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Malaysian Scenario

The Electronics
industry in Malaysia can
be categorised into four
sub-sectors :
Consumer electronics
Electronic components
Electrical products
Malaysian Scenario

Prime export USA, Japan, Singapore and Western


destinations Europe

New and emerging China, India, Australia, ASEAN,


export market Eastern Europe and South America

Major Technology Intel, Motorola, Infineon, AMD,


companies MEMC, Freescale, Agilent, Western
Digital, Dell, Lumileds, Flextronics,
Samsung and Osram
Malaysian Scenario
Electronic Semiconductor devices (fabricated
Components wafers, integrated circuits and IC
designs), capacitors, resistors,
inductors, PCB and metal and plastic
parts
Industrial ICT products such as computer and
Electronics computer peripherals,
telecommunications and photonics,
copier machines, fax machines, type
writers, calculators, measuring and
test equipment and industrial
controllers
Malaysian Scenario
Consumer Electronics Televisions, radio, compact disc (CD),
video compact disc (VCD) players, home
theatre systems, set-top boxes, video
games, camcorders and digital cameras

Electrical Industry i. Electrical industrial equipment


ii. Electrical components
iii. Electrical household appliances
i.e. air conditioners, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners,
electric fans, instant water heaters, rice
cookers, blenders, wires and cables, electric
motors, switch gears, batteries lightings and
electrical fittings
Malaysian Scenario
Total export RM 240 billion (Jan –Nov, 2005)
RM 21,8 billion in (Jan 2006)
64 % of total manufacturing
products
Electronic 91.7 billion (38.1 %)
Components
Industrial RM 103.2 billion (42.8 %)
Electronics
Electrical RM 25.1 (10.4 %)
Products
Consumer RM 20.9 (8.7 %)
Electronics
What is e-waste?
• E-waste – waste from electric
and electronic products and
goods.

• Common e-waste – Personal


computers, televisions,
telephones, cell phones,
electronic toys, air-conditioners,
washing machines, hi-fi sets.

• Components such as printed


circuits boards, transformers,
capacitors, are also included e-
waste.
Problem of e-waste
• Hazardous to health

Constituent Health effects


Lead in PCB, glass panels and computer •Damage to central and peripheral nerves
monitors •Affects brain development in children
Cadmium in chip resistors and •Causes neural damage
semiconductors • Teratogenic
•Accumulates in kidney and liver
Mercury in relays and PCBs •Chronic damage to the brain
•Respiratory and skin disorders
•Bioaccumulation in fish
Chromium (VI) in galvanised steel plates •Asthmatic bronchitis
•DNA damage
Plastics in cabling and housing Produces dioxin which;
•Effect reproductive and development problems
•Damage immune system
•Interfere with regulatory hormones
Problem of e-waste
• Resource conservation
- e-waste dumped in landfill
-e-waste hoarded in storage
- potential resource saving
from reusing e-waste
- over consumption of
resources from longer use
(i.e. over consumption of
energy by using an old model)
Problem of e-waste
• Pollution to the environment
e-waste contain highly toxic
compounds such as substances
such as chlorinated and
brominated substances, toxic
metals (lead, cadmium,
mercury, arsenic), acids,
plastics and plastics additives .
e-waste end in landfill or
incinerators-toxic materials
contaminate land, water and
air.
(500 million PCs contain 2.87 billion kg
plastics, 716. 7 million kg lead and 286,
700 kg mercury -Basel Action Network)
E-waste stream in Malaysia
Recycling of e-waste
• Citiraya of Malacca and TES-
AAM in Penang are two
companies well established in
Malaysia to process and treat e-
waste generated by the
electrical, electronic and
telecommunications industry
• They manage the complete
logistics operation from collecting
your waste through to recovery
of the base materials
Disposal of E-waste in Malaysia

• E-waste not classified as scheduled waste are sent to


sanitary landfill.

• Discarded electronic equipment or parts containing waste


containing or contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB) are listed in the Environmental Quality Scheduled
Waste Regulations, 2005. This e-waste is sent to the
Hazardous Waste Management Facility for treatment and
final disposal.
(Kualiti Alam – Peninsular Malaysia).
The Environmental Quality Scheduled Waste Regulations,

2005 amended in October 2006

 accumulators
 mercury switches
 glass from cathode ray tubes
and other activated glass or
 PCB capacitors,
 e-waste contaminated with
Cd, Hg, lead
E-waste management - Current Status
Legal Framework No legislative framework to address the
collection and disposal of e-waste generated
from domestic households except for EQA
(Scheduled Waste) Regulations 2005.

Inventory There is inventory for municipal solid waste,


but no designated inventory for E-waste.

Separate Only recyclable e-waste is well collected by


local recyclers, scavengers.
collection

Recyling/reusing There is E-waste recycling facility but has not


achieved full operation for all e-waste in the
technology. country.
E-waste management - Current Status

Environmental There is some form of


Awareness awareness for environmental
concerns.

