INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY (IJRT) ISSN No.

2394-9007
Vol. V, No. III, June 2018 www.ijrtonline.org

Noble Approach for Enhancement of Spectral

Efficiency and Energy Efficiency in 5G using Power
Domain NOMA
Kopal Saluja, R.K. Chidar

Abstract— Fast growing technology is expecting the demand of In wireless communication the key technology is multiple
high data rates and capacity in efficient way. The technology is access schemes. As in 1G we have used FDMA in 2G-TDMA,
changing very fast. By seeing this view, we have proposed a noble in 3G-CDMA and for 4G-OFDMA which is the kind of
approach for enhancement of spectral efficiency and energy orthogonal multiple access. In conventional multiple access
efficiency in 5G. The multiple accesses are the key feature in any
scheme, different users are allocated to original resources in
wireless communication so as we used OFDM in 4G here we are
discussing a new method that is NOMA. It is the non-orthogonal either the time, frequency or code domain in order to avoid
approach by which we are developing an energy efficient system inter user interference. Here we are discussing the 5G,by this
which will fulfill the needs of current system like One thousand way multiplexing gain can be achieved with reasonable
times data volume ,Ten to hundred times higher number of complexity. The next generations of cellular networks should
connected devices ,Up to 10 Gbps end user data rate , 5 times be designed to address existing challenges like spectral
lower latency and 10 times longer battery life etc. Here in this efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE). Due to the
paper we are proposing the two key components for this demand for high data rate services and the limitations of the
technique. One is Superposition coding and SIC. By our work we available bandwidth for cellular networks, applying new
are comparing the data rates, capacity and energy efficiency of
techniques and methods to improve SE in 5G is very
existing system OMA and proposed system NOMA. We are
proving that NOMA is optimum choice for 5G Technology. important. For MA techniques in 5G, some non-orthogonal
techniques such as power domain non-orthogonal multiple
Keywords: NOMA, OFDMA, 5G Technology, Power domain
access (PD-NOMA) and sparse code multiple access (SCMA)
NOMA, SIC, Superposition coding, Spectral efficiency.
are proposed.
I. INTRODUCTION
As world is growing fast in technology, the expectation in
wireless communication and cellular telephony is also very
much high. Phone calls over to all Internet Protocol services,
with voice and messaging, each evolution has been
encouraged by the necessity to meet the requirements of the
innovative generation of mobile technology. Subsequently, the
cellular mobile communications technology is currently facing
a new challenge, which is making a new society connected
together with the development of 5G cellular service. The 5G
networks is with high expectation on making important Fig. 1: Illustration of NOMA via power domain multiplexing:
revolution beyond the previously came four generations, (a) Basic NOMA with a SIC receiver; (b) NOMA in MIMO systems;
especially on the provision of at least 1,000 times higher (c) Network NOMA
system capacity, 10 times higher spectrum efficiency and 10 II. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NOMA AND OMA
times lower energy efficiency per service than 4G networks.
The 5G is expected to roll out by 2020.By the use of this 1000
fold data traffic increase due to fast growth of mobile internet.

Manuscript received on June, 2018.

Kopal Saluja, M.Tech Scholar, Department of Electronics & Communication
Engineering, UIT-RGPV, Bhopal, M.P., India.
Dr. R. K. Chidar, Professor, Department of Electronics & Communication
Engineering, UIT-RGPV, Bhopal, M.P., India. Fig. 2: Spectrum sharing for OFDMA and NOMA for two users

