CHAU BAN TRIEU NGUYEN

NHUtlG CHUiNG CUf UCH SUT- PHAP LY VE CHU QUYEN

CUA VIET NAM DOI VOfl HOANG SA-TRlTONG SA

PHAN HUY LE'

I. C h a u b a n t r i l u Nguyen, m d t k h o thu vien, Thi han vien, Ndi han vien

tu li^u lich s\i vo gia chuyen trach, sang thdi Minh Menh (1820-
Chau ban trieu Nguydn, diing nhu ten 1840) doi thanh Van thU phdng roi nam
goi cua nd, la nhiing van thii trinh len nha 1829 chuyen cho Npi cac vdi chctc nang
vua phe duyet, mang d&'u "ngU phe", "ngU "giut so sach va chau hau ta hiiu" (1). Trai
lam" bang mau son dd cua hoang de va qua trieu vua Minh Menh, Thieu Tri
ddng an tin cua hoang de cung cac cd quan (1841-1847) to chCtc cua Noi cac vdi cac cd
ciia trieu dinh nha Nguyen. Dau an "ngU quan chuyin trach va so' lUOng quan chCtc,
phe", "ngii lam" gom nhiiu loai hinh khac nhan vien co nhieu thay ddi theo hudng
nhau tfif "Chau phi" cd the bang mot doan qui dmh chat che nhiem vu van thu va luu
van hay vai ba tcf ngin gon nhu 'Tri dao trii cua trieu dinh. Nam 1847, vua Thieu
lilu" (Biet cho), "Y tau" (Y theo Icli tiu), Tri xae dinh Noi cac "chdu hau ndi cung
"Hao" (Biet cho), dd'n "Chau khuyen" la cam, phung thiia sdc chi, tiep nhan s6 ta'u,
vong son do diem len ten ngudi hay sU viec tuan thiia chau phe, chiic vu ra't la quan
ma nha vua \\la chon, "Chau diem" la cha'm trong" (2). Ta't ca nguyen tic, qui trinh
son do cham len dau van ban ma Hinhi: Cac luai chau phi-, chiiu khuyen, chau diem, ch^u niiit, chuu sd,
chau cai (jnh: Trung Um luu irU Qudc giu I)
nha vua chap thuan, "Chau mat" la
n6t son quet len ten ngudi hay sU
viec khdng duoc nha vua chap
thuan, "Chau cai", "Chau so'" la net
son gach so len nhufng chd bieu thi
su phii nhan hay can chiia lai.
Ta't ca nhiing van ban nay do mot
cd quan giQ vai trd nhU Van phdng
cua ho^ng de dam nhiem. Thdi Gia
Long (1802-1819) liic dau do Thi

• GS. Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Npi

 Rghien cmi IJeh sur. so 7.2014

tid'p nhan van thU, chu^n bi trinh len
hoang d^ phe duyet, ddng a'n trien, rdi
phung sao chuyan giao cho cac cd quan
thuc thi va bao quan van thit dildc qui
dinh rat quy cu, chat ehe. Npi cac cd trach
nhiem bao quan cac van ban goc vdi day
du dau "Ngu phe" va cac loai a'n trien,
tang trii tai tda Ddng cac sau nha Ta vu
cua dien Can chanh trong Ca'm thanh.
Trong thdi Phap thupc, Nam trieu ma't
dan cac quydn Iiic va nam 1933, vua Bao
Dai bd Ndi cac, lap mpt van phdng mang
ten NgU tien van phdng.
Trong 143 nam ton tai (1802-1945) kho
tang Chau ban trieu Nguyin han ra't do so.
NhUng ra't tiec la qua nhfing bie'n cd' lich
si£, qua chien tranh va nhiing tac dong cua
thdi gian, khi hau, khd'i lUdng Chau ban bi
mat mat, hU hdng kha nhieu. Nam 1942,
Tdng ly Ngii tien van phong Tran Van Ly
nhan thay Chau ban khong dUdc bao quan
tot nen xin thanh lap Hdi dong kiem ke do
Ngd Dinh Nhu lam chu tpa va chuyen giao
ta't ca cho Viin Van hoa. Nam dau khang
chien chdng Phap, Chau ban bi ma't nhieu.
Mdt phdn Chau ban va cac loai thu tich cua
vUdng trieu bi tha't tan ra ben ngoai, bay
ban tai cac ehd d Hue, lot vao tay tu gia.
Nam 1959, kho Chau ban eac van thuf trieu
Nguyin dUdc chuyen tit Vien Van hda sang
B a n g i : T h o n g ke so t a p ciia k h o C h a u b a n t r i e u N g u y e n
Vien Dai hoc Hue. Tai day, Uy ban phien
dich SL( lieu Viet Nam do GS. T r i n Kinh
Hda lam Tong thu ky dUdc thanh lap di
kiem tra lai kho tU lieu nay va td chiic
nghiin ciiu, xuat ban. Theo thd'ng k i ciia
Uy ban, kho Chau ban liic dd co 611 tap vk
nhieu tap rdi. Triidc nam 1975, kho Chiu
ban lai chuyen len Da Lat rdi chuyen vi Sai
Gdn. Sau khi chien tranh ket thiic. Cue
LiJu tri3 Nha niidc tie'p quan khd'i tU lieu
nay va do Trung tam Luu trQ Quoc gia II
tai Thanh pho' Ho Chi Minh quan ly. Nam
1991, kho Chau ban dupe chuyen ra Thu do
Ha Npi, do Trung tam LUu trii Quoc gia 1
thupc Cue Liiu trii Nha nifdc, nay la Cue
Van thu va LUu trii Nha nUdc, quan ly.
Liic dd, nhieu td Chau ban chua dong
thanh tap, tinh trang hit hong ra't dang lo
ngai, phan ldn bi md'c, k i t dinh, ddng bon
thanh cue (3). Cue Van thii va Luu trii nha
nUdc da xay diing mpt chUdng trinh ciiu
van Chau ban nham cdu di san nay khoi
nguy cd hi huy hoai va phuc hoi, gia co de
bao quan lau dai, tiing biidc nghien ciiu,
cong bo' va td chufc khai thac. Day la ban
thd'ng ke sd'lUdng Chau ban nam 2012 cua
Trung tam Luu trd Qud'c gia I (xem bang
D-
773 tap gom khoang 85.000 van ban.
Ngoai ra con khoang hdn 3.000 td bi ket

