Professional Documents
Culture Documents
UDC JGJ
INDUSTRY STANDARD OF THE
P JGJ 7-2010
Filing Number: J 1072-2010
Table of Contents
1 General Provisions .................................................................................................................... 8
2 Terms and Symbols ................................................................................................................... 9
2.1 Terms ............................................................................................................................... 9
2.2 Symbols ......................................................................................................................... 10
3 Basic Requirements................................................................................................................. 15
3.1 Structure Types............................................................................................................. 15
3.2 General Design Requirements for Space Trusses ...................................................... 15
3.3 General Design Requirements for Latticed Shells .................................................... 17
3.4 General Design Requirements for Spatial Trusses, Arches and Beam String
Structures ............................................................................................................................... 18
3.5 Allowable Deflection .................................................................................................... 19
4 Structural Analysis .................................................................................................................. 20
4.1 General Principles of Analysis .................................................................................... 20
4.2 Static Analysis ............................................................................................................... 21
4.3 Stability Analysis of Latticed Shells ............................................................................ 23
4.4 Calculation due to Earthquake ................................................................................... 24
5 Design and Details of Members and Joints ........................................................................... 28
5.1 Members ....................................................................................................................... 28
5.2 Welded Hollow Spherical Joints ................................................................................. 29
5.3 Bolted Spherical Joints ................................................................................................ 33
5.4 Embedded Hub Joints ................................................................................................. 37
5.5 Cast Steel Joints............................................................................................................ 39
5.6 Pin Joints....................................................................................................................... 39
5.7 Joints of Composite Structures ................................................................................... 40
5.8 Joints of Prestressed Cable .......................................................................................... 41
5.9 Supporting Joints ......................................................................................................... 43
6 Fabrication, Erection and Acceptance .................................................................................. 49
6.1 General Requirements ................................................................................................. 49
6.2 Requirements for Fabrication and Assembly ............................................................ 50
6.3 Assembly Elements in the Air ..................................................................................... 53
6.4 Erection by Strips or Blocks ........................................................................................ 54
6.5 Assembly by Sliding ..................................................................................................... 55
6.6 Integral Hoisting by Derrick Masts or Cranes .......................................................... 56
6.7 Integral Lifting-up ....................................................................................................... 58
6.8 Integral Jacking-up ...................................................................................................... 58
6.9 Fold and Unfold Methods ............................................................................................ 59
6.10 Construction of Composite Space Trusses ............................................................... 60
6.11 Checking and Acceptance .......................................................................................... 60
Appendix A Types of Space Truss Commonly Used ................................................................ 62
Appendix B Types of Latticed Shell Commonly Used ............................................................ 65
Appendix C Equivalent Stiffness of Latticed Shells ................................................................ 67
Appendix D Simplified Method of Analysis for Composite Space Trusses ........................... 69
1 General Provisions
1.0.1 This standard is formulated with a view to implementing the national technical and
economic policies in the design and construction of space frame structure and making the
design to be of advanced technology, safety and usability, economy and rationality and high
quality.
1.0.2 This standard is applicable to the design and construction of space frame structure
composed of steel members, including space truss, single layer or double-layer latticed shell
and spatial truss.
1.0.3 In the design of space frame structure, the reasonable structure scheme, frame / grid
layout and structure measures shall be selected according to the actual situation and the
comprehensive consideration shall be taken for material supply, processing fabrication and
onsite construction, to ensure better technical and economic effects.
1.0.4 Suspended crane shall not be arranged for single-layer latticed shell structure. Space
truss and double-layer latticed shell structures may directly withstand the suspended crane
load at Level A3 or higher level. In case the cycle times of the stress variation is larger than or
equal to 5×104, the fatigue analysis shall be conducted, and the allowable stress amplitude and
the structure shall be determined by special test.
