ICHH-2010 Rizvi College of

Architecture

International Conference On Human Habitat

Topic-Affordable Housing
SubTopic-Selection Of Building Materials,Use of
Material Composites and Recycling Of Waste in
“Affordable Housing”
Authors-
Ar.Suvarna Lele.Professor and Practicing Architect
Ar,Sarita Deshpande. Professor and Practicing Architect

Ar.Suvarna Lele
Ar,Sarita Deshpande
 ICHH-2010 Rizvi College of
Architecture
1.Construction Sector accounts for 5% of the GDP

2.Gross Annual business Volume : Rs.230,000 crores

3.Growth Rate : 6-8% in recent years

4.Construction is the second largest employer after agriculture

5.Employs about 18 million persons directly and 14 million indirectly

6.Doubled its share in total employment from 2.8% in 1983 to 5.4% in 2003-04

7.Recorded highest growth rate in employment in the last two decades

8. About 80 % of the cost of a typical house is on material component and 20% of
the cost on labour component.
9. Activities in building and construction consume about 40% of total global raw
material each year

Construction Sector Ar.Suvarna Lele

Ar,Sarita Deshpande
 ICHH-2010 Rizvi College of
Architecture

24.71
10.56
8.23

7.57

7.18
7.36

6.93

National Building
Source: National Organisation
Buildings Organization

Ar.Suvarna Lele
Some Facts –Housing Stock In India Ar,Sarita Deshpande
ICHH-2010 Rizvi College of
Architecture

23.43

19.86 20.07 19.44

17.24
15.20
12.65 12.82
11.65
9.70
7.25 7.89
6.19
4.66
1.95

Houseless Population In India Ar.Suvarna Lele

Source: Registrar General of India

Ar,Sarita Deshpande
 Rizvi College of
ICHH-2010
Architecture

Materials 2001-06 2006-11

Residential Residential

Urban Rural Urban Rural

Cement (ton) 124.26 49.01 195.89 77.26

Steel (ton) 13.64 5.22 21.80 8.23

Timber (cu.m.) 8.40 5.87 13.24 9.26

Bricks (000’ nos) 318.29 281.60 501.76 443.92

Demand for key building materials

Source: BMTPC

Ar.Suvarna Lele
How can we meet this demand? Ar,Sarita Deshpande
ICHH-2010 Rizvi College of
Architecture

Development Life Cycle Ar.Suvarna Lele

Ar,Sarita Deshpande
ICHH-2010 Rizvi College of
Architecture

Building Processes Ar.Suvarna Lele

Ar,Sarita Deshpande
 Rizvi College of
ICHH-2010
Architecture

Construction-
Demolition-
Construction

Ar.Suvarna Lele
Life cycleflow
Material of Materials
in a building life Ar,Sarita
cycle Deshpande
 Rizvi College of
ICHH-2010
Architecture

Ar.Suvarna Lele
Life Cycle of Materials Ar,Sarita Deshpande
 Cost Effective And Rizvi College of
ICHH-2010
Energy Efficient Construction. Architecture
STRATEGIES

Pre Buiilding Building Post-Building

Use Material- 1.Schedule Construction 1.Adapt existing structures
1.Made up of Renewable To reduce site impact. To new users and
Sources. Programs.
2.Provide waste seperation
2.Harvested or extracted facilities. 2.Re use building
Without ecological component and materials.
Damage. 3.Use non toxic materials
to protect construction 3.Recycle building
3.Recycled. workers as well as users. Components and materials.

4.Recyclable. 4.Specify regular 4.Reuse the land and

Maintainance with existing infrastructure.
5.Long lasting and low Non toxic cleaners
maintainance. 3.Recycled.
Material Selection in
6.Minimise energy required Ar Suvarna Lele
All Three
For distribution. Ar Sarita Deshpande
Phases of building
 Rizvi College of
ICHH-2010
Architecture

Criteria's for Material Selection-

1.Pollution prevention in Manufacturing.
2.Recycling of wastes in Manufacturing
3.Reducing embodied energy and Use of
Natural Materials
4.Use of Local Materials
5.Energy Efficiency.
6.Use of Non-toxic Materials
7.Longitivity,Durability and Maintenance Of
Materials
8.Recyclability and Reusability
9.Biodegrability
Ar Suvarna Lele
Ar Sarita Deshpande
ICHH-2010 Rizvi College of
Architecture

Waste Management
1.Recycling and reuse of construction waste
on the same site or different sites.
2.Recycling and reuse of Agro wastes and
Industrial wastes.
3.Use of wastages in composites.