STT T r i l u dai 1959 1975 1991 2003 2012

1 Gia Lone (1802-1819) 5 5 5 7 7
2 Minh Menh (1820-1840) 83 81 81 86 86
3 Thieu Tri (1841-1847) 51 51 51 63 63
4 TuDilc (1848-1883) 352 345 345 382 382
5 Kien Phuc (1884) 1 1 1 1 1
6 Ham Nghi (1884-1885) 0 0 0 1 1
7 Dong Khanh (1886-1888) 4 4 4 26 26
8 Thanh Thai (1889-1907) 74 74 74 98 98
9 Duy Tiin (1907-1916) 35 35 35 61 54
10 Khai Dmh (1916-1925J 4 4 4 10 10
11 Bao Dai (1926-1945) 2 2 2 20 55
Tong cong; 611 602 602 735 773
Ngudn: Tnm)> lam Lint tritqtiitc yia I
Chau bfln tn&i Rguygn...
dinh chiia ducc xuf ly. So Chau ban dd trai
dai suot g i n mot the ky nidi tri vi cua trieu
Nguyin, qua 11 ddi vua Nguyin tuf Gia
Long den Bao Dai. Theo sii u6c tinh cua
GS. T r i n Kinh Hda, so' Chau ban cdn den
nay chiem khoang chua den 1/5 kho^i lUdng
Chau ban trieu Nguyin (4).
Chiu ban trieu Nguyin gom nhi^u the
loai v&n thu tii chiiu, chi, du..., den khai,
bieu, ta'u, trinh... Trtf mpt so'ban "phung
sao", p h i n ldn la nguyen ban, ban gdc vdi
nguyen dau "Ngii phe", "Ngii lam" va a'n tin
hoic cd da'u "Ngii phe" hoac cd i'n tin. Day
la mdt kho tang til lieu gd'c ri't quy gia,
phan anh trung thiic tit tudng chinh tri
ciing chu trUdng, dudng Id'i va cac chi'nh
sach ddi npi, ddi ngoai cua trieu Nguyen.
Ngoai cac van ban tii nha vua ban xud^ng,
trong kho tang Chau ban con cd loai ta'u,
khai, trinh... do cac cd quan cua trieu dinh,
cac dia phUdng tau l i n xin ^ kiin nha vua.
Loai van ban nay phan anh kha khach
quan ca tinh hinh kinh te, van hda, xa hpi
da dang cua d§^t nude tii tinh trang miia
mang, thiiy ldi, cdng thUdng nghiep, ddi
sdng ngudi dan, cac cupc bao loan,... din
nhiing vu khii'u kien, nhiing hien tUdng
tham nhiing, viic thuyen chuyen, thang
giang quan lai cac ca'p, nhiing thay doi
trong b i may nha nUdc va trieu chinh...
Diy la mdt ngu6n sCf Ueu gd'c vo ciing quy
gia phan anh td chiic va hoat dpng cua
vUdng trieu Nguyin, tinh hinh mpi mat cua
da't nude. Chinh Qud'c sii quan nha Nguyen
da khai thac ngudn t\i lieu nay d i bien soan
cac bp chinh su( cua vUdng trieu nhU Dai
Nam thitc luc tiin biSn va Dai Nam thiXc
luc chinh biin, Dai Nam chinh biin liet
truyen, cac bd hdi didn nhii Khdm dinh Dai
Nam hpi dien siX li, Minh Menh chinh yeu.
Doi chieu mot so" tap ciia Chau ban so vdi
cic bo thu tich tren, tdi thS'y cac suf than
trieu Nguyen chi mdi su( dung mot ty trpng
nhd nhiJng thdng tin cua Chau ban de bien
soan (5).
Chau ban cdn chtfa diing nhieu thdng
tin quy de nghiin ciiu cac chii "Chiu phi"
tufc biit tich cua cac vua trieu Nguyen, chfi
viet qua cac giai doan phat trien thdi
Nguyin, p h i n ldn la chii Han va ca chii
Nom, chd: Qud'c ngii, chii Phap. NhGng
doan Chau phi ciia Bao Dai cho biet dng
vua cudi ciing nay cua trieu Nguyin khdng
phai chi thao tieng Phap, chuf Qudc ngii ma
chii Han viit ciing kha dep. Tren Chau ban
con cd da'u a'n eiia nhieu loai i'n chddng cua
hoang de, hoang tdc va cac cd quan chinh
quyen iii trieu dinh den dia phufdng. Ngoc
ty cua hoang di' cd "Ngii tien chi bao" ddng
vao dudi ldi "Ngd phe*', tren chii "Kham
thuf", tren nhiing chG ngay, thing, niin
hieu trong cac chi du, chiidng sd cua nha
vua; "Qud'c gia tin bao" ddng vio dong chG
ghi nien hieu nha vua; "Sac minh chi bao"
dong vao cac loai sac, chiiu; 'Thii tin thien
ha van vu quyen hanh" ddng vao chieu van,
chi du; "Van ly mat sat" la loai a'n Idem ddng
vao nhGng chG quan trpng, nhGng chd siia
chGa, giap phung trong cac du, chi... To chdc
Tdng nhan phii, ndi cac, cac bd va cac cd
quan ciia trieu dinh, h i thd'ng to chufc quan
dpi, h i thddng td chdc chinh quyen cac ca'p
deu de lai da'u tich cac loai a'n tin tren
Chau ban. Cac loai a'n tin va each axi dung
cung cd nhGng thay ddi qua cac trieu vua.
Day la loai tu lieu triic tii'p ra't phong phii
de nghien cdu a'n chUdng hpc thdi Nguyin
(6). Chau ban vii't t r i n loai gia'y dac biit,
loai gia'y dd gianh cho van thu ciia trieu
dinh. Qua cac Chau ban cd the nghien cGu
ve nghi" lam gia'y loai dac biit nay ve mat
cha't lieu cung nhu ky thuat va nghi thuM
lam gia'y.
Chau ban la loai van thu co da'u phi
duyet cua hoang de va an tin cac cd quan
nha nude, thupc loai ddc ban, quy hiini. van

