movement
Where trees have undergone or are to undergo heavy
crown reduction or pollarding, the mature height joints and reinforcement.
should be used or a Registered ,Arboricuturalist should
be consulted to undertake a site specific assessment.

Page 40137 NHBC Standards - Chapter 4.2


Effective: July 2003 April 2003 edition
DESIGN
Building near trees

(b) method of assessment of foundation depths (d) foundation depths related to proposed
One of the following methods may be used: tree planting
Foundation depths relating to proposed tree planting
• design in accordance with this Chapter to should be based on one of the following:
a depth derived from Appendix 4.2-C or 4.2-0
taking account of: • foundation depths derived in accordance with
Appendix 4.2-C or 4.2-0, or
- the site investigation
• foundation depths shown in Table 3 with
- the soil volume change potential limits agreed in the planting schedules
- the water demand of the tree to exclude trees within the distances from
foundations shown in Table 4, or
- the appropriate tree height
• foundation depths shown in Table 5 with limits
- the distance of the tree(s) from the foundations agreed in the planting schedules to exclude trees
within the zone of influence shown in Table 2.
- the geographical location of the site north and
west of London
Table 3 Minimum foundations depths
- appropriate heave precautions. allowing for restricted new planting
Note: the most onerous conditions should be Volume change potential Minimum depth [ml
assumed in the absence of any of the above
information. High 1.5
• design by an Engineer in accordance with Technical Medium 1.25
Requirement R5, taking account of: Low 1.0
- the recommendations of this Chapter
- results of the site investigation Table 4 No tree planting zone for minimum
- advice, when necessary, from a Registered depth foundations
Arboriculturalist or other competent person Water demand No tree planting zone
whose qualifications are acceptable to NHBC.
High 1.0 x mature height
Note: when this method is used and it results in
foundation depths or other details less onerous than Moderate 0.5 x mature height
those derived from this Chapter, the design should be Low 0.2 x mature height
submitted to NHBC for approval prior to work
commencing on site.

(c) distance between tree and foundation Table 5 Minimum foundations depths outside
zone of influence
The distance D between the centre of the trunk and the
nearest face of the foundation should be used to derive Volume change potential Minimum depth [ml
the foundation depths from Appendix 4.2-C or 4.2-D.
High 1.0
For trees which have been or are to be removed from
within 2m of the face of the proposed foundation Medium 0.9
and where the height on removal is less than 50% of Low 0.75
the mature height given in Appendix 4.2-B, it may be
assumed that D = 2m.
Planting schedules should be agreed with the
Note: This is to avoid the anomalous situation where, local planning authority before work commences
for example, a "sapling" removed from the on site.
foundation line would otherwise require an
unnecessarily deep foundation since the 0/H value The landscape and foundation designs should
would always be zero regardless of the height H of be compatible.
the tree.
(e) foundation depths related to new
shrub planting
Shrubs have considerable potential to cause changes
in soil moisture content.

NHBC Standards - Chapter 4.2 Page 5 of 37


Aprii 2005 edition Offective iuiy 2005
DESIGN
Building near trees

Where any of the above conditions is not met,


FOUNDATIONS (shrinkable soils) foundation depths should be determined as for
4.2 - D6 (continued) shrinkable soil.
(e) foundation depths relating to new
shrub planting (continued) Figure 2 Foundations in non shrinkable soils
overlying shrinkable soil
The foundation design should consider shrub
planting as follows:
• Shrubs whose mature height does not exceed acceptable depth
0 foundation greater
1 .8m and climbing varieties (i.e. those requiting a than
depth
wall for support) whose mature height does not -Q
3/ X
exceed 5m: C
.0 Tequa/ to or depth X
- use foundation depth from Table 5 C greater than B determined
0
• Pyracantha and Cotoneaster whose mature height assuming
soil is
exceeds 1.8m: nhr,nkable
- use foundation depth from Table 5 and plant at
least 1 .0 x mature height from foundation, or
- use foundation depth from Table 3 and plant at
least 0.5 x mature height from foundation.
• All others: (g) stepped foundations
- use foundation depth from Table 5 and plant at Where foundations are to be stepped to take
least 0.75 x mature height from foundation, or account of the influence of trees, hedgerows and
shrubs they should be stepped gradually in
- use foundation depth from Table 3 — no accordance with Chapter 4.4 'Strip and trench fill
restriction on minimum distance from foundation. foundations' with no step exceeding 0.Sm (see
Sitework clause S3(b)).
Planting schedules should be produced by a qualified
landscape architect or other suitably qualified person (h) foundations on or near sloping ground
and agreed with the local planning authority before
work commences on site. Where the foundations are on or adjacent to sloping
ground greater than t in 7 (approximately 8( and
The landscape and foundation designs should man-made slopes such as embankments and cuttings
be compatible. they should be designed by an Engineer (see
Technical Requirement R5).
Table 6 - removed April 2005
Items to be taken into account include:
(f) strip or trench fill foundations in non
shrinkable soils overlying shrinkable soil • slope stability
Non shrinkable soils such as sands and gravels may • potentially enhanced desiccation due to increased
overlie shrinkable soil. run-off and the de-watering effects of the slope
and vegetation.
Foundations may be constructed on the overlying
non shrinkable soil in accordance with Chapter 4,4
Strip and trench fill foundations provided all of the
following conditions are satisfied, as illustrated in
Figure 2:
• consistent soil conditions exist across each plot.
This should be confirmed by the site investigation
• the depth of the non shrinkable soil is greater
than 3/4 depth X, where X is the foundation
depth determined using Appendix 4.2-C or 4.2-D,
assuming that all the soil is shrinkable
• the thickness T of non shrinkable soil below the
foundation is equal to or greater than the width of
the foundation B
• the proposals are submitted to and approved by
NHBC prior to work commencing on site.

Page 6 of 37 NHBC Standards - Chapter 42


Effective: July 2005 Apni 2005 edeon
DESIGN
Building near trees

4.2 - D7 Foundations in shrinkable soils shall (c) pier and beam foundations
be designed to transmit loads to the Pier and beam foundations should be designed by an
ground safely and without excessive Engineer (see Technical Requirement R5) and
movement constructed in accordance with the recommendations
of this Chapter and Chapter 4 5 'Raft, pile, pier and
Items to be taken into account include: beam foundations'.
(a) strip foundations Note pier depths up to 2.5m may be derived from
Strip foundations up to 1 .5m deep should be Clause D6. Pier depths greater than 2.5m require
constructed in accordance with the recommendations site specific assessment.
of this Chapter and Chapter 4.4 'Strip and trench fill
foundations'. Depths should be determined in Reference should be made to Clause D8 to establish
accordance with Clause D6 the precautions necessary to cater for potential heave.

(b) trench fill foundations (d) pile and beam foundations


Trench fill foundations up to 2.5m deep should be Pile and beam foundations should be designed by an
constructed in accordance with the recommendations Engineer (see Technical Requirement R5) and
of this Chapter and Chapter 4.4 'Strip and trench fill constructed in accordance with the recommendations
foundations'. Depths should be determined in of this Chapter and Chapter 4.5 'Raft, pile, pier and
accordance with Clause D6 beam foundations'.
Reference should be made to Clause D8 to establish Reference should be made to Clause D8 to establish
the precautions necessary to cater for potential heave. the precautions necessary to cater for potential heave.

Trench fill foundations deeper than 2 Sm will only be


acceptable if they are designed by an Engineer (see
Technical Requirement R5) taking account of all
potential movement of the soil on the foundations
and substructure.
The following will need to be taken into account if
foundations are to be deeper than 2.5m:
• foundation depths should be designed taking
account of soil desiccation and arboricultural advice
• additional heave precautions may be necessary to
cater for lateral and shear forces acting on large
vertical areas of foundation
• instability of the trench sides can lead to serious
construction difficulties
• the foundation is dependent upon a high level
of workmanship and detailing
- concrete overspill or overbreak in the
excavations can result in additional vertical
forces being transmitted to the foundation
- construction joints will need to be detailed
to take account of the increased lateral forces
- compressible material should be correctly placed
to avoid excessive heave forces being applied to
the foundation

NHBC standards - Chapter 42 Page 7 of 37


April 2003 edition Effective: July 2003
DESIGN
Building near trees

FOUNDATIONS (shrinkable soils) DESIGNING TO


4.2 - D7 (continued) ACCOMMODATE HEAVE
(e) raft foundations 4.2 - D8 Foundations, substructure and
services shall incorporate adequate
Raft foundations should be designed by an Engineer
precautions to prevent excessive
(see Technical Requirement R5) and constructed in movement due to heave
accordance with the recommendations of this
Chapter, Chapter 4.5 'Raft, pile, pier and beam Heave can take place in a shrinkable soil when it
foundations' and the following conditions. takes up moisture and swells after the felling or
removal of trees and hedgerows. It can also occur
Raft foundations will only be acceptable where all beneath a building if roots are severed or if water
of the following apply, as illustrated in Figure 3: enters the ground from leaking drains, water services
• the foundation depth derived in accordance with or changes in ground water conditions.
Clause D6 is 2 Sm or less
Items to be taken into account include'
• the raft is founded on granular infill placed and
fully compacted in layers in accordance with the (a) vegetation survey
Engineer's specification and to NHBC's satisfaction, Before the site is cleared, the location, heights and
The infill should not be less than 50% of the species of trees, hedgerows and shrubs on and
foundation depth derived in accordance with adjacent to the site and which may affect proposed
Clause D6 and should not exceed 1 .25m. Site foundations should be surveyed and recorded.
inspections by the Engineer may be required by
NHBC to verify the compaction of the fill If the location of previously removed vegetation is
not known, local enquiries and reference to aerial
• the infill extends beyond the edge of the photographs may be necessary. Otherwise the design
foundation by a distance equal to the natural should assume the worst conditions or an Engineer
angle of repose of the infill plus 0.5m (see Technical Requirement R5) should be consulted
• the raft is generally rectangular in plan with a side to undertake a site specific design based on all
ratio of not more than 2.1 relevant information.

