01aaa Contents

ii
Contents
Acknowledgement i
Contents iii
Organization of Thesis ix
List of Tables xi
List of Figures xiii
List of Symbols & Abbreviations xix
Abstract xxi
CHAPTER 1: NTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Generation of Electricity in Rural Area 8
1.2.1 Significance of Distributed Generation System In Rural Area 9
1.2.2 Barrier for the Generation of Electricity in the Island 9
1.3 Assessment of Renewable Energy Sources in a Remote Rural Area 10
1.3.1 Solar Energy Resource in Sagar Island 12
1.3.2 Wind Energy Resources in Sagar Island 13
1.3.3 Hydal Energy Resources in Sagar Island 13
1.3.4 Biomass Energy Resources in Sagar Island 14
1.3.5 Ocean Energy Resources in Sagar Island 14
1.4 Conclusion 17
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 19
2.1 Introduction 20
2.2 Recent Developments in Remote Areas Power Supply System in the World 20
2.3 Recent Developments in Remote Areas Power Supply System in India 23
2.4 Conclusion 25
CHAPTER 3: GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY FROM RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES 27
3.1 Introduction 28
3.2 Solar Energy 28
3.3 Type of Energy Extraction from Solar Energy 28
3.3.1 Concentrated Solar Power System 29
3.3.2 Photovoltaic Technology 29
3.4 Historical Background of the Photovoltaic Cell 29
3.5 Photovoltaic Structure 30
3.6 Types of Photovoltaic Cell 31
3.6.1 Single-Crystal Silicon 31
3.6.2 Polycrystalline Silicon 32
3.6.3 Ribbon Silicon 32
3.6.4 Thin film Solar Cells 32
3.7 Photovoltaic Cell Circuit Diagram and Performance 32
3.8 Advantages of PV Systems 35
3.9 Wind Energy 36
3.10 Historical Background of Wind Energy Application 36
3.11 Principles of Generation of Electricity Using Wind Turbines 37
iii
3.12 Operation of a Wind Turbine 37
3.13 Wind Turbine Types 39
3.13.1 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines 39
3.13.2 Vertical Axis Wind Turbines 39
3.14 Wind Energy Conversion System 40
3.15 Power Generation from Wind Using Wind Turbine 40
3.15.1 Temperature Correction for Air Density 43
3.15.2 Altitude Correction for Air Density 43
3.15.3 Impact of Tower Height 43
3.16 Different Generators for the Conversion of Wind Energy to Electrical Energy 45
3.16.1 Mathematical Model of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) 46
3.16.2 Mathematical Model of Squirrel Cage Induction Generator (SCIG) 48
3.17 Advantage of the Wind Energy 50
3.18 Biomass Energy 51
3.19 Different types of Biomass 51
3.19.1 Wood and Agricultural Products 51
3.19.2 Solid Waste 52
3.19.3 Landfill Gas and Biogas 52
3.19.4 Ethanol 52
3.19.5 Biodiesel 53
3.20 Energy production from the Biomass 53
3.20.1 Direct Combustion 53
3.20.2 Gasification 53
3.20.3 Pyrolysis 54
3.20.4 Alternative Method of Power Generation from the Biomass 54
3.21 Production of Hydrogen from the Biomass 54
3.21.1 Thermo-chemical Gasification Coupled With Water Gas Shift 55
3.21.2 Fast Pyrolysis followed by Reforming of Carbohydrate Fractions of Bio-oil 55
3.21.3 Direct Solar Gasification 55
3.21.4 Miscellaneous Novel Gasification Process 56
3.21.5 Biomass-derived Syngas conversion 56
3.21.6 Supercritical Conversion of Biomass 56
3.21.7 Microbial Conversion of Biomass 57
3.22 Advantage of Biomass Energy 57
3.23 Tidal Energy 58
3.24 Generation of Electrical Energy from the Tidal Energy 59
3.24.1 Generation of Electricity using the Tidal Barrage Technology 59
3.24.1.1 Tidal Barrage Flood Generation 60
3.24.1.2 Tidal Barrage Ebb Generation 61
3.24.1.3 Two-way Tidal Barrage Generation Scheme 61