Bang 2: Thong ke Chau ban da cong bo cua
tJy ban Bien gidi Quoc gia
Stt Thtrt diem
1 27-6-MMll(1830)
2 22-11-MM14 (1830)
3 13-7-MM16 (1835)
4 13-7-MM16 (1835)
5 ll-7-MM18(1837)
6 13-7-MM18 (1837)
7 13-7-MM18(1837)
8 2-4 nhuan-MMl9 (1838)
9 21-6-MM19 (1838)
10 19-7-MM19 (1838)
Bang 3: Thong ke Chau ban d i sijf dung cua Nguyen Nha
Stt Thcfi diem
1 27-6-MM 11(1830)
2 22-11.MM14 (1833)
3 15-4-MM15(1834)
4 13-7-MM16 (1835)
5 13-7-MMl6{1835)
6 12-2-MM17 (1836)
7 ll-7-MMl8(1837)
8 13-7-MM18 (1837)
9 2-4 nhuan-MM19 (1838)
10 21-6-MM19 (1838)
11 19-7-MMl9(1838)
12 26-1-TT7 (1847)
13 28-12.TT7 (1847)
Nguon. Nhi?ng bang i liicng ve i lui quyen ci • Viei Nam doi v&i liai quan ddo Hoang
Sa. Tiitdns Sa. N.\b. Giao dui.Ha Noi. 2013
ban gd'c vdi tinh xae thuc cao va gia tri thong
tin ve nhieu mat, phan anh trung thUc tinh
hinh do'i ndi, ddi ngoai cua vUdng trieu
Nguyin, trong do cd quan he giao lufu vdi
nude ngoai. Do nhGng gia tri xae thUc' do va
nhGng y nghia mang gia tri quoc ti', ngay 14
thang 5 nam"2014 UNESCO da cdng nh&n
Chau ban trieu Nguyin la Di san Tu lieu thi'
gidi, khu vuc chiu A-Thai Binh DUdng.
II. Nhufng C h a u b a n lien q u a n d e n
H o a n g Sa-TrU6ng Sa
TG ma'y nam nay, nhieu nha khoa hpe
nghiin cUu ve hai quan dao Hoang Sa,
Trudng Sa da chii y khai thac kho Chau
ban trieu Nguyin.
Tren Website "Biin gi6i lanh tho^' cua
Uy ban Biin gidi Qud'c gia da cong bd' va
dich, gidi thiiu mdt so' ddn vi Chau ban liin
Rghien cihi Ljeh s^. sg 7.2014
quan den chu quyen cua Viit
Nam dd'i vdi Hoang Sa,
Bao quan TrUdng Sa. Cho di'n nay,
TT LTl: T 43-58 thdng ke cd 10 ddn vi Chiu
TTLTl: T49-293/294
TT LTl: T 54-94 ban da dUdc cdng bd', gidi
TTLT 1: T54-92 thieu (xem bang 2 va bang 3).
TTLT1:T57-210
TT LTl: T 57- 244 Trong bang t r i n va cic
TTLTl: T 57-245 bang sau, nhGng chQ vi^t tat
TTLTl: T 68-21
TT LTl-T 68-215 xin dpc nhu sau: MM = Minh
TTLT1-T64-146/147 Menh, TT = Thiiu Tri, TTLTl
Nguon. Iillpillhiengioilanlilho.gav i = Trung tam LUu trG qudc gia
1; 27-6 M M l l (1830) = ngay
27 thang 6 nam Minh Minh
Bao quan
TT LTl: T 43-58 thd 11, nam 1830; TTLTl:
TT LTl: T 49 - 293/294 T43-58 = Trung t i m LUu trii
UB Bien KI6I QG
TT LTl: T 54 - 94 quoe gia 1: Tap 43 td 58).
TTLT1.T54-92 Trong cdng trinh nghien
TTLT1.T55-336
TTLTl T 57-210 cUu Nhiing bang chiing vi chu
TTLTl T 57-244 quyin cua Viet Nam doi vdi
TTLTrT68-21
TTLT1T68-215 hai qudn ddo Hodng Sa,
TTLT1:T64- 146-147 TrUdng Sa ciia Han Nguyen
TTLTI:T41 -42
TTLT1:T51 -235 Nguyin Nha, tac gia da khai
thac va s\l dung 13 td Chau
ban. Trong Phu luc 2 (tr. 179-
202), tac gia gidi thiiu ban
chup mau van ban sd' 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11(7).
Tuyen tap cdc Chdu bdn triiu Nguyin vi
thi/c thi chu quyen cua Viit Nam trin hai
qudn ddo Hodng Sa vd Triidng Sa do Uy
ban Bien gidi Quo'c gia thuoc Bd Ngoai Giao
xui't ban nam 2013, gidi thiiu 19 van ban
Chau ban (8). Trong so' dd, van ban 1 la ban
tau t n n h ve viic chpn ngudi sung vao Quoc
su( quan va sU phe chuan ciia nha vua,
hoan toan khdng lien quan den chu quy^n
dd'i vdi hai q u i n dao Hoang Sa, TrUdng Sa,
cdn lai 18 van ban thd'ng k i nhU bang 4.
Trong sd' 18 van ban tren cd hai vin ban
so' 6 va 9 ghi xua't xd la Uy ban Biin gidi
Qudc gia, nhung khdng cd ky hieu. Qua lam
viec vdi Trung tam Luu trG Qud'c gia I, tii
Chau bAn trieu Rguyen..