Impact Factor: 4.012 68

Published under
Asian Research & Training Publication
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY (IJRT) ISSN No. 2394-9007
Vol. V, No. III, June 2018 www.ijrtonline.org
TABLE I: DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NOMA AND OMA IV. PROPOSED METHOD
The proposed method is having following steps:
a) Superposition Coding
b) Successive interference Cancellation(SIC)
c) Message Passing Algorithm (MPA)
A. Superposition Coding
Superposition coded (SPC) modulation is a physical-layer
technique conventionally enabled by a hardware circuitry that
allows a transmitter to send individual information to multiple
receivers within a single wireless broadcast signal. SPC is
having following advantages:
 Efficient wireless multicast
 No additional hardware needed
III. NOMA IN 5G SYSTEMS
 SIC (Signal Interference Cancellation) not needed at
NOMA is Non-orthogonal multiple access which is one of the the receiver
promising radio access techniques for performance
enhancement in next-generation cellular communications. Superposition coding
Compared to orthogonal frequency division multiple access
(OFDMA), which is a well-known high-capacity orthogonal
multiple access (OMA) technique, NOMA offers a set of
desirable benefits, including greater spectrum efficiency.
There are different types of NOMA techniques, including
power-domain and code-domain.
Power domain multiplexing means that different users are
allocated different power levels according to their channel
conditions to obtain the maximum gain in system
performance. Such power allocation is also beneficial to
separate different users, where successive interference Ĉ1 C1
cancellation (SIC) is often used to cancel multi-user
interference. In this article, power domain multiplexing is Fig. 4: Two user capacity regions
applied only to downlink NOMA. Code domain multiplexing  P 
is similar to CDMA or multicarrier CDMA (MCCDMA), that
Ci  B log1  i , i  1,2
 N0 B 
is, different users are assigned different codes, and are then
multiplexed over the same time-frequency resources. The
difference between power domain multiplexing and code  P   P 
domain multiplexing is that code domain multiplexing can Cˆ1  B log1 1 , Cˆ2  B log1 2 ,
achieve certain spreading gain and shaping gain at the cost of  N0 B  P2   N0 B  P1 
increased signal bandwidth. In a PD-NOMA system, each
subcarrier can be assigned to multiple users simultaneously by B. SIC (Successive Interference Cancellation):
applying superimposed coding (SC), and each user removes SIC is used to decode the superposed information at each
the signals of other users by exploiting SIC Based on the PD- receiver, Cover first proposed the SIC technique [16]. SIC is
NOMA approach, each user on the receiver side removes the conceivable by exploiting specifications on the differences in
signals of the users with worse channel, and considers the signal strength among the signals of interest. The basic idea of
SIC is that user signals are successively decoded. After one
signals of other users as Noise.
user’s signal is decoded, it is subtracted from the combined
signal before the next user’s signal is decoded. When SIC is
applied, one of the user signals is decoded, treating the other
user signal as an interferer, but the latter is then decoded with
the benefit of the signal of the former having already been
removed.
Superposition coding at the transmitter and successive
interference cancellation (SIC) at the receiver makes it
Fig. 3: Block Diagram of Transmitter and receiver in PD-NOMA based possible to utilize the same spectrum for all users. At the
system transmitter site, all the individual information signals are
superimposed into a single waveform, while at the receiver,

Impact Factor: 4.012 69

Published under
Asian Research & Training Publication
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY (IJRT) ISSN No. 2394-9007
Vol. V, No. III, June 2018 www.ijrtonline.org
SIC decodes the signals one by one until it ends the desired
signal. Given figure illustrates the concept. In the illustration,
the three information signals indicated with different colors
are superimposed at the transmitter .The received signal at the
……… (3)
SIC receiver includes all these three signals. The first signal
that SIC decodes is the strongest one while others as Where W is the transmission Bandwidth
interference. The first decoded signal is then subtracted from For the closest UE1, the last signal it decodes will be its
the received signal and if the decoding is perfect, the signal. Assuming perfect cancellation, the SNR for UE1
waveform with the rest of the signals is accurately obtained. becomes
SIC iterates the process until it ends the desired signal.

………………(4)
In general, for the UEk, the SNR becomes

…………..(5)
Fig. 5: Successive interface cancellation
When NOMA is used, the throughput (bps) for each UE can
C. NOMA in Downlink: be written as
In NOMA downlink, the base station superimposes the
information waveforms for its serviced users. Each user
equipment (UE) employs SIC to detect their own signals.
Figure shown below shows a BS and K number of UEs with
….. (6)
SIC receivers.
When the total bandwidth and power are shared
among the UEs equally, the throughput for each UE for
OFDMA becomes

..... (7)
The sum capacity for both OFDMA and NOMA can be
written as
Fig. 6: Downlink NOMA for K users
The transmitted signal by BS can be written as

………………….. (8)
We further express fairness index as-
………….(1)
Where xk(t) is the individual information conveying OFDM
waveform, αk is the power allocation coefficient for the UE k,
and PT is the total available power at the BS. The power
allocated to each UEk, then becomes PK= αk PT.
The received signal at the UEk is
The optimization problem is then formulated as
.………..…(2)
where gk is the channel attenuation factor for the link between
the BS and the UEk, and wk(t)is the additive white Gaussian
noise at the UEk with mean zero and density N0 (W/Hz). The
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for UEK can be written as ….. (10)