3.24.2 Generation of Electricity using the Tidal Stream Technology 62
3.24.2.1 Ocean Tidal Fences Harnessing the Power in the Tides 62
3.24.2.2 Electricity Generation Using the Tidal Current using Non- Barrier
Type Technology 62
3.25 Mathematical Models of Tidal Current 63
iv
3.26 Power Generation from Tidal Current Using Tidal Turbine 64
3.27 Advantages of Tidal Energy 67
3.28 Conclusion 68
CHAPTER 4: INDISPENSABLE UNITS OF THE OFF-GRID POWER SUPPLY
SYSTEM 69
4.1 Introduction 70
4.1 Converter Unit 71
4.2.1 Buck converter 71
4.2.2 Boost Converter 74
4.2.3 Buck-Boost Converter 77
4.2.4 Other Buck-Boost Converter 83
4.2.4.1 SEPIC Buck Boost converter 83
4.2.4.2 CÚK Buck Boost Converter 84
4.2.4.3 ZETA Buck Boost Converter 85
4.3 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Controller 86
4.3.1 MPPT Controller for Solar PV System 86
4.3.1.1 Perturb and Observe (Hill Climbing Method) 86
4.3.1.2 Incremental Conductance Method 88
4.3.1.3 Fractional Open Circuit Voltage 89
4.3.1.4 Fractional Short Circuit Current 89
4.3.1.5 Fuzzy Logic Control Based MPPT 90
4.3.1.6 Neural Networks Based MPPT 91
4.3.1.7 Ripple Correlation Control 92
4.3.1.8 Current Sweep 93
4.3.1.9 DC-link Capacitor Droop Control 94
4.3.1.10 Load Current or Load Voltage Maximization 94
4.3.1.11 dP/dV or dP/dI Feedback Control 95
4.3.2 MPPT Controller for WECS 96
4.3.2.1 Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) Control 96
4.3.2.2 Power Signal Feedback (PSF) Control 97
4.3.2.3 Optimal Torque Control (OTC) 98
4.3.2.4 Hill Climbing Search (HCS) or Perturb and Observe (P&O)
control 98
4.3.2.5 Sliding Mode Control (SMC) 99
4.3.2.6 Other System 99
4.3.3 MPPT Controller for TECS 100
4.4 Rectifier Unit 100
4.5 Energy Storage System 102
4.5.1 Electrochemical Energy Storage 103
4.5.2 Super-Capacitors 104
4.5.3 Mechanical Energy Storage 105
4.5.4 Electromagnetic Storage 106
4.5.5 Hydrogen 106
4.5.5.1 Different Types of Hydrogen Storage System 106
4.6 Mathematical Model of an Energy Storage System 107
v
4.6.1 Battery Model 107
4.7 Electrolysis to Produce Hydrogen from Water 109
4.8 Different Type of Electrolysis 109
4.8.1 Alkaline Electrolysis 109
4.8.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis 109
4.8.3 Steam Electrolysis 110
4.8.4 Hydrogen as a Byproduct from Chlor-Alkali Production 110
4.9 Mathematical Model of PEM Electrolyser 110
4.10 Fuel Cell Technology to Generate Electricity from Hydrogen 112
4.10.1 Design of a Fuel Cell 112
4.11 Different Type of Fuel Cell 113
4.11.1 Proton Exchange Fuel Cells (PEMFC) 113
4.11.2 Solid Oxydé Fuel Cell (SOFC) 114
4.11.3 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) 115
4.11.4 Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC) 115
4.11.5 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) 116
4.12 Mathematical Model of PEM Fuel Cell 117
4.12.1 Actual Performance 118
4.12.1.1 Activation Polarization 118
4.12.1.2 Concentration Polarization 119
4.12.1.3 Ohmic Polarization 119
4.12.1.3 Double Layer Phenomena 120
4.12.2 Peripheral Energy Consumption 120
4.13 Inverter Unit 121
4.13.1 Single Phase Inverter 121
4.13.2 Three Phase Inverter 123
4.14 Filter Unit 126
4.14.1 Passive Filter 127
4.14.1.1 L–Filter 127
4.14.1.2 LC–Filter 127
4.14.1.3 LCL–Filter 128
4.14.2 Active Filters 128
4.15 Conclusion 129
CHAPTER 5: SINGLE RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE (SRES) BASED OFF-
GRID POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM 131
5.1 Introduction 132
5.2 Types of Off-Grid Power Supply System 132
5.3 Solar PV Based Off-Grid Power Supply System 133
