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Article history: This study aims in examining the influence of the paste yield stress and compressive strength on the
Received 3 February 2011 behaviour of fibre-reinforced concrete (FRC) versus direct shear. The parameters studied are the steel
Received in revised form 26 June 2011 fibre contents, the aspect ratio of fibres and the concrete strength. Prismatic specimens of dimensions
Accepted 18 July 2011
10 10 35 cm made of concrete of various yield stress reinforced with steel fibres hooked at the ends
Available online 24 September 2011
with three fibre volume fractions (i.e. 0%, 0.5% and 1%) and two aspects ratio (65 and 80) were tested to
direct shear. Three types of concretes with various compressive strength and yield stress were tested, an
Keywords:
ordinary concrete (OC), a self-compacting concrete (SCC) and a high strength concrete (HSC). The con-
Fibre reinforced concrete
Direct shear
crete strengths investigated include 30 MPa for OC, 60 MPa for SCC and 80 MPa for HSC.
Rheology The results show that the shear strength and ductility are affected and have been improved very sig-
Yield stress nificantly by the fibre contents, fibre aspect ratio and concrete strength. As the compressive strength
Fibre orientation and the volume fraction of fibres increase, the shear strength increases. However, yield stress of concrete
Strength has an important influence on the orientation and distribution of the fibres in the matrix. The ductility
Ductility was much higher for ordinary and self-compacting concretes (concrete with good workability). The duc-
tility in direct shear depends on the fibre orientation and is significantly improved when the fibres are
perpendicular to the shear plane. On the contrary, for concrete with poor workability, an inadequate dis-
tribution and orientation of fibres occurred, leading to a weak contribution of the fibres to the direct shear
behaviour.
Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
0950-0618/$ - see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.07.015
B. Boulekbache et al. / Construction and Building Materials 27 (2012) 6–14 7
Recently, the use of steel fibre reinforced concrete has been requires more fluid phase to be properly enveloped and lubricated,
reported to replace vertical stirrups in thin-webbed beams and en- and the significant interparticule friction and interlocking between
hances the web-flange shear transfer in girders [7]. The efforts fibres and between fibres and aggregates [17,28]. In practice, yield
have revealed that the steel fibres are advantageous over the ver- stress is the most important parameter for formwork filling, the
tical stirrups or bent up bars particularly in improving the strength, viscosity of the material will only play a role on the time needed
as well as ductility and cracking resistance. The addition of steel to obtain a horizontal surface.
fibres showed a reduction of shear deformations at all stages of The present work aims, through experimental investigation, to
loading, and proved that this phenomenon was pronounced more provide some information on the direct shear capacity of steel
as the fibre volume fraction increased. Fibres were found to be fibre-reinforced concrete with various levels of yield stress and
effective as shear reinforcement by increasing the shear strength strengths of concretes, various volume and aspect ratios of fibres.
and allowing the shear deficient beams to reach their full flexural Correlation between yield stress, fibre orientation, shear strength
capacity resulting in ductile flexural failure. The beams without and ductility in shear is then developed.
fibre reinforcement failed by diagonal shear cracking while those
with fibres failed in flexure rather than in shear. The use of hooked 2. Experimental work
steel fibres in a volume fraction greater than or equal to 0.75% led
to an enhanced inclined cracking pattern (multiple cracks) and im- The main objective of this research work is to determine the influence of the
yield stress of the fresh mix on the distribution and orientation of the fibres inside
proved shear strength in beams pffiffiffiffi without stirrup reinforcement, the fresh concrete and then to study their effects on the shear behaviour of the
greater than or equal to 0.33 fc MPa [8]. Cuenca and Serna [9] hardened fibre-reinforced concrete material.
showed that failure occurrence of Z-shaped push-off specimens is
better controlled thanks to the presence of fibres; the shear behav- 2.1. Materials and fabrication of test specimens
iour is more ductile.
