Professional Documents
Culture Documents
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:
Research method may be explained all those techniques that are
used conduct a research.
Research methodology refers to the behavior and instruments
used in selecting and constructing research technique.
The task of data collection begins after a research problem has
been defined and research design / plan chalked out while deciding
about the method of data collected to be used for.
Primary data:-
The primary data are those collected fresh and first time, and
thus they are original in character.
• Lack of information :-
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UNIVERSITY OF PUNE, PUNE
Total sales of all the units are nearly 16 lacks per day.
5. ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES
Barcode system, STD/ISD/PCO Booths, Xerox Service.
Children park.
Chair person 01
Vice Chairperson 01
Female Directors 12
Mal Directors 07
Purchase sub-committee 07
Branch committee 06
Audit committee 07
Sr. Description
No
.
2 8% rebate on the purchase of festival goods at the time of Gudhi
Padva
3 10 % cash rebate coupons for use of throughout the year. Total 26%
investment in share in the society (for ‘A’ class members).
4 Haldi-Kunku Ceremony for lady members at the time of Makar
Sankrant.
5 Purchase Rebate to customers 0.5%
Share Holder
Board of Director
Chairman
Vice Chairman
General Manager
Chief Auditor
Chief Cashier
THEROTICAL BACKGROUND
Budget:
Budgets are an important tool of profit planning. Is closely related
to the broader system of planning is an organization. Planning
involves the specification of the basic objective that the
organization will pursue and the fundamental policies that will
guide it. It involves four stages:
• Objective
• Goals
• Strategies
• Plans / Budget
“A budget is defined as a comprehensive and coordinated plan,
expressed in financial terms, for the operation and resources of an
enterprise for some specified period in the future”.
According to this definition, the essential elements of a budget are:
• Plan
• Operations and resources
• Financial terms
• Specified future period
• Comprehensiveness
• Coordination
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UNIVERSITY OF PUNE, PUNE
Capital Budget
Financial management is largely concerned with financing,
dividend and investment decisions of the firm with some overall
goal in mind. Corporate finance theory has developed around a
goal of maximizing the market value of the firm to its
shareholders.
Capital budgeting decision pertain to fixed/long-term assets which
by definition refer to assets which are in operation, and yield a
return, over a period of time usually exceeding one year. They,
therefore, involve a current outlay or series of outlays of cash
resources in return for an anticipated flow of future benefits. In
other words the capital budgeting is employed to evaluate
expenditure decision which involve current outlays but are likely
to produce benefits over a period of time longer than one year.
“Capital budgeting is a process of evaluating and selecting
long-term investments that are consistent with the goal of
shareholders (owners) wealth maximization”.
Funds are invested in both short-term and long term assets. Capital
budgeting is primarily concerned with sizable investment in long-term
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UNIVERSITY OF PUNE, PUNE
BUDGETING
OVERVIEW
Brief description
This toolkit provides guidelines on how to go about developing and monitoring a
budget. It will help you with an overall organizational budget as well as with a
budget for a specific project. It includes tools for estimating costs as well as tips
for ensuring that your budgets meet the needs of your project or organization. In
the examples section we give actual examples of budgets and how they can be
monitored.
Why have toolkits on budgeting?
Budgeting is the key to financial management. The toolkit will help you plan,
develop and use budgets effectively in your organization. If you have a sound
understanding of the principles of budgeting, you will be well on the way to
sound financial management. If you use this toolkit in conjunction with other
toolkits, as indicated, you will increase the capacity of your organization to
manage its finances effectively. You will also increase its ability to survive
through foresight and planning.
Who should use this toolkit?
This toolkit is aimed specifically at people who have had little or no experience
with budgeting. Perhaps you have not been involved in running an organization,
project or department before. Or perhaps you have not been involved in the
financial management side of the work before. Now you are faced with the task
of developing a budget, or budgets, and you are not quite sure where to start. If
you are in a situation like this, then this toolkit will be useful for you.
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UNIVERSITY OF PUNE, PUNE
BASIC PRINCIPLES
• Could we have spent less last year and still achieved the same results,
or better?
• Have we wasted money in the past? If so, can we avoid doing so in
the future?
• In this section of the toolkit, we look at:
• What is a budget, who should be involved in budgeting, and why do
we budget?
• The operational plans Estimating costs Sources of finance.
Why budget?
e. Used properly, the budget tells you when you will need certain
amounts of money to carry out your activities.
f. The budget enables you to monitor your income and expenditure and
identify any problems.
g. The budget is a basis for financial accountability and transparency.
When everyone can see how much should have been spent and
received, they can ask informed questions about discrepancies.
h. You cannot raise money from donors unless you have a budget.
Donors use the budget as a basis for deciding whether what you are
asking for is reasonable and well-planned.