5.3.1 PV Based Off-Grid Single Phase Power Supply System 133
5.3.1.1 Proposed Configuration 133
5.3.1.2 Performance of The Proposed System 134
5.3.1.3 Significance of the Proposed System 138
5.3.2 PV Based Off-Grid Three Phase Power Supply System 138
5.3.2.2 Performance of the Proposed System 139
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5.4 Wind Energy Based Off-Grid Power Supply System 147
5.4.1 SCIG Based Off-Grid Power Supply System Using Wind Energy 147
5.4.2 PMSG Based Off-Grid Wind Power Supply System 155
5.5 Biomass Energy Based Off-Grid Power Supply System 164
5.5.1 Off-Grid Biomass Fuel Cell based Power Supply System 164
5.6 Tidal Energy Based Off-Grid Power Supply System 170
5.6.1 Tidal Current Based Off-Grid Power Supply System 170
5.7 Other Types of Off-Grid Power Supply System 179
5.7.1 Off-Grid Solar Photovoltaic Power Supply System Without Storage Devices 179
5.8 Conclusion 186
CHAPTER 6: HRES BASED OFF-GRID POWER SYSTEMS 187
6.1 Introduction 188
6.2 Structure of Hybrid Energy System 188
6.2.1 DC-Coupled Systems 188
6.2.2 AC-Coupled Systems 189
6.2.3 Other Hybrid System 189
6.3 Different Hybrid System Topology at Sagar Island Based on the Availability of The
Renewable Energy Sources 190
6.3.1 Solar-Wind Based Off-Grid Hybrid Power Supply System 190
6.3.1.2 Operation of the Charge Controller for the Solar-Wind Based Off-
Grid Hybrid Power Supply System 192
6.3.2 Tidal-Off-Shore Wind Based Off-Grid Hybrid Power Supply System 203
6.3.2.2 Operation of the Charge Controller for the Tidal Off-Shore Wind
Based Off-Grid Hybrid Power Supply System 204
vii
6.4 Conclusion 217
CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 219
7.1 Conclusion 220
7.2 Future Scope 221
7.2.1 System Operation with Real-Time Data 221
7.2.2 Unit Commitment Problem for the Different Supply System 221
7.2.3 Other Renewable Energy Sources Based Power Supply System 222
7.2.4 Cost Optimization of Hybrid Mini-Grid Power Supply System for Remote
Area 222
7.2.5 Application of Hybrid Power Supply System for Cellular Operation 222
7.2.6 Minimum Environmental Effluence 223
References 225
List of Publications 239
viii
Organization of Thesis
The thesis is organized & structured as follows:
In Chapter 1, the general introduction to the energy scenario of India the picture of the present
energy status of the energy sector in different areas and more over the status and the prospect of
energy development in the rural areas are discussed. Here as an example a remote rural area has
been chosen and analyzes the renewable energy resources.
In Chapter 2 the brief literature survey of the remote areas power supply system is discussed. The
recent work for Indian remote areas is also discussed.
In Chapter 3, the technology to generate electrical energy from the renewable energy sources is
discussed in this chapter. Here the PV energy conversion system, Wind energy conversion system,
biomass energy conversion system, and the tidal energy conversion system to the electrical energy
are discussed. The mathematical equation to generate electricity from the different renewable
energy sources is also formed. And the proposed methodology to extract energy is also discussed in
this chapter. The prime required for the energy conversion system is also discussed in this chapter.
In Chapter 4, in this chapter the rectifier, chopper, inverter, and the converter and the required
control system for the generation of electricity using the renewable energy sources is discussed. As
the nature of energy sources is different the required supporting unit varies accordingly.