The cement used in this study was a CEM I 52.5N of a fineness expressed
There has been significant interest in determining the response
through a specific surface of 3520 cm2/g and a density of 3160 kg/m3, the scale’s
of FRC under direct shear failure and analyzing the behaviour in a for particles is ranging from 0 to 100 lm. The sand and coarse granulate had min-
local failure plane. Several types of specimens have been used for imum/maximum sizes of 0/4 mm and 4/10 mm respectively. The high-range water-
this purpose [9–11]. The general objective of performing these reducing admixture (HRWRA) was a polycarboxylate-based admixture used to
tests has been to produce shear failure along a prescribed plane achieve adequate fibre dispersion and workability. Two types of hooked-end steel
fibres were used, whose characteristics are shown in Table 1. The fibre lengths (L)
(normally defined by cutting notches in the specimen), employing
were 35 mm and 60 mm, the diameters (d) were 0.55 mm and 0.75 mm; therefore,
compression and bending loads. One exception is the Japanese the aspect ratios (L/d) were 65 and 80, respectively. These fibres are available in
JSCE-SF6 Standard [12] where a double-shear test is performed bundles, which were fibrillated with water-soluble glue to ensure immediate dis-
on unnotched prisms. persal in the concrete during mixing. The shape of fibres provided the required
workability for mixing and no balling occurred. Three fibre dosages per volume of
The orientation of the fibres inside the matrix is affected by a
concrete 0%; 0.5% and 1% were used for all the mixes. Fig. 1 shows the shape of these
number of parameters, essentially the geometry of fibres and their fibres. Table 2 presents the concrete mix portions used in the testing program.
interaction effects (fibres-aggregates-formwork), the flowability of The following steps were conducted to mix the concrete ingredients:
concrete, the means of pouring and compacting the concrete, the
geometry of the concrete shafts (free surface, two or four bound- (1) Mix dry components (cement, limestone filler, silica fume, sand and gravel)
for 2 min.
aries) and their dimensions. When rigid particles such as sand (2) The required superplaticizer was poured into the total water outside of the
and gravel particles are mixed in a fluid suspension such as cement mixer and the solution was added to the mix gradually for 3 min.
paste, the type of particle/particle or fluid/particle interactions may (3) Steel fibres were added manually by slowly sprinkling them into the mixer,
vary according to the packing of the particles in the system [13– to avoid balling and to produce a concrete with uniform material consis-
tency and good workability, then the fresh concrete with fibres was mixed
17]. Barthos and Hoy [18] noted that packing density is reduced
for 3 min.
with fibre addition in a slightly larger way with coarse aggregate
than with sand, because the sand is able to pack tightly around The measurement of the slump flow indicates the workability of the mixture.
the fibre, whereas, coarse aggregates are pushed apart by the The compactness of the SCC matrix, due to the greater amount of fine and extra-fine
fibres’ presence. particles, may improve interface zone properties [29]. Consequently, it may also
From our point of view, the rheology parameters of the flowing improve the fibre–matrix bond, leading to an enhanced post-cracking toughness
and energy absorption capacity. In the case of SCC, no sign of segregation was
material, particularly the yield stress and the wall effect generated detected, the mixture showed good homogeneity and cohesion. All specimens were
by the geometry of the formwork, are the greatest influences on stored in the laboratory at a room temperature of 20 °C. All the mixes were pre-
the orientation of the fibres within the fresh concrete. The distribu- pared in a pan-mixer with a capacity of 100 L.
tion and orientation of fibres is, in turn, the parameter which most For each mix, three prismatic specimens 100 100 350 mm were performed
for the direct shear test, with a shear plane area of 6400 mm2. Three concrete cyl-
influences the ductility of fibre concretes. The contribution of the
inders (110 220 mm) were also cast and tested to determine the compressive
fibres to the ductility depends on their distribution within the con- strength of the various mixes.
crete element and especially their orientation [19–22].
