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A R T I C L E I N F O: ABSTRACT
Article history: Contemporary architecture has its roots from the vernacular. Every cultural group in
Received 20 July 2017 the world has its own form of vernacular though the approach may vary from place to
Accepted 10 August 2017 place and from people to people. Vernacular architecture has many values which are
Available online 17 September
relevant to contemporary architecture today. This paper looks at vernacular
2017
architecture in Nigeria as practiced by two ethnic groups who have varying climatic,
Keywords:
Vernacular;
religious and socio-cultural practices. The approaches to architecture by these two
Architecture, groups, i.e. the Hausas and Igbos, are looked at with the intention of finding positive
Nigeria; values in the vernacular which can be applied to the contemporary. One of such values
Contemporary; as seen in this paper is the harmony of traditional building materials with nature. Local
Values. building materials are able to meet housing needs without having detrimental effect on
the environment. More emphasis should therefore be given to local building materials
in the building industry today. The paper concludes by stating that for contemporary
architecture to adequately meet the needs of man today, vernacular values which apply
to the cultural and climatic needs of such places should be selected and imbibed.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2018) 2(1), 84-95. Doi: 10.25034/ijcua.2018.3664
www.ijcua.com
Copyright © 2017 Contemporary Urban Affairs. All rights reserved
2. Nigeria
The Federal republic of Nigeria is located in West
Africa and lies between latitudes 4° and 14ºN,
and longitudes 2º and 15ºE. (Figs. 1&2)
6. Igbo People
The Igbo are also a prominent people group
found in Nigeria. They live in the south-eastern
part of the country in scattered towns and
villages and speak the common Igbo language.
Igbo people are very industrious and engage in
a wide range of commercial activities. In the rural
Figure 9. Plan of a Contemporary Hausa Building Designed
areas, Igbo people work mostly as craftsmen,
by Zailani and Sa’ad Raji (Aliyu, 2015).
farmers and traders.
One effect of modernity on Hausa cultural Prior to the coming of missionaries to Nigeria, the
lifestyle is the gradual loss of extended family ties. Igbos predominantly practiced traditional
Many contemporary residential buildings are religion which involved belief in a vast number of
designed solely for single family units thereby gods and goddesses. With the coming of
effectively cutting out the extended family missionaries however, most Igbos embraced
lifestyle. Some contemporary buildings have Christianity though a small percentage still follow
maintained some elements of the vernacular in the traditional religion.
their external facades. For instance the buildings The Igbos are also known for sculpturing and
in Figure 10 below have added pinnacles (Zanko) carvings. Many of their doors and wooden pillars
at the top of the parapet roof. This is a distinctly have various designs carved into them. Uli design
Hausa element and gives the building a “Hausa” is a form of body beautification, done mostly by
appearance. Igbo women. It is sometimes inscribed on facades
Façade designs have gradually become less of buildings.
popular than before and are not as extensively
applied as in the traditional buildings. This can be 6.1 Igbo Vernacular Architecture
seen in the pictures in Figure 10ii below where the Igbo architecture, as practiced by the Igbos of
greater part of the façade has been left south eastern Nigeria, display values of
unadorned with the exception of the front vernacular. Their buildings seek to integrate
entrance which has some ornamental spiritual, cultural and lifestyle values into their
decoration around it, reminiscent of traditional architecture. Chukwu (2015), states that ‘apart
Hausa architecture. Also, the facade design in from the Igbo language which was the number
the buildings in Figure 11 is not as elaborate as is one distinguishing factor, the traditional Igbo
found in the traditional buildings. (Compare with society was both theophorous and communal.’
Figure 7). He goes on to say that ‘these two traditional
indices of the Igbo society namely, the religious
and communal life traits were always expressed
and represented in the building architectural
designs of every Igbo society.’
Communality is an important aspect of Igbo
cultural life and is ingrained into the layout of the
settlement pattern. Settlements typically have
community spaces at the center, and these
Figure 10. Contemporary Hausa Architecture With the ‘Zanko’ spaces are the sites for public gatherings,
Added at the Top Giving it a ‘Traditional’ Look Source: Aliyu, discussions and meetings, as well as other
2015
community interactions
(http://africanurbanism.net/2012/03/31/tradition
al-igbo-design/). Festivals and displays by nature of the gate structure, and the richness of
masquerades are important activities in the Igbo the door leaf it probably had once framed.