Furthermore, based on the nature of the load also the supporting unit for the generation of electricity
is changes.
In Chapter 5, design methodology and the overall operation of the off-grid power supply system
with PV, wind, biomass and the tidal. The different system performance has been checked under
variable sources as well as variable load condition.
In Chapter 6, deals with the standalone hybrid power supply system based on PV-Wind and the
Wind-Tidal energy sources. The methodology of the design and the required modification of the
control system and overall the performance of the system under variable source and the load
condition is discussed in this chapter. The advantage of the hybrid system compared to the single
renewable sources based power supply system also discussed in this chapter.
In Chapter 7, summary of the thesis is presented and also general conclusions are given. Finally,
scope of future work with the present schemes is highlighted.
ix
x
List of Tables
Table No. Title Page No.
Table 3.1 Friction Coefficients for Various Terrain Characteristics 42
Table 3.2 Classifications of Roughness 42
Table 4.1 Fuzzy Rule Base 89
Table 5.1 Performance of the Overall System Under Steady State Condition: The
Solar Irradiance (Irr), PV Aarray Voltage (VPV), PV Array Current (IPV) 177
and PV Array Power (PPV) and BLDC Motor Speed (N)
xi
xii
List of Figures
Figure Title Page
No. No.
Fig. 1.1 Population dynamics of India 2
Fig. 1.2 Availability of basic services at the rural and urban areas on India 3
Fig. 1.3 Comparison of literacy rate at urban and the sub-urban areas of the rural India 3
Fig. 1.4 Generated power capacity in India using different sources 4
Fig. 1.5 Total estimated renewable energy potential in India 6
Fig. 1.6 Renewable energy distribution system 7
Fig. 1.7 Grid connected renewable energy sources in India 7
Fig. 1.8 Off-Grid renewable energy sources in India 8
Fig. 1.9 Location of Sagar Island in the Sundarban area of India 11
Fig. 1.10 Average daylight hour on the Sagar Island during different month of the year 12
Fig. 1.11 Monthly solar irradiance variation in different month at Sagar Island 12
Fig. 1.12 Monthly wind speed variations at the Sagar Island 13
Fig. 1.13 Monthly water height variation at Sagar Island due to Tide 14
Fig. 1.14 Wave energy in Indian Ocean near to the Sagar Island 15
Fig. 1.15 Variation of temperature from Surface to deep water 16
Fig. 3.1 Different layers of photovoltaic cell 28
Fig. 3.2 Generation of electrical energy using photovoltaic cell 29
Fig. 3.3 Picture of a Solar Cell, a Solar Module and a Solar Array 29
Fig. 3.4 Equivalent circuit of SPV cell connected with resistive load 30
Fig. 3.5 I-V curve of a Sun Power E20/ 435 PV array 32
Fig. 3.6 P-V curve of a Sun Power E20/ 435 PV array 32
Fig. 3.7 I-V curve of a Sun Power E20/ 435 PV array under variable temperature 33
Fig. 3.8 P-V curve of a Sun Power E20/ 435 PV array under variable temperature 33
Fig. 3.9 Various components of a wind turbine 35
Fig. 3.10 A three blade horizontal axis ENERCONE E-82 wind turbine 37
Fig. 3.11 A Darrieus-type vertical axis turbine 37
Fig. 3.12 Layout diagram of a wind energy conversion system 38
Fig. 3.13 Wind turbine cp-λ characteristics, for different values of the pitch angle β 40
Fig. 3.14 Wind turbine power speed characteristic under different wind speed 40
Fig. 3.15 Stator voltage in reference frame transformation 44
Fig. 3.16 Orientation of the Sun and the Moon during tide (a) Spring tides (b) Neap tides 56
Fig. 3.17 Effects of Tidal Flow in an Estuary 57
Fig. 3.18 Generation of electricity from Tidal Barrage Flood Generation technology 58
Fig. 3.19 Generation of electricity from Tidal Barrage Ebb Generation technology 58
Fig. 3.20 Generation of electricity from Tidal fence Generation technology 60
Fig. 3.21 Generation of electricity from non-barrier type Tidal Stream technology 60
Fig. 3.22 Tidal turbine cp-λ characteristics, for different values of the pitch angle β 64