Concrete is a concentrated suspension of solid particles (sand 2.2. Shear test setup
and gravel) in a yield stress fluid (cement paste). Fresh cementi-
tious materials, as many materials, behave as a fluid with a yield Shear tests were conducted in accordance with the Japan Society of Civil Engi-
neers standard test procedure JSCE-SF6 [21,30] with some modifications. As shown
stress, which is the minimum stress needed to initiate flow. From
in Fig. 2a and b, the shear load was applied by a loading block with two loading
a practical point of view, yield stress may be the most interesting
value where filling or passing ability is concerned, whereas plastic Table 1
viscosity may be associated to the velocity at which a given con- Properties of steel fibres used.
crete will flow once the material begins to flow. It has been Type 1 Type 2
reported that low yield stress provides good placeability of con- Length lf (mm) 35 60
crete [23–27]. The ability of the mixture to guarantee a uniform Diameter df (mm) 0.55 0.75
dispersion of fibres during casting has also been recognized as a Aspect ratio (lf/df) 65 80
peculiarity of the FRC [28]. It has been demonstrated that the addi- Cross-section area Af (mm2) 0.24 0.44
Tensile strength (MPa) 1100 1100
tion of fibres to a concrete matrix affects its fresh state perfor-
Number of fibres per kg 14,500 4600
mance, due to the both the larger surface area of fibres, which
8 B. Boulekbache et al. / Construction and Building Materials 27 (2012) 6–14
3. Results and discussion Typical compression stress–strain curves are shown in Fig. 3. In
the present study, the presence of fibres in concrete has slightly
3.1. Rheology of concretes reduced the compression strength by around 7% for FROC, 6% for
FRSCC and 10% for FRHSC. Moreover, the fibres are more efficient
The rheology of concrete is a major concern for many users. In- when subjected to tension; they then prevent the propagation of
deed, the ease of placing of fibred concrete has a direct impact on cracking. In compressive crushing, their role is reduced and could
the orientation of fibres inside the material’s structure and conse- even be a negative one through local stress concentration pre-ini-
quently on its structural efficiency once the hardened concrete is tiating crushing in the hardened cement paste. The reduction in
loaded. compressive strength values has been well analysed in the litera-
As previously seen, the distribution of fibres is modified accord- ture. The addition of fibres to matrix substantially disrupts it by
ing to the rheology of the cement matrix. A tendency toward ball- introducing voids, induced additional defects in the matrix through
ing is a serious problem in fibre-reinforced concrete. Balling insufficient compactness and then the porosities of FRC are also
reduces workability and increases segregation [31]. Adding fibres greater [32].
to a mixture not fluid or workable enough and the fibres do not The role of fibres in the pre-peak zone is negligible. The
get mixed in fast enough; therefore, they pile up on each other in mechanical role of fibres is activated only after the appearance of
the mixer and forms balls [32,33]. In a fluid concrete, the fibres cracking; they greatly improve the post-peak behaviour and sub-
have a great mobility within the cement matrix and hence can stantially reduce the descending slope of the stress–strain curve
move and orient easily under the effect of a slight external vibra- by softening the material when approaching failure as can be seen
tion. On the contrary, in a stiff concrete, there is a risk of formation in Fig. 3. This observation is even more pronounced in the case of
of fibre balls; this limits the movement of fibres and may even high-strength concrete. A slight increase in the strain at the peak
block them. In this case, a homogeneous repartition of fibres stress can be noted for the fibre-reinforced concrete.
B. Boulekbache et al. / Construction and Building Materials 27 (2012) 6–14 9
Specimen 150
(a) Loading block
Deep notch
Adjustable yoke
15
25 25
100
155
(b)
(c)
Fig. 2. (a) Schematic of direct shear test; (b) test setup of direct shear test and (c) typical failure of FRC in direct shear.
30 N Af
a¼ ¼N ð2Þ
20 Nth V f Ac
OC FROC 35-0.5
10
Ac is the transverse section of concrete, Af is the section of a fibre, Vf
0
is the volume fraction of fibres and N is the number of fibres cross-
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ing a given section.