• NHBC is satisfied that the raft is sufficiently stiff Where root growth is noted within shrinkable soil
to resist differential movements. and where records are not available, an Engineer
(see Technical Requirement R5) should be consulted
Figure 3 Requirements for raft foundations on to assess whether heave is likely.
shrinkable soils
(b) heave precautions for trench fill foundations
raft foundation Trench fill foundations should be designed in
accordance with Clause D7. Any foundations deeper
than 2.5m should be designed by an Engineer

0.5 m fully
infil,)\I
level formation
0.5 m
(see Technical Requirement R5).
Heave precautions should be used:
• where the foundation is within the zone
of influence of trees (see Table 2), and
compacted • where the foundation depth determined in
in fill material
accordance with Clause D6 is greater than 1 Sm
based on the appropriate tree height (see Figure 1).
Heave precautions for trench fill foundations
up to 2.5m should be in accordance with Sitework
clause 54(a)

Page 8 of 37 NHBC Standards - Chapter 42


Effective: July 2003 April 2003 edition
DESIGN
Building near trees

(c) heave precautions for pier and beam (e) suspended ground floors
foundations Suspended ground floors should be used in all
Pier and beam foundations should be designed in situations where heave can occur within the area
accordance with Clause 07. bounded by the foundations. This includes:
Heave precautions for piers should be used: • where the foundation depth derived in accordance
with Clause D6 is greater than 1 Sm based
• where the foundation is within the zone of
on the appropriate tree height (see Figure 1),
influence of trees (see Table 2), and unless NHBC is satisfied the soil is nor dessicated
• where the foundation depth derived in accordance • where ground floor construction is undertaken
with Clause D6 is greater than 1 Sm based on the when surface soils are seasonally desiccated
appropriate tree height (see Figure 1). (i.e.during summer and autumn) unless NHBC
Heave precautions for pier and beam foundations is satisfied the soil is not desiccated
should be in accordance with Sitework The following types of suspended floor will be
clause S4(b). acceptable where there is potential for heave.
(d) heave precautions for pile and
beam foundations PRECAST CONCRETE
Pile and beam foundations should be designed in A minimum void depth should be provided between
accordance with Clause D7. underside of beam and ground level as shown in
Table 10 (see Sitework clause S4(d)).
Heave precautions should be used for piles and
ground beams in accordance with Sitework clause
54(c). In addition the following should be taken into TIMBER
account in the selection and design of piles: A minimum void depth should be provided between
underside of joist and ground level as shown in Table
• piles should be designed with an adequate factor 10 (see Sitework clause S4(d)). All sleeper walls
of safety to resist uplift forces on the shaft due to should have foundations with depths derived in
heave by providing sufficient anchorage below the accordance with Clause D6.
depth of desiccated soil. Slip liners may be used to
reduce the uplift but the amount of reduction is
small, as friction between materials cannot be IN-SITU CONCRETE
eliminated A minimum void depth should be provided between
the ground and the underside of slab as shown in
• piles should be reinforced for the length of the Table 9 (see Sitework clause S4(d)). Where proprietary
pile governed by the heave design materials are used, they should be in accordance with
• bored, cast-in-place piles are well suited to this Materials clause M2 and the design should take into
account the upward force transmitted through the
application. Most types have a straight-sided shaft
but some construction techniques produce a compressible material or void former prior to collapse
contoured shaft, similar to a screw profile, to (refer to manufacturer's data).
increase load capacity. The design should allow for
the enhanced tensile forces in such piles
(f) heave precautions for raft foundations
Raft foundations constructed in accordance with
• driven piles are less well suited to this application Clause 07 should provide adequate protection
and are difficult to install in stiff desiccated clay from heave.
without excessive noise and vibration. Most types
are jointed and, if these are to be used, the joint (g) other foundations
design should be capable of transmitting tensile All foundations not covered in the above clauses, but
heave forces specifically designed for heave, should be designed
• piles and ground beams should be designed taking by an Engineer (see Technical Requirement R5) taking
into account the upward force on the underside of account of the recommendations of this Chapter and
the ground beams transmitted through the submitted to NHBC for approval prior to work
compressible material or void former prior to commencing on site.
collapse (refer to manufacturer's data).

NHBC Standards - Chapter 4.2 PageS of 37


April 2003 edition Effective: July 2003
DESIGN
Building near trees

DESIGNING TO PROVISION OF INFORMATION


ACCOMODATE HEAVE 4.2 - D9 Designs and specifications shall
4.2 - 08 (continued) be produced in a clearly
(h) heave precautions for new drains understandable format and all
relevant information shall be
Drainage should be constructed in accordance with
Chapter 5.3 Drainage below ground' with the distributed to appropriate personnel
following additional precautions to guard against the It is important that all relevant information needed
effects of heave. for the completion of the sitework is readily
available to all appropriate personnel.
• design gradients may need to be greater than the
minimum gradients in Chapter 5.3 as these do not All necessary dimensions and levels should be
allow for possible ground movement. Where indicated and related to:
sufficient falls to cater for the likely movement
cannot be provided, alternative means of catering • at least one benchmark, and
for the movement should be used, for example • reference points on site.
taking the excavation deeper and laying the
pipework on granular bedding of suitable Details should be provided with respect to:
thickness to reduce the extent of potential
movement • site investigation
• a drainage system capable of accommodating the • site survey including location and height of trees
likely movement should be used and hedgerows affecting the site
• pipes and services passing through substructure • site layout
walls or trench fill foundations should be designed
and detailed so as to cope with the potential • dimensions, type and depth of foundations
ground movements shown in Table 7. • soil volume change potential

Table 7 Potential ground movement • tree species (including existing, removed


and proposed) using English names
Volume change potential Potential ground
movement [mm] • planting schedules
• original and final ground levels
High 15D
Medium 1DD
• technical method statements including critical
sequences of construction
Low SD
• location of services

Existing land drains should be maintained or diverted. • design of drainage system


Where the void beneath suspended floors is liable to • locations and detailing of:
flooding, drainage should be provided.
- steps in foundations
(i) paths and driveways - movement and construction joints
Drives and pathways should be designed and
detailed to cater for the likely ground movement. - ducts and services passing through
the foundations
Further guidance is given in 85 5837

Page tOot 37 NHPC ssandardn - chapser 4.2


rttecsive: Jaly 2003 April 2003 edition
MATERIALS
Building near trees

MATERIALS STANDARDS
4.2 - Ml All materials shall:
(a) meet the Technical Requirements
(b) take account of the design
Materials that comply with the design and the
guidance below will be acceptable for building
near trees.
Materials used when building near trees should
comply with all relevant standards, including those
listed below. Where no standard exists, Technical
Requirement R3 applies (see Chapter 1.1
introduction to the Standards and Technical
Requirements').
References to British Standards and Codes of Practice
include those made under the Construction Products
Directive (Bg/1D6/EEC) and, in particular, appropriate
European Technical Specifications approved by a
European Committee for Standardisation (CEN).

PROPRIETARY HEAVE
MATERIALS
4.2 - M2 Proprietary heave materials shall be
assessed in accordance with Technical
Requirement R3
Where foundations and substructure could be
subjected to heave, they should be protected by
voids, void formers or compressible materials in
accordance with the design.
Void formers consist of material that collapses to
form a void into which the clay can swell reducing
the build up of load on the foundation.
Compressible material, such as low density
polystyrene, compacts as the clay expands reducing
the build up of load on the foundation.
Each material should be used in accordance with the
requirements of the relevant independent assessment
and the manufacturer's recommendations.

NHtC ttandards - chapter 4.2 Page 11 of 37


Aprii 20135 edition Effective Jsiy 2003
SITE WORK
Building near trees

SITE WORK STANDARDS Figure 4 NHBC foundation depth calculator

4.2 - 51 All sitework shall:


(a) meet the Technical Requirements
(b) take account of the design
(c) follow established good practice
and workmanship
Sitework that complies with the design and guidance
below will be acceptable for building near trees.