• Capital Budgeting
2 investments
Long-term Short-term investments
CAPITAL BUDGETING
Accept Reject
Implementation
Post-implementation audit
Capital
Budgeting
Project
Relevant cash flows
Classifications
Estimation
2. Mutually exclusive decisions: It includes all those projects which compete with
each other in a way that acceptance of one precludes the acceptance of other or others.
Thus, some technique has to be used for selecting the best among all and eliminates
other alternatives.
1.Payback period :
• Decision Rules :
• The time value of money is ignored. For example, in the case of project
• A Rs.500 received at the end of 2nd and 3rd years are given same weight
age. Broadly a rupee received in the first year and during any other year
within the payback period is given same weight. But it is common
knowledge that a rupee received today has higher value than a rupee to be
received in future.
• But this drawback can be set right by using the discounted payback period
method. The discounted payback period method looks at recovery of initial
investment after considering the time value of inflows.
n ct
Present value of cash inflows=C=∑
t=0 (1+K)t
n bt
Present value of cash outflows=B=∑
t=0 (1+k)t
Net present value=(C-B) or
NPV= Present values of cash inflows – Initial cash outflows.
N ct
Net present value=∑ -I
t=o (1+K)t
Decision Rules
A. "Capital Rationing" situation
ROI ’= profit
investment
N1
IRR=r1 + X (r2-r1)
N1+N2
Decision Rule:
IRR Criterion: Choose projects with IRR higher than cost of
financing.
Decision Rules A. "Capital Rationing" Situation Select those projects whose IRR (r) = k,
where k is the cost of capital. Arrange all the projects in the descending order of their Internal Rate of
Return. Select projects from the top till the capital budget allows. B. "No Capital Rationing"
Situation Accept every project whose IRR (r) = k, where k is the cost of capital. C. Mutually
Exclusive Projects Select the one with higher IRR.
Profitability Index
Definition: Profitability Index (PI) is the ratio of the
present value
of future cash flows and the initial cost of a project:
PV PV
PI = =
−CF0 I0
.
Decision Criterion Using PI
• For independent projects: Accept all projects with PI
greater
than one (this is identical to the NPV rule)
• For mutually exclusive projects: Among the projects
with PI
greater than one, accept the one with the highest PI.
Problems with PI
PI gives the same answer as NPV when
(1) There is only one cash outflow, which is at time 0
(2) Only one project is under consideration.
PI scales projects by their initial investments. The
scaling can
lead to wrong answers in comparing mutually
exclusive projects.
INTRODUCTION:-
Data and interpretation of this report is based on the research that was
conducted in kolhapur during the year 2010 when research thet was doing in
the summer training in Warana Bazar concern in kolhapur. For finding the
capital budgeting of the firm for expantion of firm the researcher is
provided with all financial docoments of the firm.
Past data
sales Administrative Selling Variable
Year
(core) Expenses Expenses Expenses
1 79.99 0.96 2.51 0.38
2 81.67 1.05 2.86 0.39
3 86.49 1.09 3.06 0.37
4 91.41 1.16 2.83 0.34
Chart NO:1
Chart No.2
Table No: 2
Projected Data
Year sales (core) Administrative Expenses Selling Expenses Variable Expenses
1 97.81 1.17 3.03 0.36
2 105.62 1.26 3.27 0.39
3 117.24 1.40 3.63 0.44
4 131.31 1.57 4.07 0.49
5 148.38 1.78 4.59 0.55
Chart No: 3
Chart No:4
Table No: 3
Particular 1 2 3 4 5
Incremental sales revenue(.25*projected sales revenue) 24.45 26.41 29.31 32.83 37.10
less : Incremental administrative expenses (.10*selling 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.16 0.16
exp) 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.41 0.46
less : Incremental selling expenses (.10*Admin exp) 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08
less : Incremental selling expenses (.15*Variable exp)
less depreciation 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32
Earnings before tax 23.66 25.57 28.42 31.87 36.08
less taxes 7.10 7.67 8.53 9.56 10.82
Chart No: 5
EVALUATION TECHINIQUES :
ARR= X 100
Table No: 4
Particular Rs(core)
Cost 65
Annual Estimated Income After Depreciation And Taxes
1
16.88
2
18.22
3 20.22
4 22.63
5 25.25
103.2
Estimated Life 5
ARR % 31.75
2. Payback period
Table No:5
Particular Rs (core) CCF
Total Cost 65
1 15.59 15.59
2 16.83 32.42
3 18.68 51.1
4 20.92 72.02
5 23.66 95.68
3. Profitability index
Present value of cash inflows
PI=
=95.68/65
=1.47
N1
IRR=r1 + X (r2-r1)
N1+N2
Table No: 6
63.97
65
-1.03
11.91
= 10 + X (17-10)
11.91 + (-1.03)
=17.66
Chart No: 8