Ar.Suvarna Lele
Waste Management Ar,Sarita Deshpande
 Rizvi College of
ICHH-2010
Architecture

Ar.Suvarna Lele
Fundamentals Of Recycling Ar,Sarita Deshpande
 Rizvi College of
ICHH-2010
Architecture

Options In Recycling Of Wastes Ar.Suvarna Lele

Demand For Key Building Materials
Ar,Sarita Deshpande
 Rizvi College of
ICHH-2010
Architecture

1.Diversion/Recycling Rates for Local Processing Facilities

2.Construction and Demolition Recycling
3.Design Specifications and Waste Management Plans
4.Build a Successful Diversion/Recycling Program
5.Cost–Effectiveness of Jobsite Diversion/Recycling
6.Design for Disassembly (DfD)
7.Prevent Jobsite Waste
8.Deconstruction and Salvage

A successful Construction Recycling Ar.Suvarna Lele

ASuccessful Construction Recycling Ar,Sarita Deshpande
 Rizvi College of
ICHH-2010
Architecture

Wastages per sector.

Ar.Suvarna Lele
Estimated Total Annual Waste Arising by Sector
Estimated Total Annual Wastes Arising By Sector
Ar,Sarita Deshpande
 Rizvi College of
ICHH-2010
Architecture

Approximate Break-up of total Construction Cost in Materials

and Labour Cement
18%

Iron & Steel

Labour
10%
27%

Bricks
17%
Aggregate
8% Sand Timber
7% 13%

Can we substitute these Energy Intensive Materials?

Ar.Suvarna Lele
Materials and Labour Costs Ar,Sarita Deshpande
 Rizvi College of
ICHH-2010
Architecture

Reasons In Generation Of Construction Wastes Ar.Suvarna Lele

Ar.Sarita Deshpande
 Rizvi College of
ICHH-2010
Architecture

Collection Of Materials Ar.Suvarna Lele

Collection of materials for disposal
Ar,Sarita Deshpande
 Rizvi College of
ICHH-2010
Architecture

Ar.Suvarna Lele
From Source
From To Application
Source to application
Ar,Sarita Deshpande
 Rizvi College of
ICHH-2010
Architecture

Timber planks Bricks

Metal scrap

Plastic scrap Aluminium scrap

Ar.Suvarna Lele
Material
Types OfWaste attainedattained
waste materials From Sites
from construction sites.
Ar,Sarita Deshpande
 Rizvi College of
ICHH-2010
Architecture

Wood waste ground into mulch can be

used in a variety of ways on a
construction site:

1.Erosion control material for

disturbed areas
2) Mulch berms to aid silt fencing in
erosion control
3)Protecting Tree Root Zones
4)Road and walkway stabilization for
crews

Recycling Of Wooden Waste5)Landscaping Ar.Suvarna Lele

Re use of wooden waste Ar,Sarita Deshpande
 Rizvi College of
ICHH-2010
Architecture

The main component of drywall is gypsum. This material is a resource that can be
used to help establish the lawn around the new home.

Scrap Brick and Block become usable aggregate that can be used on your job site.