FOUNDATION DEPTHS
4.2 - 52 Foundation depths shall be in
accordance with the design
A site plan should show the trees and hedgerows
that affect the site together with the type, depth and
dimensions of the foundations that are within the
influence of those trees and hedgerows. Where trees
or hedgerows are either not shown or are in different
positions and there is shrinkable soil, it may be
necessary to adjust the foundation depths on site.
Foundation depths should be determined in
accordance with Design clause D6 or the foundation EXCAVATION FOR
depth calculator. If in doubt about any of the
information either assume the worst conditions FOUNDATIONS
or consult a suitably qualified Engineer 4.2 - 53 Excavation for foundations shall take
An Engineer should be consulted where foundation account of the design and be suitable
depths esceed 2.5m (see Technical Requirements R5). to receive concrete
Items to be taken into account include:
(a) measurement of foundation depths
Foundation depths should be measured on the centre
line of the excavation.
Where ground levels are to remain unaltered
foundation depths should be measured from original
ground level
Where ground levels are reduced or increased (either in
the recent past or during construction) foundation
depths should be measured as shown in Figures 5 to 7.

Pate 12 of 37 NHtC ssandards - Chapser 4.2


Etfecsiee: July 2003 April 2003 edition
SITE WORK
Building near trees

Figure 5 Levels from which foundation depths Figure 7 Levels from which foundation depths
are measured where trees or are measured where trees or hedgerows
hedgerows are to remain are proposed

tree to

rema,n
—•
_,ireto ——

Use the lower of:


origiual grou,td level a: minimum foundation depth (see Table 8)
b: foundation depth based on mature
Use the lower of: height of tree
a: foundation depth based on appropriate
tree height (see Figure 8)
b: foundation depth based on mature
height of tree Figure 8 Tree height H to be used for particular
design cases

mature height
Figure 6 Levels from which foundation depths
are measured where trees or
hedgerows are removed

tree to be

removed
tree to be removed

origioal ground level This guidance should be used when:


Use the lower of: • deriving foundation depths when trees have been
a: foundation depth based on appropriate removed (use tree height at time of removal)
tree height (see Figure 8) • checking the appropriate level from which depths
b: minimum foundation depth (see Table 8) should be measured when trees remain and ground
levels are increased (use tree height at time of
construction relative to original ground level)
• determining whether heave precautions should be
provided (use tree height at time of construction).

Table 8 Minimum foundation depths


Volume change potential Minimum depth [ml

High 1.0
Medium 0.9
Low 0.75

NHBC Standards - Chapter 4.2 Page 13 of 37


April 2003 edition Effective: July 2003
SITE WORK
Building near trees

(a) heave precautions for trench fill foundations


EXCAVATION FOR Heave precautions should be provided as shown
FOUNDATIONS in Figure 10.
4.2 - 53 (continued)
Compressible material should be provided against the
(b) stepped foundations inside faces of all external wall foundations greater
For stepped foundations, the relevant than 1 .5m deep based on the appropriate tree height
recommendations of Chapter 4.4 'Strip and trench (see Figure 8).
fill foundations' should be followed with the
No compressible material is required against the faces
additional precaution that the maximum step height
of internal foundations.
should not exceed 0.5m as shown in Figure 9.
Heave precautions are not required for proposed trees
On sloping ground, foundation trenches can be
as the soil has not been desiccated and therefore
gradually stepped so that the required foundation
depth is reasonably uniform below ground level. heave cannot take place.

Figure 9 Stepped foundations Figure 10 Heave precautions for trench fill


foundations up to 2.5m deep

ground level

dationdep line of trench bottom


(see

step not greater


than O.5m

r:::::::soback;n
(c) trench bottoms
It is essential thar:
Where trench bottoms become excessively
• compressible material is provided to the entire area shown,
dried or softened due to rain or ground water, the
and
excavation should be re-bottomed prior to concreting.
• the foundation excavation has a vertical face. Where the
Some root activity may be expected below the excavation is battered or if there is overbreak or concrete
overspill it may be necessary to consult an Engineer.
depths determined in accordance with Design
clause D6. However, if significant quantities of roots
are unexpectedly encountered in the base of the Trench fill foundations deeper than 2.5m will only
trench, the excavation should be deepened or be acceptable where they are designed by an
consult an Engineer. Engineer (see Technical Requirement R5).

(b) heave precautions for pier


and beam foundations
HEAVE PRECAUTIONS Heave precautions should be provided as
shown in Figure 11.
4.2 - S4 Heave precautionsshall be
incorporated into foundations and Compressible material should be provided against all
substructure in accordance with faces of the pier foundation which are greater than
the design 1.5m deep based on the appropriate tree height (see
The following details show the minimum Figure 8).
requirements for common foundation types. They
apply to all foundations within the zone of influence
of trees which are to remain or be removed.
Correct placement of heave materials is essential to
ensure the foundations and substructure are
adequateley protected from heave forces.

Page i4 of 37 NHBC Standards - Chapter 4.2


Effective July 2003 April 2003 edition
SITE WORK
Building near trees
rn
A void, void former or compressible material should Figure 12 Heave precautions for pile and
be provided below all ground beams. beam foundations
Compressible material or a void former should also
be provided against the inside faces of external Void -
ground beams unless NHBC is satisfied that the soil, (see TabJe_
at this level, is not desiccated. backfill
compressible material srt embedment of pile tension
Heave precautions are not required for proposed or void former to L.... rein forcemnt to be 40 bar
trees as the soil has not been desiccated and heave inside face of external . diameters or designed by
cannot take place. ground beams an Engineer (see Technical
(see Table 9) I Requirement R5)
Figure 11 Heave precautions for pier and
compressible material optional rigid
beam foundations or void former slip liner
beneath ground
void (see Table 9 or tO) beams (see Table 9)
pile length to
Engineer's design
backfill
compres5ible material is embedment of It is essential that heave material is provided to the entire
or void former tO anchorage bars to areas shown. Particular care should be taken to ensure that
inside face of external be 40 bar diameters the full width of the ground beam and the areas around
ground beams or designed by an the piles are protected.
(see Table 9) II Engineer (see Technical
I I Requirement R5)
compressible material
or void former beneath compressible material (d) minimum void dimensions
500mm] e0ers Voids should be provided to accommodate movement
in accordance with Tables 9 and 10.
It is essential that heave material is provided to the entire
areas shown. Particular care should be taken to ensure Table 9 Minimum void dimension for
that the full width of the ground beam is protected. foundations, ground beams and
suspended in-Situ concrete ground floors
(c) heave precautions for pile and Under
beam foundations Against side
of foundation ground beam
Heave precautions should be provided as and ground beam and suspended
shown in Figure 12. in-situ concrete
A void, void former or compressible material should ground floor
be provided below all ground beams. Volume
change Void dimension Void dimension
Compressible material or a void former should also
potential ]mm[ [mm]'
be provided against the inside faces of external
ground beams unless NHBC is satisfied that the soil, High 35 150
at this level, is not desiccated. Medium 25 100
Heave precautions are not required for proposed t.ow 0 50
trees as the soil has not been desiccated and heave
cannot take place. Note:
For compressible material the void dimension is the
amount the material should be able to compress to
accommodate heave. The actual thickness of
compressible material required should be established
from the manufacturer's recommendations and is
generally in the order of twice the void dimension
shown and;
for void formers the void dimension it the remaining
void after collapse. The actual thickness of void
former required should be established from the
manufacturer's recommendations.

NHBC standards - Chapter 42 Page 15 of 37


Apri 2003 edition Effective luiy 2003
SITE WORK
Building near trees

HEAVE PRECAUTIONS Table 11 Minimum allowance for potential


ground movement
4.2 - S4 (continued)
Volume change potential Potential ground
(d) minimum void dimensions (continued) movement [m]
Table 10 Minimum void dimensions under precast 150
High
concrete and timber ground floors
Medium 100
Precast Suspended
Concrete timber Low 50
Soil heave Void dimension Void dimension
potential Etnm]' {mmJ Existing land drains should be maintained or
225 300 diverted. Where the void beneath suspended floors
High
is liable to flooding, drainage should be provided.
Medium 175 250
Low 125 200

Note:
Measurement from underside of beam to ground level
(includes 75mm ventilation allowance)

Measurement from underside of joist to ground level


(includes 150mm ventilation allowance)

DRAINAGE
4.2 - S5 Drainage shall be in accordance
with the design and allow for
ground movement
Drainage construction should be in accordance with the
design and the relevant recommendations of Chapter
5.3 'Drainage below ground' should be followed.
Additional items to take into account include:
• falls should be sufficient to cater for possible
ground movement or alternative means should be
used to reduce the extent of potential movement,
for example by taking the excavation deeper and
laying the pipework on granular bedding of
suitable thickness
• a drainage system capable of accommodating the
likely movement should be used
• pipes passing through substructure walls or trench
fill foundations should have sufficient clearance to
take account of the potential ground movement
indicated in Table 11.

Page 16 ot 37 NHBC 5tandards - Chapter 4.2


Effective Juiy 2003 April 2003 edition
APPENDIX 4.2-A
Building near trees

Statutory references
The following table lists references to building legislation and associated documents applicable at April 2003.