community and are done in these village squares As with the Hausas, the extended family system is
(Figure 12). important in the Igbo community. Clans men
A typical family compound contains a number of often live in a large family compound
huts or building units, each having a separate demarcated into separate units by a common
function (Figure 13, i&ii). The number of such fence. Meetings and family gatherings are
building units is determined by the number of regular events. An important element called obi
wives and children a man had. Before the advent is provided in the compound of the eldest male
of Christianity into Igboland, the Igbos were member of the extended family for these
predominantly a polygamous society. A large gatherings. Cole and Aniakor (1984) describe the
number of wives and children was seen as a sign obi as ‘the male meeting house which is the
of wealth and moreover, increased the conceptual and, often, the physical centre of a
workforce of the family, considering that farming domestic Igbo architecture (Sourced by
was the mainstay of their economy. Ikebude, 2009).
maintained on contemporary buildings due to members used to join hands to raise buildings,
the frequent rains; however modern roofing now paid labor is the common method of
materials are now used. building. Modernity has brought about a
External wall facades made up of carved images disintegration of community and extended family
and murals are now absent from contemporary lifestyle. Buildings are designed for smaller family
Igbo architecture. Rather, modern paints and units.
wall tiles are applied. Where community
Façade Facades are highly decorated with reliefs, murals Facades, doors, pillars and posts
and engraved decorations. are highly decorated with reliefs,
murals and carvings
Courtyards Open spaces within the compound make up the Open spaces within the
courtyard. compound make up the
courtyard.
Family Size Large due to extended family practice and Large due to extended family
influence of religion which permits up to four wives. practice and socio-economic
reasons.
Building Cement, Sandcrete blocks, burnt bricks, modern Cement, Sandcrete blocks, burnt
Materials roofing materials bricks, modern roofing materials
Roofing
Types Pitched roofs. Parapets used in many buildings Pitched roofs.
obscuring the pitched roof and giving the
appearance of a flat roof.
Openings Larger in size and variety. Larger in size and variety.
Facades Traditional façade decoration still applied in some Sculptures, wall carvings and
instances though not as frequentle as before. traditional façade designs not
Modern paints and textured finishes now common. practiced.
Modern paints and textured
finishes now common.
7. Conclusion http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O
Vernacular architecture has undergone a 1-vernaculararchitecture.html
number of changes over the years as a result of Adamu, M.S.T. (2005). Interpretation of significant
the influence of modernity. This has led to the and messages in Hausa traditional
emergence of contemporary approaches to architecture. Case of the “Zaure”
building in the Nigerian society. Values of the entrance hall. Journal of the Association
vernacular however are still very relevant to our of Architectural Educators in
contemporary buildings today. Nigeria.Vol.4, No 1. Pp10-21.
For instance, vernacular architecture uses local Arenibafo, F. (2016). The Transformation of
eco-friendly materials to address local climatic Aesthetics in Architecture from Traditional
conditions. Adobe is a good example of a to Modern Architecture: A case study of
traditional building material with natural thermal the Yoruba (southwestern) region of
regulating qualities and no detrimental Nigeria. Contemporary Urban Affairs
environmental effects. Modern building materials (JCUA), 1(1), 35-44. Doi:
are not eco-friendly like the local building 10.25034/1761.1(1)35-44
materials and have caused various threats to the Chokor, B. A. (2005). Changing urban housing
natural environment. Now with the issues of form and organization in Nigeria: lessons
climate change and global warming, it is for community planning. Planning
becoming increasingly clear that there is a need Perspectives, 20(1), 69-96.
to revisit the use of our local building materials. Chukwu, J. (2015). Traditional Igbo Building
With some improvements our local materials can Architecture: An Historical Perspective .
function in the same capacity as the modern Arts and Design Studies, Vol.34.
materials with the added advantage of not Dmochowski, Z. R. (n.d.). An Introduction to
harming the environment. Nigerian Traditional Architecture, Volume
Values of ethics, family living and cultural 3 South-Eastern Nigeria, the Igbo
practices define vernacular architecture in Speaking Areas.
Nigeria. This is absent in contemporary Ikebude, C. M. (2009). Identity in Igbo
architecture today. Creative means of expressing Architecture: Ekwuru, Obi, and the
culture should be encouraged in our African Continental Bank
contemporary buildings. For instance, rather than Building (Doctoral dissertation, Ohio
using expensive wall finishes which have no University).
cultural expression, simple yet attractive Ja’afar J. K., Abdullahi Y. B. (2010). In Kano,
traditional wall finishes can be applied in our traditional Hausa architecture is
contemporary buildings. This will not only save vanishing. dailytrust.com.ng.
money but will also preserve our cultural heritage. Moughtin, J. C. (1964). The Traditional Settlements
of the Hausa People. The Town Planning
Acknowledgments Review, Vol. 35, No. 1 , 21-34.
This research did not receive any specific grant Nsude, G. C. (1987). The Traditional Architecture
from funding agencies in the public, commercial, of the Igbo of Nigeria.
or non-for-profit sectors. Agboola, O. P., & Zango, M. S. (2014).
Development of traditional architecture
in Nigeria: a case study of Hausa house
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