Axial strain (‰)
For a = 0, the fibres are not oriented perpendicularly to the cross
Fig. 3. Stress–strain curve in compressive test for concretes with and without section; this is equivalent to concrete without fibres. For a = 1, all
fibres. the fibres are oriented perpendicularly to the cross section. The
10 B. Boulekbache et al. / Construction and Building Materials 27 (2012) 6–14
lower this factor is, the larger the average inclination is of the fibres diately following the first cracking, except that such efficiency is
from the perpendicular direction to the cut surface. even greater for high-strength concrete (Fig. 5a). This is attributed
The orientation coefficient a as a function of the yield stress is to the improvement bond characteristics associated with the use of
represented in Fig. 4. Each point is the average of three specimens. fibres in conjunction with high strength concrete [10].
In the case of fluid concrete (SCC and OC) with 36 Pa and 45 Pa For fibred specimens (FROC), the behaviour up to first cracking
yield stress, respectively, the fibres have a preferred orientation is similar to that of control specimens OC. After cracking, the spec-
with values of orientation factors ranging from 0.68 to 0.72 and imens continue to incur expenses for small deformations. The fi-
0.59–0.63 respectively, and fibres are uniformly distributed, which bres in the concrete matrix contribute significantly, resulting in
enables an increased level of friction between matrix and fibre. On an increase in shear strength of 31.4%, 38.6%, 45.7% and 47.1% for
the contrary, for high strength concrete with high yield stress, the FROC 35-0.5, FROC 60-0.5, FROC 35-1 and FROC 60-1 respectively,
orientation factor ranging between 0.46 and 0.50, meaning that the compared to control specimens (Table 4). Between cracking and
fibres are gathered as clusters and badly dispersed in the internal the peak shear load, the specimens demonstrated reduced stiffness
concrete structure and fibres are badly oriented. It has been and considerable deformation before failure.
reported than the process of fibre orientation induced by casting However, for specimens with FRSCC and FRHSC, the shear
has been shown to strongly depend on the yield stress of the mate- strength is also linear until first cracking. After cracking, consider-
rial [34]. able shear, proportional in magnitude to the aspect ratio and fibre
The mix proportion of fibres is a parameter which can be mas- volume fraction were developed compared to the corresponding
tered with ease when formulating a steel fibre reinforced concrete; plain specimens. For fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete,
on the other hand, the orientation factor is difficult to control and the addition of fibres provided an increase of 43%, 44%, 55% and
hence to predict. Indeed, most design cases of fibre-reinforced con- 56% for FRSCC 35-0.5, FRSCC 60-0.5, FRSCC 35-1 and FRSCC 60-1
crete are based on a hypothesis stipulating that the fibres are respectively compared to control specimens. In the case of fibre
homogeneously distributed inside the concrete material, but ran- reinforced high strength concrete, the corresponding strength
domly oriented [36]. Based on this hypothesis, the proportion of increase is 37.8%, 44.2%, 64.1% and 68.6% for FRHSC 35-0.5, FRSHSC
fibres to be used should be substantial, though in some cases the 60-0.5, FRSHSC 35-1 and FRHSC 60-1 respectively (Table 4).
complex geometry to be achieved in addition to other factors limits The results indicated that the compressive strength, fibre vol-
such proportions. In this sense, the knowledge of the orientation of ume fraction and aspect ratio of fibres have a minor influence on
fibres would be an important parameter to optimize the quantity the stiffness and behaviour of specimens until the first cracking
of fibres which should be used in the concrete mix. This would load. The fibres are efficient when they are oriented perpendicu-
ensure a better design of concrete structures. The perpendicular larly to the plan of the shear strength. The failure of steel fibre rein-
orientation of fibres is disturbed by the confining effect of the side forced concrete is not brittle at maximum load. Moreover, for
walls. The wall effect depends on the width of the flow channel. higher fibre densities (1% volume fraction of fibres), because crack
It can be seen that the fibres with a large aspect ratio are more propagation is restricted by fibres, there may be more than one
aligned with the flow direction. The effect of fluctuating velocity peak on the curve before the maximum is reached, followed by a
with micro-scale on the rotation of fibres becomes strong with gradually decreasing post-peak response with significant residual
the decrease of aspect ratio, which makes the fibres orient more strengths (Fig. 5b–d).