Statute

Building 2 Building
Building 1 Standards Regulations Isle of Man
Clause Subject Regulations (Scotland) (N Ireland) Regulations

D4 Foundation design A1/2 Part C Part D A1/2


D5
D6
D7

Approved documents to the Building Regulations 2000 for England and Wales and all published amendments.
Building Standards (Scotland) Regulations 1990 and all published amendments.
Building Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 and all published amendments
Building Regulations 2000 for Isle of Man and all published amendments

NHBC Standards - chapter 4.2 Page 17 of 37


Apni 2003 edition Effective July 2003
APPENDIX 4.2-B
Building near trees

Water demand and mature height of trees


Table 12

Broad leafed trees Coniferous trees


Water Mature height Water Mature height
demand Species Em) demand Species [ml
High Elm High Cypress
English 24 Lawson's 18
Wheatley 22 Leyland 20
Wych 18 Monterey 20
Eucalyptus 18
Hawthorn 10
Oak
English 20
HoIm 16
Red 24
Turkey 24
Poplar
Hybrid black 28
Lombardy 25
White 15
Willow
Crack 24
Weeping 16
White 24
Moderate Acacia false 18 Moderate Cedar 20
Alder 18 Douglas fir 20
Apple 10 Larch 20
Ash 23
Monkey Puzzle 18
Bay Laurel 10
Beech 20 Pine 20
Blackthorn 8 Spruce 18
Cherry Wellingtonia 30
Japanese 9 Yew 12
Laurel 8
Orchard 12
Wild 17 Note:
Chestnut 1. Where hedgerows contain trees, their effects
Horse 20
should be assessed separately. In hedgerows, the
Sweet 24
22 height of the species likely to have the greatest
Lime
effect should be used.
Maple
Japanese 8 2. Within the classes of water demand, species are
Norway 18 listed alphabetically; the order does not signify
Mountain Ash 11
any gradation in water demand.
Pear 12
Plane 26 3. When the species is known but the sub-species is
Plum 10 not, the greatest height listed for the species
Sycamore 22 should be assumed.
Tree of Heaven 20
Walnut 18 4. Further information regarding trees may be
Whitebeam 12 obtained from the Arboricultural Association or
Low Birch 14 the ,Arboricultural Advisory and Information
Elder 10 Service (see Appendix 4 2-G).
Fig 8
Hazel 8
Holly 12
Honey Locust 14
Hornbeam 17
Laburnum 12
Magnolia 9
Mulberry 9
Tulip tree 20

Page 18 of 37 NHBC standards - Chapter 42


Effective: July 2003 April 2003 edition
APPENDIX 4.2-C
Building near trees

Foundation Depth Charts


Table 13 Determination of D/H Value

Distance Tree height H (m)


D (m) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

1 050 025 017 013 010 008 007 008 046 005 005 004 004 004 003
2 150 050 033 025 020 017 014 013 011 010 009 008 008 007 007
3 075 050 038 030 025 021 019 017 015 014 013 012 011 010
4 193 067 050 040 033 029 025 022 020 018 017 015 014 013
5 083 063 050 042 036 031 028 025 023 021 019 018 017
6 193 075 008 050 033 038 033 030 027 025 023 021 020
7 117 0.88 070 058 0.50 0.44 039 035 032 029 027 025 023
8 146 080 0.67 057 050 044 040 036 033 031 029 027
9 113 093 075 064 0.56 050 045 041 038 035 032 030
10 1.50 0.83 071 063 056 050 0,45 0.42 038 036 033
11 1.10 092 079 069 061 0.55 050 046 042 039 0.37
12 120 109 086 075 067 056 0.55 050 046 043 040
13 108 093 081 0.72 065 059 054 0.50 046 043
14 1.17 150 088 078 0.70 0.64 058 054 050 047
15 1.07 0.94 083 075 068 063 0.58 054 050
16 114 108 089 080 0.73 067 062 057 053
17 121 109 094 085 077 0.71 0.65 067 057
18 113 1.C0 093 082 075 069 0,64 080
19 119 109 0.95 0.86 0.79 073 068 063
20 111 103 091 083 077 0.71 067
21 117 105 0.95 088 0.81 075 070
22 1.10 1.08 0.92 085 079 0.73
23 115 105 096 088 082 077
24 120 109 193 092 086 080
25 114 104 096 089 083
26 118 108 150 093 087
27 1.13 104 0.96 093
28 117 108 103 093
29 Where no value is given in the table, 121 112 104 097
30 minimum foundation depths apply 115 107 1.31
31
(i.e 1 Urn, 0gm and 0.75m for high,
1.19 111 1 03
medium and low volume change
32 1.14 107
potential soils respectively).
33 118 1,10
34 121 113
35 117
36 120

NHBC Standards - Chapter 4,2 Page 19 of 37


Aprd 2003 edition Effective: Juiy 2003
APPENDIX 4.2-C
Building near trees

Foundation depth charts (continued)


Chart 1 Soils with HIGH volume change potential: Modified Plasticity Index 40% or greater
(see Design clause D5(b))

D/H
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
0

0.5
E
Vt — Minimumdepthl.Om -
-c
a- 1.0
0)
-o - - - -I - - -/ --- ------ I -

C --—-----Tv------
-----
-
--—j-,
0
--i--- ,----- ----
-o
0
C
:3
U-
1.5

l5IlIll
----/ lIlIlI
IlI I

2.0
- ---I --
p
2.5
Tree water demands
Broad leafed trees Coniferous trees
High — — — High
Moderate — — — Moderate
Low

Page 20 of 37 NHBC standards - Chapter 42


Effective. July 2003 April 2003 edition
APPENDIX 4.2-C
Building near trees

Chart 2 Soils with MEDIUM volume change potential: Modified Plasticity Index between
20% and less than 40%
(see Design clause D5(b))

D/H
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
0

0.5
E
Minimum depth 0.9m
Vt

0 1.0 —
---.1- a:

-c
C
0
(13
-o 1.5
C —
0
U-

2.0
. ,

2.5
Tree water demands
Broad leafed trees Coniferous trees
High — — — High
Moderate — — — Moderate
Low

NHBC Standards - Chapter 4.2 Page 21 of 37


April 2003 edition Effective July 2003
APPENDIX 4.2-C
Building near trees

Foundation depth charts (continued)


Chart 3 Soils with LOW volume change potential: Modified Plasticity Index 10 to less than 20%
(see Design clause D5(b))

D/H
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
0

0.5
E
Ill
-c
0
ci,
1.0
-o
C
0
(3
C 1.5
0
U-

2.0

2.5
Tree water demands
Broad leafed trees Coniferous trees
High — — — High
Moderate — — — Moderate
Low

Page 22 of 37 NHBC Standards - Chapter 4.2


Effective: July 2003 April 2003 edition
APPENDIX 4.2-D
Building near trees
Foundation depth tables
Table 14 - HIGH shrinkage soil and HIGH water demand tree

Foundation depth (m)


Tree height H (m)
Distance Broad leafed trees Coniferous trees
0(m) 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
Foundations greater than 2 5m
2 250
deep to be Engineer designed
3 1.95225250
Foundations greater than 2,5m
4 2.50 deep to be Engineer designed 1.45 1 85 2 t5 2.35 250
5 2.25 2.50 1.00 1 45 1 80 205 2.20 2.35 2.50
6 2.00 2.30 2.50 1 00 1.45 1 75 1 952.15 2.25 2.40 250
7 1 75 2 10 2.35 2.50 1.00 1.10 1 45 1 70 1.90 2.05 2.20 2.30 2402.50
8 1 50 1 902.20 2,40 2.50 1.00 1.15 1,45 1.65 1 852.00 2.15 2.25 2.35 240
9 1.25 1.70 2.00 2.252.40250 1.00 1.20 1.45 1.65 1.80 1.95 2.10 2.20 225
10 1,00 1.50 1.85 2 102.252402.50 1,00 1.20 145 1 65 1.80 1.90 2.05 2.15
11 1.00 1.30 1.70 1.95 2.15 2.30 2.40 2.50 1 00 1.25 1.45 1.60 1.75 1.90 200
12 1.00 1,10 1,50 1.802002.20 230245 2.50 1.00 1 25 1.45 1.60 1.75 1 85
13 1.00 1.35 1 65 1 902.10 220235 2.45 2.50 1.00 1 05 1.25 1.45 1.60 1.70
14 1.00 1.20 1.50 1.75 1 95 2.10 2.25 2.35 2.45 2.50 1 00 1.10 1 30 1.45 1.60
15 1.00 1 40 1.65 1 85 2.00 2.15 2.25235 2,45 2.50 1.00 itO 1.30 1 45
16 1,00 1.25 1.50 1.75 1 902.05 2.20230 2402.45 1.00 1,15 1 30
17 1.00 1.10 1 40 1.65 1 80 1 95 2.10220 230240 , , 1.00 115
tOrn minimum foundation depth
18 1 00 1,25 1,50 1.70 1 90 2.002 15 2252.30 1 00
19 1.00 1 15 1,40 1 60 1 80 1 952.05 2.15 2.25
20 1001301501701.852,002102,20
21 1 00 1 20 1 40 1 60 1.75 1,90 2.002 10
22 1.00 1.10 1.30150 170185 1.95205
23 1.00 1.20145 160175 1.90 200
24 1 00 1.10 1.35 1.50 1 65 1,80 1.90
25 1.00125 1.45 1,60 1.75 185
26 1.00 1.15 1.35 1 50 1 65 1.80
27 1.00 1.05 1 25 145 1 60 1.70
28 1001201.35150165
29 1 00 1 10 1.30 1,45 1,60
30 1,00 1,20 1.40150
31 1 00 1,15 1,30 1.45
32 1 00 1.05 1,25 1.40
33 1.00115130
34 1 00 1 10 1 25
35 1 ,Om minimum foundation depth 1.00 1,20
36 1 00 1,10
37 1 00 1.05
38 1,00