Bang 4; ThS'ng ke theo sach Tuyen tap Chau ban. tang Bd Ngoai giao. Nhu
STT Thdi di^m Bao quan viy cho di'n nay, chung ta
1 27-6-MMll (1830) TTLTl: Q43-08 biet cd thdy 19 dan vi
2 27-6-MMll (1830) TTLTl: Q43-61
3 27-6-MM 11 (1830) TTLTl: Q43-59 Chdu bdn trieu Nguyin
4 27-6-MMll (1830) TTLTl; Q43-60 lien quan den chu quyin
5 22-11-MM14 (1833) TTLTl'Q49-293-294
6 15-4-MM15 (1834) UB Bien Kidi QG Viet Nam doi vdi hai qudn
7 13-7-MM16 (1835) TTLTl Q54-94 ddo Hodng Sa, Triibng Sa
8 13-7-MM16 (1835) TTLTl. Q54-92
9 12-2-MM17 (1836) UB Bien Ridi QG
da dUdc phdt hiin vd cong
10 ll-7-MMl8(1837) TTLTl Q57-210 6d'(xem bang 5).
11 13-7.MM18(1837) TTLTl: Q57-244 Trong sd' 19 ddn vi
12 13-7-MM18(1837) TTLTl: Q57-245
13 2-4 iiliuaii-MM19 (1838) TTLTl. Q68-21 Chau ban liin quan di'n
14 6-4nhuan-MM19(1838) TTLTl Q68-40 Hoang Sa va TrUdng Sa,
15 21-6-MMl9(1838) TTLTl. Q68-215
16 19-7-MM19 (1838) TTLTl. Q64-146/147 toi chi nghien cdu 18 van
17 26-1-TT7 (1847) TTLTl' Q41-42 ban thdi Nguyin trUdc
18 28-12-TT7 (1847) TTLTl'Q51-235
thdi Phap thupc, khi trieu
Ngufin: Tuyen l^p cdc Clidu bdn liieu NgiiyJn ve lliifcilii t hii quyen nia Viei
Nam lien hai qudii ddo Hoang Sa vd T'rifd'/ig 5a, Nxb The'gifli, Ha N6i, 2013 Nguyen la mot qud'c gia
doo lap tieu biiu chii
dupe bii't van ban so 6 tim thi'y d dao Ly quyen quo^c gia. 18 van ban nay gom 16 van
Sdn va Trung t i m da giam dinh, xic nhan ban thdi vua Minh Menh (cic nim 1830;
ddng la td Chau ban vdi day dii dac trUng 1833, 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837, 1838) va 2
cua loai van thu nay thdi Nguyin. Cdn van van ban thdi vua Thieu Tri (nam 1847),
ban sd' 9 la ban sao chup t r i n g den, khdng trong khoang thcfi gian tG nam 1830 di'n
phai ban chup triic tiep tG ban gd'c vd'n co 1847 (10). Hai td Chau ban thdi Thieu Tri
mau va khdng cd trong kho C h i u ban cua
cho biet tG nam Thieu Tri thU 5 (1845) da
Trung tam Luu trfl Qud'c gia I. Trung tam
hoan viec phai thuyen ra Hoang Sa, chd
cho bid't theo thdng tin tG Uy ban Bien gidi
nam sau phiic trinh lai. Nam Thieu Tri thG
Qudc gia thupc Bo Ngoai giao thi Chau ban
7 (1847), Bp Cong tau vi viec cong qua be
nay cd hai vin ban: 1 ban chup nam 2012
bon, xin dGng lai, ddi nam sau phuc trinh
tai Thu viin TrUdng Dai hpe Hawai, 1 ban
lai {Chdu bdn 17, 18). Sau dd, chua tim
chup nam 2000 tai ThU viin Trddng Dai
tha'y Chau ban tiep theo. Vi vay, tdi suf
hpc Havard. Nhiing ban Microfilm ve Chau
dung ea 18 td Chau ban, nhung tap trung
ban lUu hanh tai My deu xua't phat tU ban
khao cdu 16 td Chau ban thdi Minh Minh.
Microfilm do Tdng thd'ng Viet Nam Cong
hoa tang Tong thd'ng My trudc day, tG do Vi" mat van ban hpc, trong so' 18 td Chau
dupc sao chup chuyen cho mot so' trudng ban trin, co 2 ban "phung sao" cd da'u a'n
dai hoc. Toi sif dung td Chau ban nay theo nhUng ldi "Chau phi" viet lai bang mUc den
ban chup den t r i n g ciia Uy ban Bien gi6i (Chau ban 1, 3), 3 iii chi co "Chau phe"
Qud'c gia thudc Bd Ngoai giao gdi eho (Chau ban 9, 17, 18), 4 td chi eo "Chiu
Trung tam Luu trG Qud'c gia 1 (9). diem" (Chiu ban 12, 13, 14, 15), 3 td co
"Chau phe" + "Chau diem" (Chiu ban 1, 3,
Ngoii 18 v i n ban tren, gin day nha sii
11), 3 td cd "Chiu phe" hay "Chau diem" +
hpc Phan T h u i n An b Hue dem mot td
di'u (Chau ban 5, 7, 10), 3 td ehi co da'ii
Chau ban ngay 15 thang 12 nam Bao Dai
(Chiu ban 6, 8, 16). Hai ban sao thuoc loai
thd 13 (15-2-1939) do gia dinh lUu gifl trao
 Bghien ciiu hich siSr. s6 7.2014