1.0.5 The design and construction of space frame structure shall comply with the
requirements in the current relevant national standards besides this standard.
sEk——Effect of the earthquake action standard value of member bars for a space frame
structure;
sj, sk——Effect of standard value for the earthquake action of the jth vibration mode and
vibration mode k;
Δt——Temperature difference;
u——Allowable horizontal displacement of bottom supporting structure and support of a
grid structure without regard to temperature action effect;
——Joint displacement vector, velocity vector, or acceleration vector;
f t b ——Design value of the tensile strength of high strength bolt after heat treatment;
ν——Poisson's ratio of a material;
α——Linear expansion coefficient of a material.
2.2.3 Geometric parameter and sectional characteristic
Aeff——Effective cross-section area of high and medium strength bolt for bolted
spherical joint;
Ai——Sectional area of the equivalent trussing for composite space truss ribbed plate at
direction i (i=1, 2, 3, 4);
B——Width or span of cylindrical latticed shell;
Be——Stiffness of equivalent thin film for a latticed shell;
Be11, Be22——Stiffness of equivalent thin film for a latticed shell along direction 1 and 2;
bhp——Neck width of the loose tongue for an embedded hub joint;
C——Structural damping matrix;
D——External diameter of a hollow sphere or steel ball diameter on hollow spherical
joint;
De11, De22——Equivalent bending stiffness of a latticed shell along direction 1 and 2;
De——Equivalent bending stiffness of a latticed shell;
d——External diameter of main steel pipe pile member connected with a hollow sphere;
d1, d2——External diameter of two steel pipes intersected on a hollow spherical joint;
d1b , d sb ——Larger and smaller diameter of two adjacent bolts for a bolted spherical
joint;
dh——Diameter of hub body (embedded hub joint);
dht——Diameter of the loose tongue (embedded hub joint);
3 Basic Requirements
3.1 Structure Types
3.1.1 The grid (frame) structure may adopt double-layer or multi-layer type; the latticed
shell structure may adopt single layer, double-layer type, or partial double-layer type.
3.1.2 The grid structure may adopt the following truss lattice (grid) type:
1 Two-way orthogonal spatial space truss, two-way orthogonal diagonal space truss,
two-way heterotopic diagonal space truss, three-way space truss, one-way mansard space
truss formed of intersecting lattice truss system (Figure A.0.1);
2 Normally placed square pyramid space truss, normally placed square pyramid space
truss with openings, checkerboard-type square pyramid space, diagonal square pyramid space
truss, star-like square pyramid space truss formed of square pyramid system (Figure A.0.2);
3 Triangular pyramid space truss, triangular pyramid space truss with openings and
honeycombed triangular pyramid space truss formed of triangular pyramid system (Figure
A.0.3).
3.1.3 The latticed shell structure may adopt curved surfaces like spherical surface, cylindric
surface, hyperbolic paraboloid and elliptic paraboloid as well as various composite curved
surfaces.
3.1.4 The single-layer latticed shell may adopt the following truss lattice types:
1 The single layer cylindrical latticed shell may adopt one-way diagonal-rod
orthogonal spatial grid, intersecting diagonal-rod orthogonal spatial grid, lamella grid and
three-way grid, etc. (Figure B .0.1).
2 The single layer spherical latticed shell may adopt ribbed type grid, ribbed type with
diagonal bars, three-way grid, fan shape three-way grid, sunflower shape three-way grid ,
geodesic type grid, etc. (Figure B.0.2).
3 The single layer hyperbolic paraboloid latticed shell should adopt three-way grid (the
member bars at two directions are arranged along the straight stripe), or two-way orthogonal
grid (the member bars are arranged along the principal direction of curvature); diagonal
members may be arranged additionally on partial zones (Figure B.0.3).
4 The single layer elliptic paraboloid latticed shell may adopt three-way grid, one-way
diagonal-rod orthogonal normally-placed grid, elliptical bottom grid, etc. (Figure B.0.4).
3.1.5 The double-layer latticed shell may adopt two-way or three-way intersected lattice
truss system, square pyramid system or triangular pyramid system, and the upper and lower
chord lattices may be arranged by the mode specified in Article 3.1.4 in this standard.