NHBC Standards - Chapter 4,2 Page 23 of 37


April 2003 edition Effective July 2003
APPENDIX 4.2-D
Building near trees

Foundation depth tables (continued)


Table 15 - HIGH shrinkage soil and MODERATE water demand tree

Foundation depth (m)


Tree height H (m) — _______________
Distance Broad leafed tree5 Coniferous tree5

D(m) 8 tO 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 810I12(l4 18202224 26 28 30


1 2.20 2.25225 2.302302.30 2.35 2.35 235235 235235 1,902002.10 2 t5 2 15220 2.20 2.25 225225 230230
2 1.95 2.05 2.10 2.15220220 2252.25 2.25230 230230 1 40 1.60 1.75 1.85 1.90 2.00 2.00 2.05 2,10 2.10 2 15 215

3 1.70 1.85 t.95 2,002052 tO 2 152.15 2.20220 220225 1 00 1.20 1,40 1.55 t.65 1,75 1.80 t 85 1 901.95 2.00 200

4 1.50 t 65 1 80 1.90 1,952.002052.10 2 102 15 2.15 2.15 1 00 110 1.30 140 1 55 1.60 1 70 1.75 1.80 1.85 t.90

5 1.25 1.50 1 65 1.75 1.85 1.90 1.95 2.00 205205 2 102.10 1 00 1 00 115 1,30 1.40 1 50 1.601 65 1 70 1,75

6 1.00 1.30 1.50 1,60 1,70 1 80 1 85 1 90 1.95 2.00 2.00205 t 00 1 10 1 20 1 35 1401.50 1,55 1.60

7 tOO itO 1,351.501601701.751.851.90 1.90 1.95 2.00 1001001,151,251351401.50


8 1 00 1 20 1.35 1.50 1.60 1 65 t 75 1 80 1.85 1,90 1.90 1 00 1101 20 1 30 1 35

9 1.00 1,20 135 1.50160165 1.70 1.75180 1.85 1.00105115120


10 1.001101,251,401,501551.651701.751.80 1001,001.10
11 1.00 1.151,30 1.40 1 50 1.55 1.65 1.70 1 75 1.00

12 1.001201,301,40 1.S0t55 160165


13 1 00 1 05 1 20 1.30 1,40 1 50 1 55 1 60

14 1.00 1,10 1 25 1 35 1.40 1.50 1.55

tS 1 00 1 15 1.25 1.35 1.40 1 50


16 1.00 1.05 1.20 1.25 1.35 1.40

17 1.00 1.10 1 20 1 30 1.35


18 1 00 115 1 20 t.30
19 1 00 t 05 1.15 1 25
20 . , 1.00 1,10 1 20 .
tOm minimum foundation depth tOm minimum foundation depth
21 1 00 itO
22 1001.05
23 1.00

Table 16 - HIGH shrinkage soil and LOW water demand tree


Foundation depth (m) —
Tree height H (m)
Distance Broad leafed trees
D(m) 8 10 12 1 4 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
1 160 1.65 1.701. 70 1.70 175 1.75 175 1.75 1.75 1.751 75
2 1 40 1.50 1.55 1. 60 1,60 1 65 1.65 1 65 1.65 1.70 1 70 1 70
3 1.20 1.35 1.401 50150 155 160 1.60 1.60 165 1651 65
4 100 1.20 1.301. 351.40 1.45 150 155 1.55 1.55 1601 60
5 100 1151 251.30 1,40 1,40 145 150 150 1551. 55
6 1 00 1. 15 1.20 1 30 1 35 1 40 1 40 1 45 1.50 1. 50
7 1.00 1,10 1 20 1 25 1 30 1 35 1 40 1,40 1 45

8 1.00 110 1 20 1 25 1 30 1 35 1,35 1 40

9 1 00 1 10 1 15 1.20 1,25 1 30 1 35

10 100 1 10 1 15 1.20 1.251,30


11 100 1 10 1.15 1.20 1 25
12 1 00 1 tO 1 15 1 20
1 Om minimum foundation depth
13 1 00 110 1 15
14 tool os
15 1 00

Page 24 of 37 NHBC Standards - Chapter 4.2


Effective; July 2003 April 2003 edition
APPENDIX 4.2-D
Building near trees

Table 17 - MEDIUM shrinkage soil and HIGH water demand tree

Foundation depth (m)


height H (ml
— _____________________________________________________
Distance Broad leafed trees Coniferous trees
D(m) 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 8 10 12 14 16 18 J 20 22 24 26 28 30
1
Foundations treater than 2.5m
2 Foundations treater than 2 Sm 2 t 5 230 245 2 50 deep to be Engineer designed
deep to be Engineer designed
3 240 250 t 70 t .95 2.15 225 2352.45 2.50
4 220 235245 1 25 1 60 1.85 2.00 2.15 2.25 2302.40 2.45 2.50 2.50
5 1,95 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 090 1 25 1.55 1 75 1 952.05 2.15 2.20 2.30 2.35 2.40 245
6 1 75 2.00 2.20 2302.40245 2.50 0.90 1.25 1.50 1.70 1.85 1.95 2.05 2.15 2.20 2.25 230
7 1 55 1 85205 2202.302.35 2.45 2.50 1 00 1.25 1,50 1.65 1 80 1 90 2.00 2.10 2.15 2.20
8 1.35 1.70 1 90 2052.202.25 2.35 240 2.45250 090 1.00 1,25 1 45 1 60 1 75 1.85 1.95 2.00 2.10
9 1.15 1.50 1751952.102.20225235 2402.45 2502.50 090 1,05 1251.451601701801.901.95
10 0.90 1.35 1 60 1 80 1.95 2.10 220225 2302.35 2.40245 0.90 110 1.25 145 1 55 1.65 1.75 1.85
11 0.90 1.15 1 50 1.70 1 85200 2.10 2.20 2252.30 2.35240 0.90 1.10 1 25 1 401 55 1.65 1,75
12 090 1 00 1.35 1.60 1.75 1.90 2002 10 220225 2.30 2.35 090 1.10 1 25 1.40 1.50 1,60
13 090120 1.45 1.65 1.80 1952.052102202252.30 090 0.95 1 101.25 140 1,50
14 090 1 05 1 35 1,55 1.70 1.85 1.95 2.052 10 220225 090 1 00 115 1 25 1,40
15 090 1201451,601.75185 1952052102.20 0901001 151,25
16 0.90 1,10 1 35 1 55 1 70 1 80 1 90200 2.05 2,10 0.90 1.00 1,15
17 090 1 00 1,25 1.45 1 60 1 70 185 1 80200205 090 1 05
18 090115135 1,50 1.65 175185 195200 090
19 080105125 1,40 1,55 1.70180 180195
0 9n minimum foundation depth
20 0.901 15 1.35 1.50 1,60 1.75 1.80190

21 0.90105 125 140 1,55 1.65 1.75 1.85

22 0.80 0.95 1 15 1 35 1 50 1.60 1.70 1,80

23 0.90 1 10 1 25 1 40 1.55 1.65 1.75

24 0.90 1.00 1 20 1 35 1 45 1.60 1 70

25 0.90 1.10 1 25 1 40 1.50 1 60

26 0.90 1.05 1.20135 145155


27 0.90 0.95 1.15 1.30 1.40 1 50

28 0 90 1.05 1.20 1.35 1.45

29 090 1.00 1,15 1.30 1.40

30 0.90 1.10 1 20 1 35

31 090100 1 15 1.30
32 090085 1 10125
33 090105115
34 0.90 1.00 1,10

35 0.90 1.05
0.9m minimum foundation depth
36 0.90 1.00
37 0.90 0.95

38 090

NHBC Standards - Chapter 42 Page 2S of 37


April 2003 edition Effective: July 2003
APPENDIX 4.2-D
Building near trees

Foundation depth tables (continued)


Table 18 - MEDIUM shrinkage soil and MODERATE water demand tree

Foundation depth (m)