B a n g 5: Tho'ng k e v a torn Iifdc n o i d u n g e a e td Chau b a n v e H o a n g Sa-TrUtftig Sa

Stt Thdi di^m Xuat xuf Bao quan No! dung chu yeu Chu
thich
1 27-6-MMll Thu ngU Da TTLTl Thuyen bu5n Phap qua HS bi
(1830) Nang tau T43-58 m5c can. Cho thuyen cCtu h6
2 27-6-MMll Thu ngu Da TTLTl Thuyen budn Phap qua H S hi
(1830) N i n s tau T43-61 m i c can. Cho t h u y i n ciJtu ho
3 27-6-MMll Thu ngi^ Da TTLTl Thuyen bu6n Phap qua HS bi
(1830) Nang tau T43-59 m i c can. Cho t h u y i n cilu ho
4 27-6-MMll Thu ngu Da TTLTl Thuyen budn Phap qua HS bi
(1830) Nang t a u T43-60 m i c can. Cho t h u y i n cGu ho
5 22-11-MM14 Noi cac tau TTLTl Khao sat HS ve, dUdc khen Con 2 ngi
(1833) T49-293, thudng. Phai vign khai thita 1 dung khac
294 nguoi, miln toi
6 15-4-MM15 Bo chinh, an UB Bien Thue ba thuyen, chgn dan phu, Tim thay fl
(1834) sat Quang Ngai gi6iQG thuy t h u ciing di khao sat HS LySon
tau
7 13-7-MM16 Noi cac tau TTLTl Di HS trfl ve qua han, xet Con 2 nfii
(1835) T54-94 thu5ng phat dung khac
8 13-7-MM16 Noi cac t r u y i n TTLTl Di H S tr5 ve qua han, truyen du
(1835) du T54-92 thuSng phat
9 12-2-MM17 Bo Cong phuc UB Bien Thuyen di HS cam coc go lam B6 Ngoai
(1836) trinh gidiQG moc gidi
10 H-7-MM18 Bg Hg tau TT L t n n l Quang Ngai xin chi tien gao Con 3 ngi
(1837) T57-210 thue cho dan phu di HS dung khac
11 13-7-MM18 Bg Cong tau TT L t n n l Di HS trfl ve qua han, x^t
(1837) T57-244 thuflng phat
12 13-7-MM18 N6i cac t r u y i n TTLTl Di HS trfl v l qua han, truyen du
(1837) du T57-245 thuflng phat
13 2-4 nhuSn- Bg Cong tau TTLTl Thfli han khao sat HS, di va v l
MM19 T68-21 Binh Dinh, Quang Ngai c h u i n bi
(1838) chon ngUcii di HS. Gio chUa
thuan
14 6-4nhuan- Bg Cong tau TTLTl Quang Ngai tau 4 thuyen da ra
MM19 ' T68-40 khdi
(1838)
15 21-6-MM19 Bg Cong tau TTLTl Ket qua khao sat HS : 25 dao, 4
(1838) T68-215 ban do, nhat ky, t h u san vat
16 19-7-MM19 Bo chinh TTLTl Miln thue nSm cho 2 t h u y i n 16n
(1838) Quang Ngai tau Q64-146/147 thue di khao sat HS
17 26-1-TT7 Bo Cong tau TT L t n n l Xm phiic tau nam nay co di HS
(1847) T41-42 khong? Chau phe: Dinh
18 28-12-TT7 Bg Cong tau TT L t n n l Xin diing khao sat HS, nSm sau
(1847) T51-235 phiic trtnh lai, Chau phe: Dinh
19 15-12-BD13 NgU tien Van Bo Ngoai Xin thuflng cho Louis Fontain la Do 0 Phan
(3-2-1939) phong tau giao Chanh doi Hnh Kho xanh bi Thuan An
nhiem benh 5 HS va chet cl Hue tang
Nguon. Phan Hiiy Le, long lii/p cdc ngudn lirli^ii

"phung sao" tuy khdng phai ban gd'c nhung Trong khi nghiin ciiu nhiing van ban
CO da'u an nen van co gia tri ve mat van nay, tdi k i t hdp vdi nhiing tit liiu tUdng
ban. Da'y deu la nhQng tieu chi xae nhan ufng v i lien quan trong cac nguon tU lieu
gii tri v i n ban ciia Chiu ban trieu Nguyin. khic cua n h i Nguyin, quan trong nha't li
Chau bfin trieu Rfluyen..