Stakeholder Government sector encourages


cooperation stakeholder cooperation, but is
not well recognised.
Resource E-waste is traded mainly among
mobilisation. local stakeholders.
The Way Forward
Measures to control and prevent the potential
damage of e-wastes- includes minimisation of
environmental impacts across total life cycle
through :
 Enhancing the capacity for the implementation
of technical, administrative and legal
measures.
 Promoting the use of environmental friendly
design, marketing approach materials and
energy in electronic products.
EU Directives Overview
Drivers for the new Directives

• WEEE is growing rapidly. Currently 4 % of


municipal waste. 3-5 % annual growth rate
(triple the average)
• High churn rate of electronic equipment due
to technical innovation
• Currently, more than 90 % of WEEE is
disposed of with no-pretreatment
• WEEE typically has a hazardous content
• National approaches would give rise to
financial inequities and trade barriers
Impact of Basel Convention
Agreement
• SW 110 came into force on August 15th 2005.
• DOE classified Electronic wastes as hazardous
Such wastes are not allowed to be shipped out of
Malaysia.
• There are 14 approved licenses for recycling and/or
recovery of e-waste. Only 1 is classified as full recovery
and others are partial recovery.
• E&E companies do not find any of the recyclers meet
their standards.
• Waivers were given to allow such wastes to be shipped
out of Malaysia in March 2006 (subject to approval from
receiving countries) until a solution is found.
Basel convention
Aim
• Control and reduction of transboundary
movements of hazardous wastes including

• The prevention and minimisation of their


generation, and environmentally sound
management of such wastes
WEEE –What is Required?
• The directive requires companies to collect,
treat and recycle waste electrical/electronic
equipment
• The directives encourages the design and
production of equipment to aid recycling,
reuse, repair and disassembly of product at
end of life
• From August 2005 it makes producers
responsible for such equipment to finance
collection and recycling of WEEE from
specified collection points and meet targets
for reuse, recycling and recovery
European Directives-RoHS
• RoHS- Restriction of the Use of Certain
Hazardous Substances in Electrical and
Equipment Regulations 2005

• To restrict the use of six Hazardous


Substances within electrical and electronic
equipment (EEE) from 1 July 2006,
thereby contributing to the protection of
human health and the environment.
Challenges in Management of E-waste
 No legislative framework to address the collection and
disposal of e-waste generated from domestic
h o u s e h o l d s .
Greater efforts are needed in the development of national
policies and legislation to protect the environment, in
p a r t i c u l a r i n t h e E E s e c t o r

 Lack of infrastructure for the collection of end-of-life


products as well as facilities to dispose such an
environmentall y sound manner.
Many MNCs in Asia have started to introduce elements of
producer responsibility,collection centres are being set up
to collect used or discarded products so that they can be
disposed of properly. Local companies namely the SMEs
should be encouraged to follow their example.
Challenges in Management of E-waste

 Most of the SMEs still do not understand the


implications of environmental requirements.
There is a need to create timely programmes to
generate greater awareness.

 Addressing issues such as eliminating the use of


hazardous materials, during the design stage is
the right approach. Howe this may require heavy
investment. One way to encourage the companies
is to provide tax reduction or grants.
Implementation of E – Waste Management
Measures
Inventory Management

 Control over raw materials


used in manufacturing is
important in reducing waste
generation.

 Reduction of hazardous
materials will ultimately lead
into reduction of quantity of
waste generated.

Establish – inventory tracking


system and materials
purchase review
Implementation of E – Waste Management Measures

Production or process
modification – changes made
in the production process
which will reduce waste
generation.

 Improved operating and


maintenance
procedures
 Material change and
 Process – equipment
modification
Implementation of E – Waste Management Measures

Volume Reduction
Techniques used to reduce waste-stream
volume:
Source segregation - waste containing
different types of metals can be treated
separately to recover metal value in the
sludge.
 Waste Concentration - concentration of
waste stream to increase likelihood of
recyclable and reusable material.
Implementation of E – Waste Management Measures

Recovery and Reuse

Waste can be recovered on –site, or off-site


recovery facility, or through interinter industry
exchange.
Physical and chemical techniques such as
electrolysis, reverse osmosis, and filtration
could be used to reclaim a waste material.
Metals such as copper in PCB manufacturing
can be reclaimed using electrolytic recovery.
Implementation of E – Waste Management Measures

Sustainable Product Design


• Rethink the product design – design products with less hazardous
materials. Example of efforts to reduce material – new computer design
that are flatter, lighter and more integrated.

• Use of renewable materials and energy – Biobased materials


for example bio plastics made form plant-based polymers and the use of
solar energy.

• Use of no-renewable materials that are safer – designers should ensure


that product is built for re-use, repair/or upgradeability.

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