randomly hence the preferred orientations become weaker. For the behaviour in shear in the post-peak branch, the issue
when evaluating the use of fibred concrete is not only the increase
in the final shear strength, but also the ductile behaviour which can
3.3.2. Strength and deformation behaviour of specimens
make the use of this concrete material worthwhile and structurally
The results concerning the average values of the measured
interesting. A cracked concrete continues to support further
cracking shear stress (scr) and ultimate shear stress (su) and the
increases in loading without worsening the crack width through
per cent increase in ultimate shear stress of FRC specimens are
fibre crack stitching and through the deformation of the fibres,
given in Table 4. Generally, fibre inclusion improved the first crack
which causes increased crushing and splitting of the matrix. At
strength (an increase of 20–40%). The first crack strength improve-
the final stage, failure is very ductile and soft since most of the
ment for fibre-reinforced concrete is due to the transfer of stress
energy is absorbed by the deformed fibres. For the composite
from the matrix to fibres. Load versus vertical displacement curves
fibered concrete, more than one load peak may occur, one at the
for all specimens are represented in Fig. 5. For the specimen of
end of the cement matrix contribution and the others when the
plain concrete (OC, SCC and HSC), the behaviour of load versus ver-
fibres reach their ultimate capacity. To sum up, it could be said that
tical displacement was linear up to failure, which occurred imme-
the orientation of fibres and the yield stress significantly influence
the shear ductility of specimens.
1
3.3.3. Effect of matrix strength
0.8 FRSCC
The compressive strength of concrete has a significant effect on
orientation factor α
Table 4
Test results of direct shear.
Specimen designation Compressive strength (MPa) Cracking shear stress scr (MPa) Ultimate shear stress su (MPa) Increase in su (%)
OC 29.3 7.0 7.0 –
FROC 35-0.5 27.0 8 9.2 31.4
FROC 35-1 28.4 9.0 10.2 45.7
FROC 60-0.5 28.3 8.4 9.7 38.6
FROC 60-1 28.5 9.1 10.3 47.1
SCC 61.3 10.0 10.0 –
FRSCC 35-0.5 56.7 13.0 14.3 43.0
FRSCC 35-1 53.6 13.9 15.5 55.0
FRSCC 60-0.5 56.7 12.8 14.4 44.0
FRSCC 60-1 54.6 13.7 15.6 56.0
HSC 82.6 15.6 15.6 –
FRHSC 35-0.5 79.0 19.8 21.5 37.8
FRHSC 35-1 78.8 22.5 25.6 64.1
FRHSC 60-0.5 73.9 20.2 22.5 44.2
FRHSC 60-1 72.2 22.2 26.3 68.6
(a) 300 (a) Plain concretes (OC, SCC, HSC) (b) 200 (b) FROC
250 HSC
150
200
Load (kN)
100 35-1
50 60-0.5
50
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Displacement (mm) Displacement (mm)
400
(c) 350 (c) FRSCC (d) (d) FRHSC
300 350
300
250
60-1
Load (kN)
Load (kN)
250
200 60-0.5
200 35-1
60-1
150 35-1 150
100 35-0.5
100
50 60-0.5
50 35-0.5
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Displacement (mm) Displacement (mm)
Fig. 5. Load versus displacement curves under direct shear test. (a) Plain concretes (OC; SCC; HSC) and (b–d) fibred concretes (FROC, FRSCC, FRHSC).