Impact Factor: 4.012 70

Published under
Asian Research & Training Publication
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY (IJRT) ISSN No. 2394-9007
Vol. V, No. III, June 2018 www.ijrtonline.org
Where F′ is the target fairness index in the network. The
power allocation coefficients αK for each UEk can be obtained
with exhaustive search.
D. NOMA for uplink
Uplink implementation of NOMA is slightly different than the …………(15)
downlink. Figure shown below depicts a network that
multiplexes K UEs in the uplink using NOMA. This time, BS In OFDMA, on the other hand, UEs are allocated orthogonal
employs SIC in order to distinguish the user signals. carriers in order to receive their information. When the total
bandwidth and power are shared among the UEs equally, the
throughput for each UE for OFDMA becomes

……………… (16)
Fig. 7: uplink NOMA for K users
In the uplink, the received signal by the BS that includes all
the user signals is written as
The sum capacity for both OFDMA and NOMA can be
written as

….... (11)
where gk is the channel attenuation gain for the link between …………(17)
the BS and the UEk, xk(t) is the information waveform for the The convex optimization problem in standard form with
kth UE, and w(t) is the additive white Gaussian noise at the variables Ṕ is written as-
BS with mean zero and density N0 (W/Hz). The SNR for the
signal for the UE1 can be written as, including others as
interference,

…………… (12)
Where P is the transmission Power of UEs and N=N0W
The last signal that the BS decodes is the signal for the farthest
user UEK. Assuming perfect cancellation, the SNR for UEK
can be written as
V. RESULTS
A. Spectral efficiency gain NOMA V/s OMA
d one subcarrier
we can consider a high –SNR scenario it means → ∞.
For illustration purpose assumes │h1│2 → 0 it means user-
1channel experiences a deep fade. The sum achieved by
NOMA can be approximated as follows:

…………….. (13)
Generally, for the kth UE, the SNR becomes

Performance Gain of NOMA =

On the other hand the sum rate of OMA can be expressed as-

…… (14)
The throughput (bps) for each UE can be written as

Performance Gain of OMA =

Impact Factor: 4.012 71

Published under
Asian Research & Training Publication
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY (IJRT) ISSN No. 2394-9007
Vol. V, No. III, June 2018 www.ijrtonline.org
By above mathematical expression we can see the
performance gain of NOMA over OMA. The spectral
efficiency is approx. 50% improved.
25
TDMA
OFDM
NOMA20

15
Fig. 11: Rate pairs with OFDMA and NOMA for downlink NOMA,
SNR1=SNR2=10dB
10 When the fairness is high, both users experience 1.6 bps/Hz
throughputs with both NOMA and OFDMA. However, when
5 the fairness is lower, both sum capacity and individual
spectral effeciency
throughputs are higher with NOMA. Figure 5.4 shows rate
0
1 2 3 4 5 pairs when the channel is asymmetric, that is, SNR1= 20dBand
SNR2= 0dB. NOMA achieves much higher rate pairs than
Fig. 8: Comparative analysis of TDMA,OFDM and NOMA
OFDMA, particularlyfor the farther user, UE2.
B. Channel capacity comparison of OMA and NOMA in an
AWGN Channel:

Fig. 9: Channel capacity Comparison of OMA and NOMA in AWGN

Channel: (a) Uplink AWGN Channel & (b) Downlink AWGN Channel

C. Channel capacity regions comparison of OMA and Fig. 12: Pairs with OFDMA and NOMA for downlink NOMA SNR1 =20
NOMA: dB and SNR2 = 0dB

E. SE-EE trade off with NOMA:

Here, we compare the EE and SE of NOMA with OFDMA.
We again consider the downlink. The system bandwidth is
taken as W = 5 MHz. The channel gains for UE1 and UE2 are,
respectively, taken as g2 1 = − 120 dB and g2 2= − 140 dB.
Noise density N0 is taken as −150 dBW/ Hz. We assume that
the static power consumption at the BS is P static= 100 W. It is
seen that NOMA achieves higher EE and SE than OFDMA
system.
Fig. 10: capacity regions for NOMA and OMA
D. Rate Pairs:
We consider a symmetric downlink channel so that the users
are at equal distance to the BS. SNR1=SNR2=10dB.Figure
shown below shows the boundaries of the achievable rate
regions R1 and R1 for NOMA and OFDMA. As illustrated in
given figure 5.3 below, NOMA achieves higher rate pairs than
the OFDMA except at the corners points (where the rates are
equal to the single user capacities).