3.1.6 The spatial truss may adopt straight line or curved type.
3.1.7 The type of space frame structure shall be determined by comprehensive analysis in
combination of project plan form, span size, support condition, loading condition, roof
construction and building design. The arrangement of member bars and supports shall
guarantee the constant geometrical condition of the structural system.
3.1.8 The single-layer latticed shell shall adopt rigid connection joints.
L hereof should not be greater than 35m; the span (width B) of the single layer cylindrical
latticed shell supported along two longitudinal sides should not be greater than 30 m.
3.3.3 The design of the hyperbolic paraboloid latticed shell structure should meet the
following requirements:
1 The length ratio of two diagonal lines on the bottom surface of the hyperbolic
paraboloid latticed shell should not be greater than 2;
2 The vector height of the unit hyperbolic paraboloid shell may be 1/2 ~1/4 of the span
(the span is the distance of two diagonals), and the vector height at all directions of the
four-unit hyperbolic paraboloid shell may be 1/4~ 1.8 the corresponding span;
3 The thickness of the double-layer hyperbolic paraboloid latticed shell may be
1/20~1/50 the transverse span;
4 The span of the single layer hyperbolic paraboloid latticed shell should not be greater
than 60m.
3.3.4 The design of the elliptic paraboloid latticed shell structure should meet the following
requirements:
1 The ratio of two span of the bottom sides of the elliptic paraboloid latticed shell
should not be greater than 1.5;
2 The vector height at all directions of the shell may be 1/6 ~ 1/9 the transverse span;
3 The thickness of the double-layer elliptic paraboloid latticed shell may be 1/20~1/50
the transverse span;
4 The span of the single layer elliptic paraboloid latticed shell should not be greater
than 50m.
3.3.5 The support structure for a latticed shell shall transmit vertical counter stress reliably.
Simultaneously, it shall satisfy the requirements in the edge constraint required by different
latticed shell structure forms; edge constraint member shall satisfy the stiffness requirements,
with which, the integral analysis is conducted for the latticed shell structure. The constraint
conditions of the corresponding supports for latticed shells shall meet the following
requirements:
1 The supporting point for the spherical latticed shell shall guarantee the constraint
condition to resist the horizontal displacement;
2 When the cylindrical latticed shell is supported along two longitudinal sides, the
supporting points shall guarantee the constraint condition to resist the lateral horizontal
displacement.
3 The hyperbolic paraboloid latticed shell shall transmit the load to the substructure
through the boundary members;
4 The elliptic paraboloid latticed shell and the four-unit hyperbolic paraboloid latticed
shell shall be supported along the periphery through the boundary members.
3.4 General Design Requirements for Spatial Trusses, Arches and Beam String
Structures
3.4.1 The height of the spatial truss may be 1/12 ~ 1/16 of the span.
3.4.2 The thickness of the spatial arch frame may be 1/20~1/30 the span, and the vector
height hereof may be 1/3~1/6 the span. Analyzed as spatial arch frame, the substructure at
both ends shall reliably transmit the vertical counter stress besides guaranteeing the constraint
4 Structural Analysis
4.1 General Principles of Analysis
4.1.1 For space frame structure, the analysis on displacement and internal force un gravity
load and wind load shall be conducted; according to specific conditions, the analysis on
displacement and internal force under seismic load, temperature variation, support depression
and construction & installation load shall be also taken out. The analysis may be done
according to the theory of elasticity; in the integral stability analysis for latticed shell structure,
the nonlinear impact hereof shall be considered.
4.1.2 As for non-seismic design, the effects of action and action combination shall be
analyzed according to the requirements of the current national standard "Load Code for the
Design of Building Structures" GB 50009 and the internal force design value shall be
determined according to the effect of the action fundamental combination; as for seismic
design, the effect of the seismic action combination shall be analyzed according to the
requirements of the current national standard "Code for Seismic Design of Buildings" GB
50011. In the displacement analysis, the deflection shall be determined according to the effect
of the action standard combination.