Dai Nam thiic luc, Tiin bien vd Chinh biin, ditng rat hiem yeu, giS vai tro ldm ciidng
Bai Nam liet truyin, Khdm dinh Bai Nam gidi tren bien va bdo vi cd mat dong cua
hoi dien stC li va Biii Nam nhat thd'ng chi. dat niidc.
1. Nhan thufc cua nha N g u y i n ve vi TrUdc day, thdi cac chiia Nguyen da xae
tri trpng yeu cua Hoang Sa-Trtf6ng Sa lap mdt n h i n thde chung ve hai quin dao
Vadng trieu Nguyen vufa mdi thanh lip Hoang Sa va TrUdng Sa. Tii the ky XVII,
Thiin Nam tii chi lo do thti, ban A.2499
nam 1802 thi nam sau, nam 1803 vua Gia
chep: "Giiia bien cd dai cat dai gpi la Bdi
Long da cho lap lai dpi Hoang Sa va nam
Cdt Vdng, dai khoang 400 dam, rpng 20
1815 sai Pham Quang Anh thupc dpi
dam, diing sCfng siing giQ bien", Thiin Nam
Hoang Sa ra t h i m dd dudng bi^n. Nam
16 do, ban A.1081 chep: "GiQa bien cd dai
sau, nam 1816 lai sai thuy quan cung dpi
cat dai goi la Bdi Cdt Vdng, khoang tui cufa
Hoing Sa ra khao sat q u i n dao nay (11).
Dai Chiem di'n c^a Sa Huynh, udc dai nam,
Dieu dd chiing td vua Gia Long va trii'u
sau tram dam, rdng ba, bon mUdi dam, diing
Nguyin da sdm n h i n tha'y tim quan trpng sQng sQng giiia bien" (14). Trong chfnh sii
cua hai quin dao nay va tie'p nhan sii mang trieu Nguyin, bp Bai Nam thiic luc tiin
quan ly cua nha nufdc. biin, nam 1754 da xae nhan: "Dpi Hoang Sa
Cac vua Nguyin v i trieu Nguyin nhan d Quang Nam di thuyen ra dao Hodng Sa...
thde rd "xii Hoang Sa la citdng gidi t r i n b ngoai bien, ve xa An Vinh, huyin Binh
bi^n cua nitdc ta" if^ M M ^W ^ ^ i'P ^- BanSdn, [phu] Quang Ngai co hdn 300 bai cat
qud'c hai cufdng chi Hoang Sa xii) (Chau ban each nhau hoac di 1 ngay dddng hoac vai
18). Nam 1836, Bd Cdng da tau rang; trd'ng canh, keo dai khdng biet mi'y nghin
"Cudng gidi tren bien ciia nddc ta, xd dam, tuc gpi la Van Ly Triidng Sa" (15).
TrUdc dd, tQ dau the ky XVIII, bp sd nay da
Hoing Sa la toi hiem yeu" ;$: H M W M ?>
chip: chiia Nguyin sai Tdng binh tri'n Ha
^ B. ^ ^^ W : Ban qudc hai cUdng Hoang
Tien Mac Cu(u "do bdi cdt bien Triidng Sa (^
Sa xii tdi thi hi^m yeu) (12). Vi tri tdi hiem
i')> M it?: TrUdng Sa hai chuf) dai ngin, rpng
yeu nay khdng phai chi xet vi mpt so' ldi I'ch
hep bao nhieu" (16). Cudi the ky XVIH,
khai thac nhu cac loai san vit, mdt so do
trong Phd biin tap liic do Li Quy Ddn biin
vit de lai cua cac tau thuyen bi dim, ma
soan vdi Ldi tufa nam 1776, tdng hdp nhflng
trUdc hi't vi dia thi' hi^m yi'u, vi vai trd
tu lieu trong suf sach ki't hdp vdi nhflng hieu
CUdng gidi v i phdng ve t r i n m i t biin cua biet tieh luy trong thcfi gian lam Hiep tran
da't nUdc. Day la hai quan dao gom nhieu Thuan Hda, vie't rd: "Phu Quang Ngai,
dao, bai cat va bai da ngdm rat hiem trd ma huyin Binh Sdn cd xa An Vinh b gan bien,
t i thi' ky XVII. da n h i n tha'y "khi gio tay ngoai bien vi" phia dong bae cd nhieu dao,
nam thdi thi tau thuyen cac nUdc di bin cae nui linh tinh hdn 130 ngpn, each nhau
trong (tiic phia tay ciia dao - Tg) bi trdi dat bang bien, tQ hdn nay sang hdn kia hoac di
tai day, khi gid ddng bic thdi thi tau mot ngay hoac vai canh thi den. Trin mii cd
thuyen di ben ngoii (tufc phia ddng cua dao sudi nUdc ngpt. Trong dao cd bdi Hodng Sa
- Tg) cung bi trdi dat tai day, di'u bi chet iM ?> ^ ? : Hoang Sa chii) dai Udc hdn 30
ddi, cua cai deu bo lai dd" (13). Di'y la hai dam, bing phang rpng ldn, nUdc trong sudt
qudn ddo mang hinh thdi dia hinh dm tieu day" (17). Tac gia cho bie't vung dao nay goi
san hd udng nhiet ddi, gdm ddo noi, thim la Hodng Sa, Bai Tnidng Sa, Van Ly
san ho bao quanh vd sitdn bd ngdm doc
10
Triidng Sa va hoat ddng cua dpi Hoang Sa