Options InGypsum
Recycling Of Wastes Ar.Suvarna Lele
and Brick recycling
Ar,Sarita Deshpande
 Resource and Energy Saving through Use of Natural Fibres
and Agro-Wastes in Building Materials
Waste and Commercial product Traditional resource Energy
source using natural fibre fully or partly saved %
& agro-waste
1. Coir fibre Coir fibre-cement Asbestos 10
(coir industry) roofing sheet & panels

2. Rice husk Rick-husk- cement Resin (PF or UF) 20

(Rice mill) building board bonded particle
board timber

3. Ground nut Ground nut- hull- Resin-bonded 20

hulls (Oil mills) cement building board particle board timber

4. Jute fibre Jute-fibre-polymer Timber, metal 10

(Jute mills) bonded panel;
door and window

5. Cotton waste Cotton-lint-cement Gypsum, timber 25

(Textile mills) bonded board

Use Of Natural Fibres and Agro wastes in Building Materials

Resource and Energy Saving through Use of Natural Fibres
and Agro-Wastes in Building Materials
S. Waste and Commercial product Traditional resource
Energy
N. source (using natural fibre fully or partly saved %
& agro-waste)
6. Bagasse Bagasse-polymer- Timber fibres 30
(Sugar mills) bonded boards (in insulation board)
7. Corn cobs Corn cobs-cement Timber, polymer 40
(Corn mill) bonded boards
8. Sisal fibre Sisal fibre-polymer/ Asbestos fibre, 20-15
(Sisal plant) cement bonded Timber
roofing sheet, door, window
9. Rice straw Compressed and Timber, Polymer 40
&Wheat straw paper covered
(Farms) board
10. Banana fibre Banana fibre + Timber, Traditional 25
(Banana plant) cotton pulp/paper Timber, Traditional
ulp and polymer light weight mineral
insulation boards viz. vermiculite or mica

Use Of Natural Fibres and Agro wastes in Building Materials

 Industrial wastes, main chemical constituents, source and
potential use

S. No. Industrial Average Chemical Constituent Source Particulate composite in

SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO which used
1 Flyash 55 25 12 2.5 2.0 Thermal power plants Aggregate, cement, brick,
cellular concrete

2 Blast furnace slag 35 15 1.5 40 6 Steel plants Aggregate, cement, block

3 Byproduct
gypsum9 5 1.0 2.0 1.5 0.5 Phosphoric acid Hydrofluoric Gypsum plaster, boards,
acid plants cement additive, block

4 Mine tailings 60 5 10 12 5 Fl, Cu,Zn, Ni, Sn ore Blended cement, filler in

beneficiation concrete, calcium
silicate, cellular concrete, brick

5 Byproduct lime 10 3.5 2.5 80 5 Sugar, paper, leather, Lime, masonry cement,
sludge acety lime lants lime, mortar, plaster

Recycling Of Industrial Waste

6 .Laterite waste 20 40 30 5 5 Cutting of laterite blocks Building
block, aggregate
roads
7 .Red mud 15 18 35 4 5 Aluminium plants Cement,
Cement, brick paints,
(15 Tio2) tiles,
filler in FRP
8. Metallurgical slag 32 35 10 2.5 1.5 Alloys plants Aggregate,
blended cement
bricks and blocks
9. Broken glass 70 5 2 10 5 Glass, ceramic, brick plants Aggregate,
flooring, roofing
& ceramics
10. Stone quarry
Waste 80 5 5 5 5 Stone quarrying Blocks,
aggregate, flooring
paving
11. Limestone waste 10 7 5 70 3 Limestone quarrying Aggregate,
flooring, masonry
and lime kilns
cement, blocks

Recycling Of Industrial Waste

 Rizvi College of
ICHH-2010
Architecture

Ar.Suvarna Lele
Building Elements Developed by BMTPC Ar,Sarita Deshpande
 Rizvi College of
ICHH-2010
Architecture

Building Elements Developed by BMTPC

Ar.Suvarna Lele
Building Elements by BMTPCfrom Wastes
Ar,Sarita Deshpande
 Rizvi College of
ICHH-2010
Architecture

Ar.Suvarna Lele
Building Elements Developed by BMTPC Ar,Sarita Deshpande
 Rizvi College of
ICHH-2010
Architecture