Tree height H (ml
— _______________
Distance Broad leafed trees Coniferous trees
0(m) 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 8101214 20 22 2426
1 1.85 1 85 1 90 1 90 1.95 1 95 1 95 1 95 1.95 1 95 1.95 t.9S 1 65 1.70 1.75 1.80 1 80 1 85 1 85 1.90 1.90 1 90 1 90 1 SC
2 1,65 1.75 1 80 1 80 1 85 1.85 1 85 1.90 1 90 1.90 1.90 1 90 1 25 1 40 1.50 1 551 65 1 65 1.70 1,75 1 751 80 1 80 1 8C
3 1.45 1.60 1.65 1,70 175 180 180 180 185 185 185 1.85 090 110 125 1 35 1.45 1,50 1 55 160 1 651.65 1,70 1 7C
4 1 30 1.45 t.5S 1 601.65 1 70 175 1.75 180 180 180 180 0.90 095 1 tO 125130 1.40 145 1.50 1,55 1 55 t.sc
5 1 10 1.30 1 40 1 50 1.55 1.60 1 65 1.70 1 70 1.75 1 75 1 80 0.90090 1 05 1 15 1 25 1.30 135 140 145 1
6 0.90 1.15130 1401.45155 160 160 1.65170 1.70175 090095 1.101 15 128130 135 l.4C
7 0.90 1.00 1 15 1.30 140 1.45 1.50 1 55 1 60 1.65 t.65 1,70 090 090 1.00 1.10 1.15 1 25 t.3C
8 0.90 1 05 1.20 1 30 1 35 145 1 50 1.55 1.55 1 60 1.65 090 095 1 05 110 t.2C
9 0.90 1.101201.30 135 1.40 145150 1551.60 0900.95 1,00 tiC
10 0.900951 101,20 130 135 1.40145 1.50155 090090095
11 090 1 00 1.10 1.20 1 30 1.35 1 40 1 45 1.50 0,9m minimum foundation depth 0.90
12 0.90 1.05 1.15 1.20 1.30 1.35 1.40145
13 0.90095 1.05 1.15 1.25 1.30 1 35140
14 0.90 1 00 110 1.15 1.25 1 30 1 35
15 0.90 1.00 1 10 1.15 1 25 1.30
16 0.80095 1.05 1,10 1.20 1.25
17 090 1.00 1.10 1.15 1.20
18 . . 0.90 1 00 110 1.15
0 9m minimum foundation depth
19 0.90 095 1001.10
20 0 90 0.95 1.05
21 0.90 1 00
22 0.90 0 95
23 0.90

Table 19 - MEDIUM shrinkage soil and LOW water demand tree


Foundation denth (m)
Tree height H (m)
Distance Broad leafed trees
D(m) 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
1

2
iffo 1,40 1,45 1 45 1.45 1.45 1 45 145 1.45 1 50 1 50
120 1.30 1.30 1351 351.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 145 145 1.45
3 1.05 1 15 1.20 1 25 1 30 1.30 1.35 1 35 1.35 1.40 1.40 1.40
4 0.90 1.05 1 10 1.20 1. 20 1.25 1 30 1.30 1.30 1 35 1.35 1,35
5 0.90 1 00 110 1 15 1.20 1.20 1 25 1 25 1 30 1.30 1,30
6 0.90 1 00 1 05 1.10 1 15 1 20 1 20 1 25 1 25 1.30
7 0901 00105 1.10 115 115 1.20 1 20 1.25
8 0.90 1.00 1,05 1 10 110 1.15 1 20 1,20
9 090 1.00 105 1.05 1,10 115 1.15
10 090 095 100 105 110 1.10
11 090 095 1.00 1.05 1,10
12 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05
0.9m minimum foundation depth
13 0.90 095 100
14 090 095
15 090

Page 26 of 37 NHBC Standards - Chapter 4.2


Effective: July 2003 April 2003 edition
APPENDIX 42-D
Building near trees

Table 20 - LOW shrinkage soil and HIGH water demand tree

Foundation depth (m)


Tree height H (m)
Distance Broad leafed trees Coniferous trees
0 (m) 8 tO 12 14 t6 t8 20 22 24 26 28 30 8 10 t2 t4 t6 t8 20 22 24 26 28
2 35 2 40 2 40 2,40 2 45 2 45 2 45 2 45 2 45 2 45 2 45 2 45 215 2 25 2.30 2 3C 2 35 2.35 2 35 2.40 2 40 2 40 2 40 2.40
2.t5 2.25 2.30 2.30 2.35 2 35 2.4C 2.40 2.48 2.40 2 40 2 45 1.80 1.95 2 05 2.tC 2.15 2.20 2.25 225 2 30 2 30 2.30 2.35
2 00 210 215 2 20 2.25 2.30 2.3C 2.35 235 2 35 235 2 40 1 45 1 65 1 80 1 .9C 1,95 2 05 210 210 2.15 2,20 2.20 2 2S
4 80 1 95 2 05 210 2.15 2 20 225 2.25 2.30 2.30 2 30 235 1 05 1 35 1.55 1 7C 1 80 1 85 1 95 2 00 2.05 2 05 2 tO 215
1.65 1 80 1 95 2.00 2.10 215 2.15 2 20 2.25 2 25 2.25 2.30 0.75 1 05 1.30 1.50 1 60 1 70 1 80 1.85 1.90 1 95 2 00 2.05
1 45 1.70 1 80 1 90 2 00 2.05 210 215 215 2.20 2 20 2.25 0 75 1 05 1 25 1.45 1 55 1 65 1.70 1 80 1.85 1 90 1 95
1 30 1.55 1 70 1.80 1.90 2.OC 2 05 2 05 2 tO 2.15 215 2 20 0 75 1.80 1 05 1.25 1.40 1 50 1.60 1 65 1.75 1 80 1 85
8 1 tO 1 40 1.60 1.70 1 80 1.90 1.95 2 00 2 05 210 210 215 2 75 o 85 1.05 1 20 1 35 1 45 1 55 1.60 1.70 1 75
0.95 1,25 1 45 1 60 1.75 1 80 1.90 1,95 2.00 2.05 2 05 2 tO 0.75 0.90 1 05 1.20 1.35 1 45 1.50 1 60 1.65
to 0,75 110 1 35 1 50 1 65 1 75 1 80 1 90 1 95 2 00 2 00 2.05 0 75 o 90 1,05 1 20 1 30 1.40 1 50 1.55
0,75 1.00 1 20 1 40 1 55 1.65 1 75 1 80 1.90 1.95 1 95 2 00 o 75 0.90 1 05 1 20 1 30 1 35 1 45
12 0.75 0.85 110 1 30 1 45 1 60 1 70 1.75 1.80 1.85 1 90 1 95 0,75 0 95 1 05 115 1 25 1.35
13 0.75 1.00 1 20 1 40 1 50 1 60 1 70 1.75 1.80 1.85 1 90 0,75 0.80 0 95 1 05 1 15 1 25
14 0 75 o 90 110 1 30 1 45 1.55 1.65 1 70 1 75 1 80 1 85 0 75 0 80 3 95 1.05 1.15
15 0 75 1 00 1.20 1 35 1,45 1.55 1 65 1 70 1 75 1 80 0 75 2 85 :1,95 1.05
16 0 75 0 90 110 1 30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1 65 1 70 1 75 3 75 2.85 :1 95
17 0 75 0 80 1 05 1.20 1.35 1 45 1 55 1 60 1 65 1,75 2.75 3 85
18 0.75 2.95 1 tO 1 25 1 35 1 45 1,55 1,60 1 70 0 75
19 0.75 2.85 1 05 1 20 1 30 1 40 1,50 1,55 1.65
20 3 75 o 95 110 1.25 1 35 1 45 1.50 1 60 0.75m minimum foundation depth
21 3 75 0 90 1 05 1 20 1.30 1.40 1 45 1 55
22 2.75 0 80 1.00 1.10 1 25 1 35 1.40 1 50
23 0 75 0.90 1 05 1.20 1 30 1 35 1,45
24 0.75 0.85 1 00 1 tO 1.25 1 30 1 40
25 o 75 o 95 1.05 1.15 1 25 1 35
26 0 75 o 85 1 00 1.10 1.20 1 30
27 0 75 o so 0.95 1.05 1.15 1 25
28 0 75 0.90 1 00 110 1.20
29 0.75 o 85 0 95 1 05 1 15
30 0 75 0 90 1.00 1.10
31 o 75 0 85 0.95 1.05
32 0.75 0.80 0.90 1 05
33 0 75 0 85 1 00

34 2 75 2 80 3.95

35 2 75 3 90
36 3,75 O 85
37 0 75m minimum foundation depth 2 75 0 80
38 0 75


NHBC Standards - Chapter 4.2 Page 27 of 37
April 2003 edition Effective; July 2003
APPENDIX 4.2-D
Building near trees

Foundation depth tables (continued)


Table 21 - LOW shrinkage soil and MODERATE water demand tree

Foundation depth (m)