4.1.3 The wind load shape factor of single spherical latticed shell and cylindrical latticed
shell may be determined according to the requirements of the current national standard "Load
Code for the Design of Building Structures" GB 50009; as for multiple spherical latticed
shells and cylindrical latticed shells connected, and space frame structure with complex form,
the wind load shape factor hereof shall be determined by wind tunnel test or special study if
the span hereof is larger. The wind vibration analysis should be conducted for the space frame
structure whose basic natural vibration period is larger than 0.25s.
4.1.4 In the analysis of grid structure and double-layer latticed shell structure, it is
assumable that the joint is hinge one and the member bar only bears the axial force; when
the ratio of the member bar inter-joint length and the section height (or diameter) is not less
than 12 (main pipe) and 24 (branch pipe), it may also assumable in the analysis of spatial
bracing frame pipe that the joint is hinge one; in the analysis of single-layer latticed shell, it
shall be assumable that the joint is rigid one, and the member bar bears the axial force as well
as bending moment, torsion moment and shear force.
4.1.5 As for the external load of the space frame structure, the loads within the joint
controlled zone may be focused on this joint in the principle "static force equivalent". When
partial load is acted in the member bar, the impact of local bending internal force shall be
considered respectively.
4.1.6 In the analyses of the space frame structure, the mutual influence of the upper space
frame structure and the lower supporting structure shall be considered. the converted
equivalent stiffness and the equivalent mass of the lower supporting structure may be used as
the conditions for analyzing the upper space frame structure in the cooperative analysis of the
space frame structure; or the converted equivalent stiffness and the equivalent mass of the
upper space frame structure may also be used as the conditions for analyzing the lower
supporting structure; or the integral analyzing for the upper and lower structures may be
conducted.
4.1.7 In the analyses of the space frame structure, the reasonable edge restraint conditions
perpendicular, and the initial tension value of the cable wind rope should adopt 60 % tension
of the cable wind rope when it is hoisting.
6.6.7 When the single pulling bar hoisting is adopted, the cup and ball joint pedestal shall be
adopted; When the pulling bar hoisting is adopted, the single direction joint may be adopted
in the hoisting plane surface of the pulling bar. Under the action of the most unfavorable
loading combinations, the average pressure of the pulling bar support foundation to the land
surface shall not be greater than the characteristic value of the ground bearing capacity.
6.6.8 When the bearing capacity of the space grid structure is allowed, the method of setting
the tackle block to hang the pulling bar on the space grid structure to dismantle it step by step
may be adopted when the pulling bar is dismantling.
6.7 Integral Lifting-up
6.7.1 The space grid structure integral hoisting may be hoisted by installing lifting device on
the construction column, and it also may be hoisted simultaneously in the process of the pillar
formwork; hereby, the space grid structure may be served as the working platform.
6.7.2 As for the usage load capacity of the lifting device, the rated load capacity shall
multiply the reduction coefficient, and the heart-threading hydraulic jack may adopt
0.5~0.6;The electric screw rod lift slab machinery may adopt 0.7~0.8; and the other
equipment are confirmed through test.
6.7.3 When the space grid structure is integral hoisting, it shall make sure synchronous. The
neighboring two hoisting points and the permitted hoisting height difference value between
the top and the lowest points shall be confirmed through the recalculation or the test. In the
conventional practice, the permitted height difference value of the neighboring two hoisting
points shall be 1/400 of the adjacent point distance, and it shall not be greater than 15 mm
when the lift slab machinery is used; When the heart-threading hydraulic jack is adopted, it
shall be 1/250 adjacent point distance, and it shall not be greater than 25 mm. As for the
permitted height difference value between the top point and the lowest point, 35 mm shall be
adopted when the lift slab machinery is used, and 50 mm shall be adopted when the
heart-threading hydraulic jack is used.
