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英文的時態
英文時間有三種(現在、過去、未來)
英文動作有四種狀態(簡單、進行、完成、完成進行)
所以每一種時間搭配一種狀態後, 共有 12 種時態
簡單式
過去 現在 未來
進行式
過去 現在 未來
完成式
過去 現在 未來
動詞:had + 過去分詞(PP) 始) 始)
關係!只是動詞的一種變化! (~times)
時間:多數搭配以下關鍵字~
for+一段時間(表已經…..多久)
since+動作開始時間(表自從….開
始)
、yet(尚未)
Already(已經)
never、ever(不曾、曾經)、次數
(~times)
完成進行式
過去 現在 未來
續一段時間! 間!
2. 不變的真理格言諺語
a. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 太陽從東邊升起西邊落下.
b. Summer follows Spring. 夏天在春天之後.
c. There is no royal road to learn. 學無坦途.
d. Light travels faster than sound. 光走得比聲音快.
3. 含有時間副詞,敘述已安排好之事物類(未來之行為)
a. I fly to America next Tuesday. 我下星期二要飛往美國.
b. He leaves for Australia tomorrow. 他明天要離開前往澳洲.
c. The exhibition opens on July 1st and closes on July 22nd. 展覽將於 7/1 開張 7/22 關閉.
Others: go, come, return...
4. 表時間條件的子句
1. I'll tell him when he comes. 當他來時我會告訴他.
2. If you don't follow the regulations, you'll be punished. 如果你不遵守規則的話,你會被處罰.
5. 含頻率副詞(習慣性動作)
a. I often visit the Palace Museum. 我常去參觀故宮.
b. I usually go to school by bus. 我通常坐公車去學校.
Others: always, seldom, sometimes, once a week, every day, never
3. 從過去的觀點中來看未來
He said he would be punished if he didn't finish his homework.
~他(那時候)說如果他不完成作業他將會被處罰與 Simple Tense 時間點上差一格
[i.e. S + will + V if S + V.(simple tense) S + would V if S Ved)
4. 禮貌性用法
如: hope, think, wonder
a. I wonder if you could give me a lift. 我想知道你是否能讓我搭便車.
b. I wondered if you could give me a lift. (more polite)
有時候我們也可以用以下的方式代替未來
be going to
We are going to have a test on Monday. 我們星期一將有一個測驗.
比較: 現在簡單式 We have a test on Monday.
be to:
The race is to take place on Monday. 賽跑將在星期一舉行.
3. 過去一直不斷重覆的動作
He was always sleeping in the class last semester. 上個學期他總是在課堂上睡覺.
4. 客氣有禮貌的用法
I was wondering whether you could go with me. 我想知道你是否能與我一起同行.
already 用在疑問及肯定句中
Have you finished your homework already? 你已經完成你的作業了嗎?
yet 用在疑問及否定句中
Have you finished your homework yet?
I haven't finished my homework yet. 我尚未完成我的作業.
still 用在否定句中表不滿意
I still haven't finished my homework. 我仍然未完成我的作業.
just 常出現在肯定句中表剛完成的事.
I have just finished my homework. 我剛完成我的作業.
*在表時間或表條件的副詞子句中,可用現在完成式代替未來完成式.
E.g. When you have read that book, you'll know all the answers.
arrive, become, come, change, fall, grow, rise, set, sink 等字 be p.p. = have p.p.
a. The sun is set. 太陽落下了.
b. Winter has come. 冬天已經來了.
* 有時候為了簡潔, 會用過去式來代替過去完成式
After I finished my homework, I went out for a walk.在我做完功課之後, 我外出散步. (有了 after, 動作的先後順序
就不會混淆不清.)
* 不過要看句子的意思, 並非每個句子都能如此表示. 如:
The thief had run away when the police arrived. 當警察到達時, 竊賊已經逃之夭夭.
The thief ran away when the police arrived. 竊賊在警察來到時逃跑了.
這兩句意思不相同.
2. 表到過去某時為止的動作或狀況
By September, the professor had said "No" about two hundred times.
~到九月份為止(現在不是九月份), 那個教授已經說了大約兩百次的「不」.
2. 描述動作未完成, 且進行中
He has been painting the wall. (刷牆未完成~ 進行中)
比較: He has painted the wall. (刷牆已完成)