Fig. 13: SE-EE trade off with NOMA

Impact Factor: 4.012 72

Published under
Asian Research & Training Publication
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY (IJRT)
Vol. V, No. III, June 2018
VI. CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK
After using mentioned methods following observation come
out-Spectral Efficiency get improved, Channel efficiency is
also get improved MIMO-NOMA with multiuser achieved
maximum system throughput with less transmits antennas than
receiver, Eliminate inter-pair interference (zero-forcing)
within transmission system. In wireless communication
networks, following are the Future challenges in 5G
(a) Optimizing performance matrices
(b) Reducing signal processing complexity for massive
MIMO
(c) Realistic channel models for 5G wireless systems
(d) Interference management for CR network
(e) Involve simulation on m x n matrix system model to
compare outcomes.
(f) Focus on more complicated communication system to
apply these proposals.
REFERENCES
1. FengJia, "Multi input multi output non orthogonal multiple
access schemes" oct. 25, 2016.IEEE.
2. Rahul Gopal, "Analysis of PAPR Reduction in 5G
communication", 2015 August. IEEE.
3. S. M. Riazul Islam, Ming Zeng,Octavia A. Dobre,“NOMA in
5G Systems: Exciting Possibilities for Enhancing Spectral
Efficiency”,IEEE IEEE 5G Tech Focus: Volume 1, Number 2,
June 2017
4. Mamta Agiwal1, Abhishek Roy2 and NavratiSaxena, "Cutting
edge 5G Remote Systems: An Extensive Study" 1553-877X (c)
2015 IEEE.
5. Jing WANG and Chih-Lin , "Late advances and future
difficulties for gigantic MIMO station estimations and models",
from science china February 2016, Vol. 59 021301:1–
021301:16
6. H. Haas, "Remote Information from Each Light," TED site, Aug
2011
7. Gaikwad Vaibhav Vitthal and BhorPooja Vijay, "Audit of Light
loyalty", Global Diary for Logical Exploration and
Development| Vol. 4, Issue 02, 2016 | ISSN (on the web): 2321-
0613
8. Kwadwo, P., Agyapong, et al.: Plan contemplations for a 5G
organize design. IEEE Common. Mag. 52(11), 65 (2014).
9. G. Wunder et al., "5GNOW: Non-orthogonal, offbeat
waveforms for future portable applications," IEEE Interchanges
Magazine, vol. 52,pp. 97– 105, February 2014
10. K. Davaslioglu and E. Ayanoglu, "Measuring potential vitality
effectiveness pick up in green cell remote systems," IEEE
Interchanges Studies and Instructional exercises, vol. 16, pp.
2065– 2091, Final Quarter 2014.
11. 5G Remote Innovations Still 4G barters not finished, but rather
time to begin talking 5G Future Ages of Portable
Correspondence Systems Engry Muhammad Farooq, Engr.
Muhammad Ishtiaq Ahmed, Engr. Usman M
12. Bikos, Sklavos. LTE/SAE Security Issues on 4G Remote
Systems, Distributed in IEEE Security and Protection,
Walk/April 2013.
13. NajamulHasan, WaleedEjaz, NaveedEjaz, HyungSeok Kim,
AlaganAnpalagan, and Minho Jo, “Network Selection and
Channel Allocation for Spectrum ShaHeterogeneous Networks”,
IEEE Access 2016
Impact Factor: 4.012
Published under
Asian Research & Training Publication
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
ISSN No. 2394-9007
www.ijrtonline.org
14. S. Chen and J. Zhao, “The requirements, challenges, and
technologies for 5G of terrestrial mobile telecommunication,''
IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 36_43, May 2014.
15. M. Iwamura, ``NGMN view on 5G architecture,'' in Proc. IEEE
81st Veh. Technol. Conf. (VTC Spring), Glasgow, Scotland,
May 2015, pp. 1_5.
16. H. Droste et al., ``The METIS 5G architecture:Asummary of
METIS work on 5G architectures,'' in Proc. IEEE 81st Veh.
Technol. Conf. (VTC Spring), Glasgow, Scotland, May 2015,
pp. 1_5.
17. P. K. Agyapong, M. Iwamura, D. Staehle, W. Kiess, and A.
Benjebbour, ``Design considerations for a 5G network
architecture,'' IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 52, no. 11, pp. 65_75,
Nov. 2014.
18. N. Bhushan et al., ``Network densication: The dominant theme