Fig. 3.23 Tidal turbine power speed characteristic under different water speed 64
Fig. 4.1 General layout diagram of off-grid power supply system generator system 68
Fig. 4.2 Connection diagram of a dc-dc buck converter connected with resistive load 69
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Fig. 4.3 Connection diagram of a dc-dc Boost converter connected with resistive load 72
Fig. 4.4 Buck-Boost dc-dc converter 76
Fig. 4.5 Equivalent circuit of the Buck-Boost dc-dc converter at switch ON condition 76
Fig. 4.6 Equivalent circuit of the Buck-Boost dc-dc converter at switch off condition 76
Fig. 4.7 SEPIC dc-dc converter 81
Fig. 4.8 Equivalent circuit of Sepic dc-dc converter at switch ON condition 81
Fig. 4.9 Equivalent circuit of Sepic dc-dc converter at switch off condition 81
Fig. 4.10 Cúk dc-dc converter 82
Fig. 4.11 Equivalent circuit of Cúk dc-dc converter at switch ON condition 82
Fig. 4.12 Equivalent circuit of Cúk dc-dc converter at switch OFF condition 82
Fig. 4.13 Zeta dc-dc converter 83
Fig. 4.14 Equivalent circuit of Zeta dc-dc converter at switch ON condition 83
Fig. 4.15 Equivalent circuit of Zeta dc-dc converter at switch OFF condition 83
Fig. 4.16 Maximum power condition of a solar module under constant irradiance 85
Fig. 4.17 Perturbation and Observation (P&O) algorithm for MPPT controller 85
Fig. 4.18 Operating power (P) and voltage (V) curve of the conventional IC algorithm 86
Fig. 4.19 Incremental Conductance (IC) algorithm for MPPT controller 87
Fig. 4.20 Membership function for inputs and output of fuzzy logic controller 88
Fig. 4.21 Example of neural network 89
Fig. 4.22 Different load types: 1-voltage-source, 2-resistive, 3-resistive and voltage-source,4-
current-source 92
Fig. 4.23 Speed vs Power curve of a wind turbine 94
Fig. 4.24 Variation of mechanical power curves and of the wind turbine for different wind
speeds 95
Fig. 4.25 Variation of power coefficient of the wind turbine for different wind speeds 95
Fig. 4.26 P&O algorithm for the wind turbine to obtain maximum power 97
Fig. 4.27 Three phase rectifier connected with load 99
Fig. 4.28 Different energy storage system 100
Fig. 4.29 Generic model of rechargeable battery 105
Fig. 4.30 Algorithm of the charge controller of the battery 106
Fig. 4.31 Equivalent circuit of the PEM Electrolyser 110
Fig. 4.32 Operation of a fuel cell 111
Fig. 4.33 Construction diagram of a proton exchange fuel cells 111
Fig. 4.34 Construction diagram of a solid oxydé fuel cell 112
Fig. 4.35 Construction diagram of a molten carbonate fuel cell 113
Fig. 4.36 Construction diagram of a alkaline fuel cell 114
Fig. 4.37 Construction diagram of a phosphoric acid fuel cell 114
Fig. 4.38 Equivalent circuit of a fuel cell 115
Fig. 4.39 Single phase voltage source inverter circuit 119
Fig. 4.40 SPWM signal for one cycle 50 Hz pulses for single phase inverter 119
Fig. 4.41 Block diagram for PI voltage regulator for single phase inverter 120
Fig. 4.42 Three phase inverter circuit 121
Fig. 4.43 SPWM signal for half cycle 50 Hz pulse for three phase inverter 122
Fig. 4.44 Block diagram for PI voltage regulator for three phase inverter 123
Fig. 4.45 Circuit diagram of a passive L filter 124
xiv
Fig. 4.46 Circuit diagram of a passive LC filter 124
Fig.4.47 Circuit diagram of a Passive LCL filter 125
Fig.4.48 Circuit Diagram of (a) series connected active filter (b) shunt connected active filter 126
Fig. 5.1 Block diagram of PV based off-grid Single phase power supply system 129
Fig. 5.2 PV array characteristic (a) I-V curve (b) P-V curve under different solar irradiance 130
Fig. 5.3 Generated voltage, current and power profile of the PV array under variable irradiance
of the Sun 131
Fig. 5.4 MPPT connected Buck converter, current and voltage profile 131
Fig. 5.5 Battery voltage and current and State of charge profile 131
Fig. 5.6 Inverter output: Active power, reactive power, rms Voltage of the system 132
Fig. 5.7 Output voltage and current profile during load change 132
Fig. 5.8 Harmonic spectrum of load voltage 133