determination (R2) of this proposed relation is 0.87, suggesting a The aspect ratio of fibres has a slight influence on the direct
strong correlation between these two mechanical properties: shear response of the specimens in the range of 65–80. A difference
of 5% is found between the improvement in shear strength of a
s0 ¼ 0:72 fc0:79 ðMPaÞ ð3Þ fibre with an aspect ratio 65 and 80. Taking into account the
similar effects of the volume fraction of fibres and the aspect ratio
on the rheological properties of the concrete, the product of these
3.3.4. Effect of volume fraction and aspect ratio of fibres two parameters (Vf L/d) is regarded as only one variable defined as
Fig. 6 shows the relationship between the ultimate shear the fibre factor representing the effect of the fibre reinforcement
strength and fibre volume fraction and aspect ratios of different on the composite [17,34,37].
concretes. Increase in fibre content results in consistent increase It has been shown that the direct shear strength increases line-
in first crack and ultimate shear strength. For example, for speci- arly with the addition of fibres and is a linear function of the term
mens with 1% fibre volume and aspect ratio of 80, the range of (Vf L/d). By using an analysis of regression, the ultimate shear
increase in ultimate shear strength was 47.1%, 56.0% and 68.6% strength (su) of a composite can be expressed according to its shear
corresponding to FROC 60-1, FRSCC 60-1 and FRHSC 60-1 strength of the concrete without fibre (s0), of its fibre volume frac-
respectively. tion Vf (%) and the aspect ratio (L/d) as follows:
12 B. Boulekbache et al. / Construction and Building Materials 27 (2012) 6–14
35 (Fig. 8a). For medium and high strength concretes (SCC and HSC),
τu = τ0 + 0.080 Vf (L/d)
2
the cement paste is sufficiently strong to cause aggregate crushing
30 R = 0.90 FRHSC
which destroys the interlocked structures (Fig. 8b). The crack
Shear stress τu (MPa)
(c) FROC (fibres pulled out and well-oriented) (d) FRHSC (fibres ruptured and badly-oriented)
Fig. 8. Typical fracture patterns of specimen in direct shear.
Table 5
Ductility indexes of fibre reinforced concretes tested.
4. Conclusions
20
FRSCC
FROC The main scope of the paper was to examine the influence of the
10 paste yield stress and compressive strength on behaviour of fibre-
FRHSC reinforced concrete (FRC) against direct shear. From the experi-
0
mental results reported in this study, the following conclusions
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 can be drawn:
Orientation factor (α)
1. In the study cases, adding of a volume fraction of steel fibres
Fig. 9. Ductility indexes versus orientation factor in direct shear. ranging from 0.5% to 1% increases slightly the yield stress of
concrete, confirming the prediction model presented in [16].
However, the yield stress of the mixture affects distribution
and orientation of fibres. With a low yield stress, the fibres
corresponding plain concrete specimen, whereas the ratio for 1% are well oriented to resist the direct shear strength. For FRHSC
fibre with similar aspect ratio was 30. This result is however less concrete with a high yield stress, the orientation factor is, in
significant for FRHSC. Therefore, to achieve similar ductility for the contrary, very low. The conditions of flow confinement were
high strength concrete, a higher volume fibre should be used. also a parameter affecting the orientation of fibres.
For the behaviour in shear, the ductile behaviour is the main 2. To improve the shear strength, the first way consists on the
characteristic of fibre-reinforced concrete that can make the use increase of the compressive strength of the concrete. Indeed,
of this concrete material valuable and structurally interesting. when the compressive strength varies from 30 to 80 MPa, an
For this purpose, Fig. 9 shows the orientation number versus duc- increase of 120% of the shear strength is observed. The second
tility indexes I20 and I30 relation, indicating a linear relationship, way is obtained with the addition of fibres. A shear strength’
with an R2 value of approximately 0.92. The orientation factor of increases of 44% for the volume fraction of 0.5% and 65% for
14 B. Boulekbache et al. / Construction and Building Materials 27 (2012) 6–14
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