kiim quan ca dpi Bac Hai.
Nhu viy la cho den cud'i the ky XVIII, to
tiin ta da dat den mot nhan thufc ro rang,
gpi viing hai quan dao Hoang Sa-TrUdng Sa
ngay nay la "Bai Cat Vang" hay "Hoang
Sa", "Dai Tnidng Sa", "Van Ly TrUdng Sa"
gdm hang tram hdn dao va bai cat, Udc tinh
cd khi vii't 130 dao, cd khi vie't 300 bai c i t
m i di thuyen tii dao nay d i n dao kia ed khi
ma't mpt ngay hay vai canh. Pham vi ciing
Udc tinh dai khoang 400 dam, rpng 20 dam
hay dai nam, sau tram dam, rpng ba, bd'n
mUdi dam hay keo dai khong biet ma'y
nghin dam. Cung cd khi vii't Bdi cdt biin
Triidng Sa (TrUdng Sa hai chuf), Bdi Hodng
Sa (Hoang Sa chuf) hinh nhd d i chi riing
Hoang Sa va Triidng Sa ciing mpt so' dao
ciia hai quan dao nay. Ndi chung nhan thflc
thdi do dua tren sU quan sat, nang ve ddc
tinh, chua do dac, tinh toan cu the.
Sang thdi Nguyen, qua cac hpat ddng
dii'u tra khao sat va do dac, ve ban dd thiic
hiin trong thdi Gia Long, Minh Minh,
nhdn thiic cua nhd Nguyen diidc ndng lin
mgt trinh do mdi ve ui thi'chiih lUcfc cung
nhii hiiu bie't cu thi' vi todn vung vd mot so'
ddo cu thi'.
2. To chiic quan ly va thufc thi chu quyen
Thdi chua Nguyin, lap dpi Hoang Sa
kiem quan ca dpi Bae Hai, de quan ly va
khai thac Hoang Sa-TrUdng Sa. Doi Hoang
Sa la'y ngudi tii xa An Vinh huyen Binh
Sdn, phii Quang Ngai nen ve mat quan ly
nha nude eung theo he thd'ng td chufe ehinh
quyen chiia Nguyin tut xa An Vmh, qua
huyen Binh Sdn, phu Quang Ngai len din
thii phu chua Nguyin. Sang thdi trieu
Nguyin, td chiic quan ly va iQe lufdng thufc
thi chii quyen dUdc nang cao va td chdc lai
chit che, qui md hdn.
N i m 1833 vua Minh Minh bao Bd Cdng
rang: "Mpt dai Hoang Sa thupc hai phan
Rghien eOru Lieh si>. so 7.2014
Quang Ngai" (18) v i ndi xui't phat thuin
tien nha't eho cac thuyen ra khao sat Hoang
Sa la cufa hien Sa Ky va cu lao Ly Sdn quen
gpi cu lao Re, ciing thudc tinh Quang Ngai.
Vi vay viec td chQc liic liidng chuan hi khao
sat Hoang Sa ditdc giao cho tinh Quang Ngai
vdi sii tham gia cua mot so' tinh lan can,
nhat la tinh Binh Dinh. Tuy nhien cdng viec
dieu hanh do triiu dinh tnic tiip nam dudi
sii chi dao tnic tiip cua nha vua. Nha
Nguyin dieu dpng mpt bp phin quan dpi
tham gia, chu yi'u la thuy binh va mot sdthd
chuyen trach viec tham dd hai trinh, do dac
v i ban dd cua ve Giam thanh tai Kinh do
Hue. Tham gia vao viic quan ly vi the co Bo
Cdng, Bp Binh, B6 Hp va Ndi cac, ta't ea dat
dudi sU phe chuan, quyet (Enh cua nha vua.
Trong 18 ddn vi Chau ban Uen quan din
Hoang Sa cd: 4 td tau cua Npi cac, 7 to tau
cua Bd Cdng, 1 td tau eua Bp Hp, 2 td tau
cua Quang Ngai va 4 td tau cua Thu nguf Da
Ning. Qua cac td Chau ban, thiiy rd mpi t6
chufc va hoat ddng lien quan din Hoang Sa-
Trudng Sa deu phai tau trinh len nha vua
va do nha vua quyet dinh, p h i chuan, tuf viec
dieu thuy quan, thd eua v i Giam thanh den
viec t h u i din phu, thdi han di va ve cila
thuyen ra khao sit, rdi viec do dac, ve ban
do, ghi nhat ky, cim mde chu quyin, cho den
viic thudng phat sau mdi chuyen di, tii'n
thue dan phu, tra tien thue thuyen tU nhan,
mien tien thui'..., ta't ca viic ldn nho deu
phai tau trinh len nha vua. Di'n th6i
Nguyen, nha't la thdi vua Minh Menh, vi4c
qudn ly vd thitc thi chu quyen trin Bien
Bong diicfc ndng len cap quoc gia do hodng
di'triic tie'p chi dao vd diiu hdnh thdng qua
bo mdy triiu dinh vd chinh quyin nhOng
tinh lien quan. Co the ndi cdng viic qudn ly
vd thiic thi chd quyin dd diidc nhd Nguyin
ndng lin cap qudc gia d trinh do cao nhdt Id
do nhd vua triic tiip chi dao vd quyi't dinh.
(Con nUa)
Chau him hieu Rguy^.,.