Fig. 5.9 Harmonic spectrum of load current 133
Fig. 5.10 Percentage individual voltage distortions 133
Fig. 5.11 Block diagram of PV based off-grid three phase power supply system 134
Fig. 5.12 Solar Irradiance applied in this study 136
Fig. 5.13 Generated (a) voltage (b) current (c) power profile of the PV array under variable
irradiance of the Sun 136
Fig. 5.14 Comparative analysis of generated power and connected load power (a) power
generated by PV array (PPV) (b) comparison of generated power (PPV) and consumed
power (PL) (c) active power profile of the load (d) reactive power profile of the load 137
Fig. 5.15 Dynamic response of dc-ac converter with variable load (a) instantaneous voltage
(b) instantaneous current (c) rms voltage (d) RMS current profile 138
Fig. 5.16 Dynamic response of dc-ac converter at initial condition (a) instantaneous voltage
(b) instantaneous current (c) rms voltage (d) rms current profile 139
Fig. 5.17 Dynamic response of dc-ac converter with load increase (a) instantaneous voltage
Fig. 5.18 Dynamic response of dc-ac converter with load decrease (a) instantaneous voltage
Fig. 5.21 Configuration of SCIG based off-grid power supply system using wind energy 143
Fig. 5.22 Wind profile applied in this study 145
Fig. 5.23 Instantaneous (a) voltage (b) current profile of the SCIG connected with WT 145
Fig. 5.24 The rectified (a) voltage (b) current (c) comparison of wind power (PW) and generated
power (PG) by the SCIG connected with WT 146
generated by WTG (b) comparison of generated power (P G) and consumed power (PL)
(c) active power profile of the load (d) reactive power profile of the load 147
xv
Fig. 5.32 Configuration of PMSG based off-grid power supply system using wind energy 152
Fig. 5.34 Instantaneous (a) voltage (b) current profile of the PMSG connected with WT 153
Fig. 5.35 The rectified (a) voltage (b) current (c) comparison of wind power (P W) and generated
power (PG) by the PMSG connected with WT 154
generated by WTG (b) comparison of generated power (PG) and consumed power (PL)
(c) active power profile of the load (d) reactive power profile of the load 155
Fig. 5.43 Proposed layout diagram of Biomass based fuel cell power supply system 161
Fig. 5.44 Fuel cell stack power vs current profile 162
Fig. 5.45 Fuel cell stack voltage vs current profile 162
Fig. 5.46 Fuel cell output (a) voltage (b) current (c) power profile 163
Fig. 5.47 Inverter (a) input voltage (VDC) profile (b) output voltage (VIn) profile 164
Fig. 5.48 Inverter (a) active power (b) reactive power (c) rms voltage (d) instantaneous voltage
(e) rms current (f) instantaneous current profile under variable load 164
Fig. 5.51 Configuration of PMSG based off-grid power supply system using tidal energy 167
Fig. 5.52 Tidal current profile applied in this study 168
Fig. 5.53 Instantaneous (a) voltage (b) current profile of the PMSG connected with TT 169
Fig. 5.54 The rectified (a) voltage (b) current (c) generated power by the PMSG connected with
TT 169
Fig. 5.55 Comparative analysis of generated power and connected load power (a) comparison of
generated power (PG) and consumed power (PL) (b) active power profile of the load
(c) reactive power profile of the load 170
xvi
Fig. 5.62 Schematic of proposed SPV array-CSC converter fed BLDC motor drive for water
pumping system 176
Fig. 5.63 Fig. 5.63 Profile of (a) PV array voltage (VPV) (b) PV array current (IPV) (c) PV array
power (PPV) (d) Solar irradiance (Irr) 177
Fig. 5.64 ZETA converter output voltage (VCH) 178
Fig. 5.65 Performances of the proposed SPV array based ZETA converter fed BLDC motor
drive (a) instantaneous back emf (b) instantaneous current (c) speed
(d) electromagnetic torque (e) load torque profile under variable irradiance of the Sun 178
Fig. 5.66 Performances of the proposed SPV array based ZETA converter fed BLDC motor
drive (a) instantaneous back emf (b) instantaneous current (c) speed
(d) electromagnetic torque (e) load torque profile under variable irradiance of the Sun