6.7.4 The deviant between the force concurrence point and the suspension center of the
lifting device shall not be greater than 10 mm.
6.7.5 The steadiness shall be recalculated for the integral lifting-up support column.
6.8 Integral Jacking-up
6.8.1 When the integral jacking-up is adopted for the space grid structure, the space grid
structure support column should be utilized as the supporting structure for roof hoisting, and it
also may set the temporary roof hoisting support at the original support column section or its
nearby section.
6.8.2 The distance of the batten plate which is on the support column or the temporary
support for roof hoisting shall be the integral number of times of the lifting jack usage range,
and its elevation deviation shall not be larger than 5 mm, otherwise the thin steel plate shall be
used for leveling up.
6.8.3 The screw jack or the hydraulic jack may be adopted for the roof hoisting of the lifting
jack, and the rated load capacity shall multiply the reduction coefficient as its usage load
capacity, 0.6 ~ 0.8 is adopted for the lead screw lifting jack, and 0.4~0.6 is adopted for the
hydraulic jack. The range and the lifting speed of each lifting jack must be consistent, and the
lifting jack as well as its hydraulic system may be used after the qualified field inspection.
6.8.4 The permitted height difference of each roof hoisting point when the roof is hoisting
shall meet the following requirements:
1 It shall not be greater than 1/1000 of two neighboring supporting structure distance,
and it shall not be greater than 15 mm;
2 When two or more lifting jacks are on the supporting structure with a single roof
hoisting point, it shall not be greater than 1/200 lifting jack distance, and it shall not be greater
than 10 mm.
6.8.5 The lifting jack shall maintain perpendicular, the center of the lifting jack or the lifting
jack resultant force and the misalignment value of the roof hoisting dot structure shall not be
greater than 5 mm.
6.8.6 Pre-roof hoisting and in the process of the roof hoisting, the horizontal shift value of
the space grid structure support center coupled column basic shaft line shall not be larger than
1/50 column section short-edge dimension and 1/500 column height.
6.8.7 The steadiness shall be recalculated for the supporting structure of the roof hoisting,
when the recalculation is carried out, the space grid structure and the supporting structure
deadweight, the other dead-loads and the construction loads of roof hoisting for the space grid
structure shall be considered, and the impact made by the above specifically load eccentricity
and the wind load shall still be considered. If the steadiness is not dissatisfied, measures shall
be taken to solve.
6.9 Fold and Unfold Methods
6.9.1 Change construction of the cylindrical surface reticulated shell into the mechanism,
after the assembly completion on the land surface, it shall be carried out the integral hoisting
to the design elevation by the lifting device, then the member bar is needed to be complement
in the upper air to make the mechanism as the construction. The member bar internal force,
the joint displacement and the end reaction of the reticulated shell construction shall be
recalculated in the process of integral hoisting when it serves as the mechanism, the
temporary strengthening measures shall be taken if necessary.
6.9.2 The hydraulically operated equipment should be adopted as an instrument for hoisting,
and the computer synchronization control should be adopted. The hoisting points shall be
confirmed in accordance with the design calculation, the 4-points or above 4-points hoisting
points may be adopted for hoisting. The lifting speed should not be larger than 0.2 m/min, the
out of sync value of the hoisting points shall not be greater than 1/500 distance between
hoisting points, and it shall not be greater than 40 mm.
6.9.3 In the process of hoisting, the mechanism only be permitted to do motion in one
dimension at the elevation direction. The hoisting support shall meet requirements of the
Article 6.3.2 in this Regulation, and the guide track shall be set.
6.9.4 The cylindrical surface reticulated shell construction contains several twisted wire and
divides into more regions, every twisted wire includes more active ream, and every hinged
joint on one and the same twisted wire shall be ensured at the straight line, and every twisted
wire shall be mutual parallel.
6.9.5 In the process of the hoisting, the transient cylindrical surface reticulated shell
construction may appear, and the temporary support or the temporary travel cable shall be
arranged.