Mdt sd chau ban chinh dUc*c suf dung trong bai vie't
Chau ban 1 (2 td)

U Hf ^

•^^ i a 5 I S
Ngiwn Tni.i!- ldm Lmi u Cf Qiwc j,'W /

Chau ban 6 (3 td)

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Chau ban 7 (4 t i )

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Chau ban 8 (2 td)
flk^Jh
Nguon: Ti nng ldm Lini nii Quoc gia I
CHU THICH
(1). Bai Nam thilc luc. T. 1, Nxb Giao due, Ha
Ngi, 2004, tr. 928. TCt day viet tat DNTL.
(2). Kham dinh Dai Nam hgi dien sii le, Nxb.
Thuan Hoa, Hue', 1973, T.2, tr. 61. Ttf day viS't tat
KDDNHDSL
(3). Bien ban ban giao ngky 12 thang 11 nam
1991 (can cLt Quyg't dinh so 26S0/KG ngay 17-8-
1991 ciia Hoi dong Bg trUcing va Quyet dinh so
97/CLT ngay 02-11-1991 cua Cue Litu trfl Nha
nu6c) toan bg Chau ban dUdc chuyen tir Trung tam
Luu trfl Quoc gia (TTLTQG) II tai Thanh pho Ho
Chi Minh ra TTLTQG I tai Ha Ngi, bien ban ban
giao gom 602 tap thong ke cu, 137 tap rOi mdi
dong, 17 tap chau ban trieu Bao Dai (tieng Viet), 4
bo tai lieu roi le, 15 tap chau ban ket dinh.
(4). Tran Kinh Hoa, Gidi thieu oe Chdu bdn
triiu Nguyin. trong Muc luc Chdu bdn triiu
Nguyin, T.l, Vien Dai hgc Hue', 1960, tr. 9,
(5). Phan Huy Le. Chau bdn triiu Nguyin vd
Chdu bdn ndm Minh Menh 6-7 (1825-1826, trong
Muc luc Chdu bdn triiu Nguyen, T. II, tr. XXIX-
XLVII; Tim vi coi ngudn, Nxb The' gidi, Ha Ngi,
2011, tr. 251-297.
(6) Cue V5n thu va Luu trii Nha nu6c-
TTLTQG I, An chuang tren chdu hdn tneu
Nguyin.'Hxh Ha Noi, 2013
(7). Han Nguyen Nguyin Nha, NhQng bdng
chiing ue chu quyen cua Viet Nam ddi vdi hai qudn
ddo Hoang Sa, Trudng Sa, Nxb Giao due, Ha Ngi
2013, tr. 14-29 Tac gia sii dung theo website:
http7/biengioilanhtho.gov vn ciia Uy ban Bien gi6i
Quoc gia To 12 ghi nham ngay 26-1 thanh 20-1,
toi dinh chinh.
Rghien curu Ljch 5^. so 7.2014
Chau ban 9
(1 to nen trSng-den va den-trang, hai doan chau phe bi mo)
•
Nfjiioir Uy ban Bicn gii'ti Qi
(8). Uy ban Bien gi6i Quoc gia, Tuyen tap cdc
Chdu bdn triiu Nguyen vi thUc thi chu quyin cua
Viet Nam tren hai qudn ddo Hodng Sa ud Triiitng
Sa, Nxb. Tri thUe, Ha Ngi, 2013 Trong ban tren,
ghi xuat xii c) TTLTQG I la Q tUc quyen. NhUng
thuc ra ky hieu cua cd quan luu trii nay goi 1^ Tap
chijf khong phai Quyen.
(9). Khi nghien ciiu Chau ban trieu Nguyin va viet
bai khao ctiu nay, toi da nhan dugc sil cong tac va ho
trO nhiet tinh cua TTLTQG I. Xin ehan thanh cam dn.
(10) Trong bai viet nay, khi trich dan toi ghi
Chau ban Va so' van ban theo bang 5, vi du: Chau
bdn 7 hay Chdu bdn, vdn bdn 7. Toi tham khao cac
ban dich da cong bo, nhUng khi sii dung va trich
dan, deu doi ehieu vdi nguyen ban va chinh siia
theo nhan thUc eua toi
(11). (15), (16). DNTL, sdd, T. i, cr 898.922;
164; 172.
(12), Khdm dmh Dai Nam hpi dien sU IS, Q.
221-26a.
(13). Thiin Nam tii; chi 16 do thii, Vi§n Nghien
cUu Han Nom, ky hieu A.2499-43b.
(14). Vien Nghien ciiu Han Nom, Mot so tU liiu
Hdn Nom vi chil quyin cua Viet Nam dot udi hai
qudn ddo Hodng Sa, Trudng Sa vd cdc vdng bien
cua Viet Nam d Bien Dong. Nxb. Khoa ho xa hgi,
HaNgi, 2014, tr 380,386.
(17). Le Quy Don, Phii bien tap luc, Nxb Khoa hpc
xa hgi, Ha Ngi, 1977, tr 119. Dieh gia dich "hoang sa
ehii" la "bai cat vang" theo nghia danh tir chung. Theo
toi day la ten rieng. nen dieh la "bai HoSng Sa" chi dao
ldn nha't trong quan dao Hoang Sa.
(18). DNTL, sdd, T 3, tr. 743.