at 300 W/m2 irradiance 179
Fig. 5.67 Performance of BLDC motor instantaneous voltage and current profile under variable
Fig. 5.68 Performance of BLDC motor Voltage and current profile at 900 W/m2 irradiance 180
Fig. 5.69 Profile of BLDC motor (a) Hall sensor output for phas A (b) Hall sensor output for
phas B (c) Hall sensor output for phas C (d) instantaneous stator current for phas A
(e) instantaneous stator current for phas B (f) instantaneous stator current for phas C
(g) instantaneous Back-Emf for phase A (h) instantaneous Back-Emf for phase B
(i) instantaneous Back-Emf for phase C (j) BLDC motor load torque profile 181
Fig. 6.1 Configuration of DC-Coupled Systems 184
Fig. 6.2 Configuration of AC-Coupled Systems 185
Fig. 6.3 Configuration of HFAC-Coupled Systems 185
Fig. 6.4 LTES based (a) ac system (b) dc system 186
Fig. 6.5 Proposed configuration of an off-grid solar-wind hybrid power supply system 187
Fig. 6.6 Configuration of power electronics charge controller for the optimum charging and
discharging of the battery unit for Solar-Wind hybrid power supply system 188
Fig. 6.7 Algorithm to maintain the optimum charging and discharging of the battery unit for
Solar-Wind hybrid power supply system 189
Fig. 6.8 Profile of (a) Solar Irradiance (b) wind speed applied in this study 191
Fig. 6.9 Generated (a) voltage (b) current (c) power profile of the PV array under variable
Fig. 6.11 The rectified (a) voltage (b) current (c) power profile of the PMSG connected with
WT 192
generated by WTG (Pw) (b) power generated by PV array (PPV) (c) comparison of
generated power and consumed power (d) comparison of total generated power (P G)
and consumed power (PL) (e) active power profile of the load (f) reactive power
profile of the load 193
xvii
Fig. 6.19 Proposed configuration of off-grid Tidal-Wind hybrid power supply system 199
Fig. 6.20 Configuration of power electronics charge controller for the optimum charging and
discharging of the battery unit for Tidal-Wind hybrid power supply system 200
Fig. 6.21 Algorithm to maintain the optimum charging and discharging of the battery unit for
Tidal-Wind hybrid power supply system 200
Fig. 6.22 Tidal current profile applied in this study 202
Fig. 6.24 Instantaneous (a) voltage (b) current profile of the PMSG connected with TT 203
Fig. 6.26 The rectified (a) voltage (b) current (c) power profile of the PMSG connected with TT 204
Fig. 6.27 The rectified (a) voltage (b) current (c) power profile of the PMSG connected with
WT 205
generated by WTG (Pw) (b) power generated by TTG (PT) (c) comparison of generated
power and consumed power (d) comparison of total generated power (PG) and
consumed power (PL) (e) active power profile of the load (f) reactive power profile of
the load
206
Fig. 6.29 Generated and connected load energy profile (a) comparison of generated energy and
the consumed energy (b) comparison of total generated (PG) energy and the consumed
energy (PL) 207
xviii
List of Symbols and Abbreviations
ac Alternating Current
ampere A
ampere hour Ah
ANFIS Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems
ANFIS Adaptive Network based Fuzzy Inference System
ANN Artificial Neural Networks
BLDC Brush Less DC Motor
BSs Rural base station (BSs)
CdTe Cadmium Telluride
CIS Copper Indium Di-Selenide
dc Direct Current
DFIG Double Feed Induction Generator
DNI Direct Normal Incident
FL Fuzzy Logic
ft3/s cubic foot per second
GW Gega Watt
h hour
HAWT Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines
HRES Hybrid Renewable Energy Sources
HVAC High Voltage ac
Hz hertz
IC Increamental Conductance
km kilometer
Km/h kilometer per hour
kV kilovolt
xix
kVA kilovoltampere
kvar kilovar
kW kilowatt
kW/m2 kilowatt per square meter
kWh kilowatthour
m3/s cubic meter per second
MATLAB Matrix Laboratory
MDG Millennium Development Goal
MPP Maximum Power Point
MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracking
MW megawatt
MW Mega Watt
N.m newton meter
NASA National Aeronautics And Space Administration