Building Elements Developed by BMTPC Ar.Suvarna Lele

Ar,Sarita Deshpande
 ICHH-2010 Rizvi College of
Architecture

Ar.Suvarna Lele
Building Elements by BMTPCfrom Wastes Ar,Sarita Deshpande
 ICHH-2010 Rizvi College of
Architecture

Integrity Block Composite Decking and Railing Fiber-Reinforced-Polymer

Integrity Block
(FRP)
(www.archithings.com)

Vast Composite Pavers, The cast steel counterbalance Johnson Hardie Plank

Ar.Suvarna Lele
Some Elements Developed From Composites Ar,Sarita Deshpande
 Rizvi College of
ICHH-2010
Architecture

Auroville Earth Center

Compressed Stabilised Earth Blocks Ar.Suvarna Lele

Ar,Sarita Deshpande
 Rizvi College of
ICHH-2010
Architecture
Environment-friendly, Energy-efficient Technologies

Wood substitute Doors Building Materials from Agro-wastes

Jute Polymer Rubber wood

sections Building Materials from Industrial wastes
sections

Are We Ready
Are To Use This?
we ready to use?
Ar.Suvarna Lele
Ar,Sarita Deshpande
ICHH-2010 Rizvi College of
Architecture

Industrialized house

Ar.Suvarna Lele
Ar,Sarita Deshpande
ICHH-2010 Rizvi College of
Architecture

Steel frame
Plain
Exterior
cement
sandwiched
sheet chajja
panels
cut and
case study of a industrialized house
nailed to
Photos showing exterior of the house
the facade

Industrialized house
Ar.Suvarna Lele
Ar,Sarita Deshpande
ICHH-2010 Rizvi College of
Architecture
Brief Material
specifications
•M.S. Channel framing
•Sandwiched cement sheet
walling
•Gypsum board paneling from
inside.
•Steel sheet roofing.
•Steel / aluminum windows
•Particle board both side
laminated doors
•Ceramic tile flooring
•Gypsum acoustical and heat
insulated false ceiling.
• Standard finishes and
services.

Industrialized house Ar.Suvarna Lele

Ar,Sarita Deshpande
 ICHH-2010 Sound and heat Rizvi College of
Architecture
insulated false ceiling

50 mm thick sandwiched panel

tongued and grooved

Features
•Super structure can be erected in 5-6 days
•Dry construction
•Cost reduction due to mass production
•Cost of constuction is 500/ sft approximately half of the conventional.

Industrialized house Ar.Suvarna Lele

Ar,Sarita Deshpande
 ICHH-2010 Rizvi College of
Architecture

Features
• Super structure can be erected in 5-6 days
• Dry construction, so saving in water.
•.Several recyclable and reusable materials can be
•Used in constructions as recycled steel, particle boards
and wastages of tiles.
• Cost reduction due to mass production
• Cost of construction is Rs500/ sft which is
approximately half of the conventional cost of onstruction.
• Thermal and sound insulation.
• Flexibility of planning and finishing.
• It can be constructed as load bearing structure also.
Ar.Suvarna Lele
Industrialized house Ar,Sarita Deshpande
ICHH-2010 Rizvi College of
Architecture
•It becomes necessary to adopt the use of alternative
building materials & Construction technologies due to
adverse effect of using scarce resources carelessly and
eventual rise in the cost of the project.

•The affordable housing should be seen in relation with

the selection of ecological and economical materials, usage
of recycled wastes and composites which can considerably
affect the economy and ecology of construction

•Product selection can begin after the establishment of

project-specific environmental and economical goals.

Conclusion
Ar.Suvarna Lele
Ar,Sarita Deshpande
 Rizvi College of
ICHH-2010
Architecture

THANK YOU
Ar Suvarna Lele
Ar,Sarita Deshpande
References:
1.www.bmtpc.org
2.www.constructionwaste.sustainablesources.com
3.www.archithings.com
4.Agro wastes and composites-bmtpc
4.Auroville Earth Institute
5.National Conference on ‘Affordable Housing For All’-
By bmtpc,June2,Mumbai.

Ar.Suvarna Lele
Rizvi College Of Architecture
Ar,Sarita Deshpande