for wireless evolution into 5G,'' IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 52,
no. 2, pp. 82_89, Feb. 2014.
19. W. Ejaz and M. Ibnkahla, ``Machine-to-machine
communications in cognitive cellular systems,'' in Proc. IEEE
Int. Conf. Ubiquitous Wireless Broadband (ICUWB), Montreal,
QC, Canada, Oct. 2015, pp. 1_5
20. C. Rattaro, L. Aspirot, and P. Belzarena, ``Analysis and
characterization of dynamic spectrum sharing in cognitive radio
networks,'' in Proc. IEEE Int. Wireless Commun. Mobile
Comput. Conf. (IWCMC), Dubrovnik, Croatia, Aug. 2015, pp.
166_171.
21. W. Ejaz, N. ulHasan, S. Lee, and H. S. Kim, ``I3S: Intelligent
spectrum sensing scheme for cognitive radio networks,''
EURASIP J. Wireless Commun. Netw., vol. 2013, no. 1, pp.
1_10, Dec. 2013.
22. W. Ejaz, N. UlHasan, and H. S. Kim, ``Distributed cooperative
spectrum sensing in cognitive radio for ad hoc networks,''
Comput. Commun., vol. 36, no. 12, pp. 1341_1349, Jul. 2013.
23. M. Ju and K. Kang, ``Cognitive radio networks with secondary
network selection,'' IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 65, no. 2,
pp. 966_972, Feb. 2016.
24. S. Andreev et al., ``Intelligent access network selection in
converged multiradio heterogeneous networks,'' IEEE Wireless
Commun., vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 86_96, Dec. 2014.
25. S. Sesia, I. Toufik, M. Baker, LTE-The UMTS Long Term
Evolution from Theory to Practice, Wiley, 2009.
26. T. Abe, "Radio Interface Technologies for Cooperative
Transmission in 3GPP LTE-Advanced", IEICE Trans.
Commun., vol. E94-B, no. 12, pp. 3202-10, Dec. 2011.
27. Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic
Forecast Update, pp. 2011-2016, Feb 2012.nViews on LTE Rel-
12 & Beyond, June 2012.
28. Y. Kishiyama, "Evolution Concept and Candidate Technologies
for Future Steps of LTE-A", Proc. IEEE ICCS '12, 2012-Nov.
29. H. Ishii, Y. Kishiyama, H. Takahashi, "A Novel Architecture for
LTE-B C-Plane/U-Plane Split and Phantom Cell Concept",
IEEE GLOBECOM 2012 Wksp., 2012-Dec.
30. M. Iwamura, "Carrier Aggregation Framework in 3GPP LTE-
Advanced", IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 48, no. 8, pp. 60-67,
2010-Aug.
31. J. Li, "Dynamic TDD and Fixed Cellular Networks", IEEE
Commun. Letters, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 218-20.
32. T. L. Marzetta, "Non-Cooperative Cellular Wireless with
Unlimited Numbers of Base Station Antennas", IEEE Trans.
Wireless Commun., vol. 9, no. 11, 2010-Nov.
33. S. Sesia, I. Toufik, M. Baker, LTE-The UMTS Long Term
Evolution from Theory to Practice, Wiley, 2009.
73
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY (IJRT)
Vol. V, No. III, June 2018
34. T. Abe, "Radio Interface Technologies for Cooperative
Transmission in 3GPP LTE-Advanced", IEICE Trans.
Commun., vol. E94-B, no. 12, pp. 3202-10, Dec. 2011.
35. Y. Kishiyama, "Evolution Concept and Candidate Technologies
for Future Steps of LTE-A", Proc. IEEE ICCS '12, 2012-Nov.
36. H. Ishii, Y. Kishiyama, H. Takahashi, "A Novel Architecture for
LTE-B C-Plane/U-Plane Split and Phantom Cell Concept",
IEEE GLOBECOM 2012 Wksp., 2012-Dec.
37. M. Iwamura, "Carrier Aggregation Framework in 3GPP LTE-
Advanced", IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 48, no. 8, pp. 60-67,
2010-Aug.
Impact Factor: 4.012
Published under
Asian Research & Training Publication
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
ISSN No. 2394-9007
www.ijrtonline.org
38. J. Li, "Dynamic TDD and Fixed Cellular Networks", IEEE
Commun. Letters, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 218-20.
39. T. L. Marzetta, "Non-Cooperative Cellular Wireless with
Unlimited Numbers of Base Station Antennas", IEEE Trans.
Wireless Commun., vol. 9, no. 11, 2010-Nov.
40. Zhiguo Ding, Xianfu Lei, GeorgeK. Karagiannidis, Robert
Schober, Jihong Yuan and Vijay Bhargava, "A Survey on Non-
Orthogonal Multiple Access for 5G Networks: Research
Challenges and Future Trends” 16 june2017, IEEE.
74