Tree height H (m)
Distance Broad leafed trees Coniferous trees
0(m)
1
8 10 12 14 f6 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
1.50 1 50 1.55 1.55 1 55 1 55 1 55 1.55 1 55 t 60 1 60 1 60
iEi
1 30 t 40 1 40 145 1,45 1 50 1.50 1 50 1 50 1.55 1 55 t 55
2 1 35 1.40 1,45 145 1 50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1 55 1 55 1 55 1.55 1 00 1.15 1.20 1.25 1 30 1 35 140 1 40 1.40 145 145 1 45
3 120 130 1,35 140 1,40 1.45 145 145 150150 1 50150 075 0.90 1.00 1 101 15120 125 1.30 130135 135 1 4C
4 105 1 iS 125 1301.35 135 140 140 145 1.45 1.45 145 0.75 080095 1.00 1.10 1.15 120 1 20125 1 25 1.3C
5 09010S11S1201.251301,35135 1401401.40145 0750.750,85095 1.00105 1,101.15 12012C
6 075 0.95 1 05 1 15 1 20 1 25 1.30 1 30 1 35 1.35 1 40 1.40 0,75080 050 085 1.00 1.05 110 1.15
7 0.75 085095 1.051101201.201251.301,30135135 0.75 0.75085 090095 100 1.05
8 0.75085095105110 1.15 120 125125 1301.30 0.750800.85095095
9 0.750901.001051 10115 1201,25 125130 075080 085 0.9C
10 0,75 080090 1 00 1 05 1.10 115 120 1 20 1.25 0.75 075 080
11 0750.850.95 1.00 1.05 1 10 115 1.15 1 20 0.75
12 0750850951.001051 101 15115
13 0750.800900951001051,10115
14 0750850900.95100 1051 10
15 075 0.85 090 0.95 1001,05
16 0.75080 0.85090 0.65 1.00
'
17 0.75 0 80 0 90 0.95 1.00
18 0.75 085 090095
19 075080085090
20 075 0.80 085
0,75m minimum foundation depth 0.75m m:nimum foundation depth
21 0.75 085
22 0 75 0.80
23 075

Table 22 - LOW shrinkage soil and LOW water demand tree


Foundation depth
- (m)
Tree height H (m)
Distance Broad leafed trees
D(m) 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
I 1.10 1.15 1 15 1 15 uS 1 15 1 20 1.20 1 20 1,20 120 1.20
2 1.00 105105 1.10 1 101.10 115 115 115 115 1.15 1.15
3 090 095 1.00 1.05 105 1.05 1 10 1 10 1.10 1.10 110115
4 075 08S 090 0.95 1.00 100 1.05 105 lOS 1.10 110110
5 0 75 0.85 0.90 0 95 0 95 1 00 1.00 1 05 1 05 1 05 1 05

6 0,75 0 85 0 90 0.90 0 95 0.95 1 00 1 00 1 05 1 05


7 0.75 0 85 0 85 0 90 0.95 0.95 1.00 1 00 1 00

8 0.75 080 0.85 0.90 0.90 0.95 095 1 DC

9 075 080 085 0.80 090 095 0.95


10 075 080 0.85 085 090 0.9C
11 0.75 0.80 085 085 0.90
12 0.75 0.80 085085
13 0.75 080085
0 75m minimum foundation depth
14 075 080
15 075

Page 28 of 37 NHBC Standards - Chapter 4.2


Effective: July 2003 April 2003 edition
APPENDIX 4.2-E
Building near trees

Climate zones
Figure 13 Reductions in foundation depth due to climate variations
The foundation depth may be reduced by the amounts shown on the map for each climatic zone (see
Design clause D5(e)). Where it is unclear which zone applies, the lower reduction value should be used.

NHBC Standards - Chapter 4.2 Page 29 of 37


Aprii 2003 edition Effective: Juiy 2003
APPENDIX 4.2-F
Building near trees

Damage to trees by construction work derived from BS 5837: 1991


In order to avoid unacceptable damage as a result of construction activities, an area around each remaining tree
should be protected from disturbance by fencing. This should not be removed or breached during construction
operations without prior consultation with an arboricultural specialist. The fencing should protect as large an area
around the tree as possible after consideration of all construction operations in its vicinity. The minimum distance left
to be undisturbed around the tree is given in the table below.

Protection of trees: minimum distances for protective fencing around trees

Tree age Tree vigour Trunk diameter Minimum distance


mm m
Young trees Normal vigour < 200 20
(age less than 1/3 life expectancy) 200 to 400 3.0
> 400 4.0
Young trees Low vigour < 200 30
200to400 45
> 400 6.0
Middle age trees Normal vigour < 250 3.0
(1/3 to 2/3 life expectancy) 250 to 500 4.5
> 500 6.0
Middle age trees Low vigour < 250 5,0
250to500 75
> 500 10.0
Mature trees Normal vigour < 350 4.0
350to750 60
>750 80
Mature trees and overrnature trees Low vigour < 350 6.0
350to750 90
> 750 12.0

Note:
1. It should be emphasised that this table relates to distances from centre of tree to protective fencing.Other
considerations, particularly the need to provide adequate space around the tree including allowances for
future growth and working space will usually indicate that the structures should be further away.
2. With appropriate precautions, temporary site works can occur within the protected area, e.g. for access
or scaffolding.
3. If it is deemed acceptable for construction works to occur closer than the minimum distance, the distance
can be reduced by up to one third on one side only. If distances are reduced in this way, a corresponding
increase in distances should be made in other directions.

Page 30 of 37 NKBC standards - Chapter 42


Effective: July 2003 Aprii 2003 edition
APPENDIX 4.2-F
Building near trees

As an alternative, the fencing may be erected below the outermost limit of the branch spread, or at a
distance equal to half the height of the tree, as illustrated below. The distance by this method will usually be
significantly greater than the distances in the table above.

Alternative location for protective fencing

.4 1
eranch spread Hait height
use whichever is greater

Trenching along radii to minimise damage

If it proves essential for a service trench to be taken closer to a tree than the minimum distance in the above
table, root damage can be minimised by either:
• thrust boring a hole for the service, or
• radial trenching and tunnelling as illustrated below.

Trench

Sieeve

tern ice

NHBC Standards - chapser 4,2 Pate 31 of 37


Aprii 2003 edition Effective: Jaiy 2003
APPENDIX 4.2-F
Building near trees

Damage to trees by construction work derived from BS 5837: 1991 (continued)


If building closer than the distances recommended in the table below, precautions should be taken to allow for
future growth of the tree.

Minimum distance (m) between centre of tree and structure to allow for future tree growth

Mature height of tree

Type of structure Up to 8m 8m to 15m over 15m

Buildings and heavily loaded structures - 0.5 1.2

Lightly loaded structures such as garages, porches etc. - 0.7 1.5

)rains and underground services


<lmdeep 05 1.5 3.0
>lmdeep - 1.0 2.0

*Masonry boundary walls


- 0.5 1.0
- (1.0) (2.0)
*ln..situ concrete paths and drives - 0.5 1.5
(0.5) (1.0) (2.5)
°paths and drives with flexible surfaces or paving slabs - 0.5 1.0
(0.7) (1.5) (3.0)

*These distances assume that some movement and minor damage might occur Guidance on distances which
will generally avoid all damage is given in brackets.

Further information can be obtained by reference to BS 5837.

Page 32 of 37 NHBC Standards - Chapter 4.2


Effective Juiy 2003 Aprii 2003 edition
APPENDIX 4.2-G
Building near trees

Information sources and acknowledgements


INFORMATION SOURCES
Further recommendations and information can be obtained from

Publications
BS 1377 Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes
BS 5837 •Guide for trees in relation to construction'
BS 5930 'Code of practice for site investigations'
BRE Digests 240, 241 and 242 'Low rise buildings on shrinkable clay soils', parts 1, 2 and 3
BRE Digest 298 'The influence of trees on house foundations in clay soils'
BRE Digest 412 'Desiccation in clay soils'

Tree Recognition — A Pocket Manual


by Ian Richardson and Rowena Gale, Richardson's Botanical Identifications,
49/51 Whiteknights Road, Reading, Berks RG6 7BB

Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe


by Alan Mitchell, Harper Collins, Glasgow

Geological survey maps


obtainable from British Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 SGG
Tel: 0115 936 3100; www.bs.ac uk

Tree root damage to buildings


Vol.1 Causes. Diagnosis and Remedy
Vol. 2 Patterns of Soil Drying in Proximity to Trees on Clay Soils
by P G Biddle, Willowmead Publishing, Wantage OX1 2 9JA

Organisations
Arboricultural Association
Ampfield House, Ampfield, nr. Romsey, Hants 5051 9PA
Tel: 01794 368717; www.trees.org.uk

Arboricultural Advisory and Information Service


Forest Research Station, Alice Holt Lodge, Wrecclesham, Farnham, Surrey GU1O 4LH
Tel. 01420 22022; www.treehelri.info
(Tree Helpline telephone rio. 0906 516 1147)

Institution of Civil Engineers


1-7 Great George Street, London SW1P 3AA
Tel: 020 7222 7722, www.ice org.uk

Institution of Structural Engineers


11 Upper Belgrave Street, London SW1X 8BH
Tel. 020 7235 4535; www istructe.org.uk

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
NHBC gratefully acknowledges the help given by authoritative organisations and individuals in the preparation of
this Chapter, particularly:
Building Research Establishment
Dr P G Biddle Arboricultural Consultant

NHBC Standards - Chapter 4.2 Page 33 of 37


April 2003 edition Effective Juiy 2003
APPENDIX 4.2-H
Building near trees

Worked example
How to determine foundation depths from the Charts in Appendix 4.2-C or the Tables in Appendix 4.2-0.

Step Ref Example

1 Determine the volume 05(b) Site at Oxford, building near a Lombardy Poplar (to be retained) and a
change potential of the Sycamore (to be removed)
soil. Ensure the site
investigation includes From laboratory tests,
representative sampling
and testing Plasticity Index. p = 36%.
Test results also report that 100% of particles are smaller than
425pm. Therefore,
modified Plasticity Index. 'p = 36 x 100 = 36%.
100
From Table 1, Volume change potential = Medium
(in the absence of tests assume high volume change potential)
This example is typical of Oxford Clay. More than 35% of the
particles are smaller than 612pm and therefore the soil is
shrinkable. 100% of the particles are smaller than 425pm and
therefore the l'p is the same as the Ip.
A typical Boulder Clay also has more than 35% of particles
smaller than 6Opm and is therefore also shrinkable. Howevet it
may have only 80% of its particles smaller than 425pm in which
case the l'p is 80% of the Ip.
A typical clayey sand may have less than 30% of its particles
smaller than 6Opm in which case the soil would be non
shrinkable.

2 Establish the species. D5(c) Lombardy Poplar Sycamore


mature height and water and
From Appendix 4 2-B From Appendix 4.2-B
demand of all trees and 05(d)
hedgerows within their Mature height = 25m Mature height = 22m
influencing radii. Water demand = High Water demand = Moderate

3 Plot the trees and D5(c)


hedgerows relative to the
foundations and draw
their zones of influence to
determine which trees will
affect the foundation design.
Use a scaled plan.

zone of influence
of Sycamore
O.75x22 = 16.5m

Page 34 of 37 NHBc Standards - chapter 42


Effective: Juiy 2003 April 2003 edition
APPENDIX 4.2-H
Building near trees

Step Ref Example

4 Establish the appropriate D5(d) Lombardy Poplar Sycamore


tree height H to use. Tree to remain. Therefore, Tree to be removed
Always use the mature height
for remaining and proposed H = Mature height Mature height = 22m
trees and hedgerows. The = 25m Actual height = 15m
appropriate height to use for Actual height greater than
removed trees and 50% mature height. Therefore,
hedgerows depends on the H = Mature height
actual height when they are = 22m
removed.

5 Measure the distance D D6(c) Lombardy Poplar I Sycamore I


from the centre of the trees I I

or hedgerows to the face of Distance D = lOm Distance D = 8m I

the foundation from foundation from foundation

6 Select Steps 6C(a) and (b) if


using Charts in Appendix
4.2-C to derive depths or
select Step 6T if using
Tables in Appendix 4.2-D
to derive depths. Alternatively
the NHBC foundation depth
calculator may be used (see
Sitework clause 52).

6C Calculate DIH Lombardy Poplar I Sycamore


(a) i.e. distance D from face I

of foundation (Step
D=10=0.4 I P = =0.36
divided by the appropriate
H 25 I H 22
I
tree height H (Step 4)
Alternatively D/H can be
obtained from Table 13 in
Appendix 4 2-C.

6C Determine foundation
(b) depth using the Charts in Lombardy Poplar Sycamore
Appendix 4.2-C as follows: In this example the volume In this example the volume
change potential is change potential is Medium,
Medium, then from Chart 2 then from Chart 2 for
for broadleafed high water broadleafed high water
Volume Chart demand trees at D = 0.4, demand trees at 0 = 0.36,
change number H H
potential Foundation depth = 2.33m Foundation depth = 1.50m
High 1
The Lombardy Poplar is the tree requiring the greater
Medium 2
depth (2.33m)
Low 3

NHBC Standards - Chapter 4.2 Page 35 of 37


April 2003 ed4ion Effective. July 2003
APPENDIX 4.2-H
Building near trees

Worked example (continued)

Step Ref Example

6T Determine foundation depth using Lombardy Poplar Sycamore


the Tables in Appendix 42-0 as follows: In this example the In this example the
volume change potential volume change potential
Volume Tree Table is Medium and the is Medium and the water
change water number water demand is High, demand is Moderate,
potential demand then from Table 17, then from Table 18, for
Hi h 14 for broad leafed high broad leafed moderate
Moderate 15 water demand trees at water demand trees at
High
Low 16 0 = lOm and H = 25m, 0 = 8m and H = 22m,
Foundation depth = Foundation depth =
High 17 2.33m (by interpolation) 1.50m
Medium Moderate 18
Low 19 The Lombardy Poplar is the tree requiring the
High 20 greater depth (2.33m)
Low Moderate 21
Low 22

7 Adjust the depth according to the 05(e) Oxford is between 50 and 100 miles NW of
climatic zone. A reduction may be London. From Appendix 4 2-E, a reduction of
made for distance north and west of 0.05m is permitted
London but the final depth should not Final foundation depth = 2.33 - 0.05 = 2.28m
be less than the minimum given in each
Chart and Table.

8 Check that the recommendations of


this Chapter have been met for:
Acceptable foundation types 06(a)
New planting 06(d),
(including shrubs) 06(e)
Non shrinkable soil overlying 06(f)
shrinkable soil
Variations in foundation depths 06(g),
S3(b)
Foundations on sloping ground 06(h)
Precautions against heave 08,S4
(including suspended floors)
Measurement of foundation depths S3(a)
Foundation trench bottoms S3(c)
Precautions for drainage S5

Note:
The above process may be repeated to allow the foundation to be stepped as its distance from the trees increases.

Page 36 of 37 NHBC standards - Chapter 4.2


Effective. July 2003 Apni 2003 edition
LIST OF CHAPTERS AND INDEX
Building near trees

LIST OF CHAPTERS
PART 1 GENERAL INFORMATION PART 6 SUPERSTRUCTURE (excluding roofs)
1 .1 Introduction to the Standards and Technical 6.1 External masonry walls
Requirements 6.2 External timber framed walls
1.2 Not allocated 6.3 Internal walls
1.3 Not allocated 6.4 Timber and concrete upper floors
1.4 Cold weather working 6.5 Steelwork support to upper floom and
partitions
PART 2 MATERIALS 6.6 Staircases
2.1 Concrete and its reinforcement 67 Doors, windows and glazing
2.2 Not allocated 6.8 Fireplaces, chimneys and flues
2.3 Timber preservation (natural solid timber)
PART 7 ROOFS
PART 3 NOT ALLOCATED 7.1 Flat roofs and balconies
72 Pitched roofs
PART 4 FOUNDATIONS
41 Land quality - managing ground conditions PART 8 SERVICES AND INTERNAL FINISHING
4.2 Building near trees 81 Internal services
4.3 Not allocated 8.2 Wall and ceiling finishes
4.4 Strip and trench fill foundations 8.3 Floor finishes
45 Raft, pile, pier and beam foundations 8.4 Finishings and fitments
4.6 Vibratory ground improvement techniques 8.5 Painting and decorating
PART 5 SUBSTRUCTURE AND GROUND PART 9 EXTERNAL WORKS
FLOORS g.i Garages
5.1 Substructure and ground bearing floors g.2 Drives, paths and landscaping
5.2 Suspended ground floom
5.3 Drainage below ground PART 10 NOT ALLOCATED

INDEX

B
Broad leafed trees 18,23,24,25 Plasticity Index 3, ig
C Protection of trees 2, t, 34,35
Climate 4, 2 R
Compressible materials 11, 14, 15 Raft foundations 4,8, g, 16
Coniferous trees 18, 23,24,25 S
D Shrinkable soils 3, 6,21,26
Damage to trees 3D, 31 Shrubs 5, 6
Depth charts lg-22 Sloping ground 6, 21
Depth Tables 23-28 Soil classification 3
Drainage 1D, 16,21,34,35 Stepped foundations 6, 14,21
E Strip foundations 4, 6, 7
Excavation 12 Suspended ground floors g
F T
Foundation depths 5, 12, ig, 21,26,32 Tree heights 4, 13, 18, 2D, 22,35
Foundation types 4, 21 Tree species 18
H Trench bottoms 2, 4, 21
Heave 3,8, g, 14 Trench fill foundations 4,7,8, 14
Heave precautions g,g, 1D, 11, 14,21 V
M Void formem 11, 14, 15
Modified Plasticity Index 3, 1 Volume change potential 3, 1
N w
New planting 5,6,21 Water demand 3, 18,23,24,25
P z
Pier and beam foundations 4, 7, g, 14, 15 Zone of influence 3,8,34
Pile and beam foundations 4,7, g, 14, 15

NHBC tsandards - chapser 4.2 Page 37 ot 37


Aprd 2003 editiox tttective iuiy 2003
NHBC, Buildmark House, Chiltern Avenue, Amersham, Bucks HP6 5AP
Tel: 0870 241 4302 Fax: 01494 735201
e-mail: technical@nhbc.co.uk www.nhbc.co.uk

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© National House-Building Council 2003

NHBC
NATIONAL HOUSE-BUILDING COUNCIL

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