OGHPSS Off-Grid hybrid power supply system
OGPSS Off-Grid power supply system
OPEX Operational expenditure
P&O P&O
PID Proportional–Integral–Derivative
PMSG Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator
PV Photovoltaic
PWM Pulse Width Modulation
RAPS Remote area power system
rms root-mean-square
s second (time)
SCIG Squirrel Cage Induction Generator
SPV Solar Photovoltaic
SRES Single renewable energy sources
TECS Tidal Energy Conversion System
TT Tidal Turbine
TTG Tidal Turbine Generator
V volt
xx
VA voltampere
VAWT Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
W watt
WECS Wind Energy Conversion System
Wh watthour
WT Wind Turbine
Abstract
Sustainable development encompasses three basic things - social development, economic security
and environmental sustainability. At present, the energy utilization is one of the prime indicators of
the civilization and sustainable development of a particular area. In India the per capita energy
consumption per person is below the average per capita energy consumption compared to the world
average and very much lower than the worlds developed countries. The lowest per capita energy
consumption of a country indicates the poor sustainable development of that country. In our country
due to rapid population and enormously increasing load demand, the generated electrical energy is
unable to compensate the energy requirement. But this is not the prime reason behind the poor
energy consumption. The urban and the suburban areas of the Indian vicinity are well developed
and the energy consumption is high, but the rural area faces the main problem related to the
accessible electricity. Due to geographical contrast the grid connectivity or the generation of
electricity is not cost effective and sometimes quite impossible in some remote areas. Due to
unavailability of the electricity the sustainable development is stopped and the development of the
countries also affected. In this present work the off-grid power supply system has been investigated
for a remote rural area where grid connectivity is difficult. For this reason, a remote,
underdeveloped area named Sagar Island has been chosen and study the off-grid power supply
system based on the available renewable energy sources in that remote area. In this proposed work
to design the off-grid power supply system using renewable sources at first the available data of the
renewable energy profile is collected through internet than the collected data is analyzed and study
the feasibility of the generation of electricity based on the available renewable energy sources. Then
the power supply system has been developed using MATLAB/Simulink software and observe the
characteristic under variable source as well as load and study the power quality. As most of the
remote location availability of required electricity is not up to the mark, so the proposed work may
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help the energy researcher to electrify a remote rural area and initiates the development in those
remote rural areas. The proposed work also deals with the intermittency of the renewable energy
sources using long-term energy storage system and integrating different renewable energy sources.
By integrating different renewable energy sources the size of energy storage element also reduces
compared to single renewable energy sources which increase the acceptability of hybrid off-grid
power supply system in a remote rural area. Instead of conventional energy sources as the proposed
work deals with only the renewable energy sources to produce electricity. This helps our
environment from contamination of harmful element which leads environmental security without
compromising with the utilization of electricity. Production of reliable electricity increase energy
security and initiate the social and economic development in a particular area. So this proposed
work directly deals with the environmental security without compromising the social and economic
development ensure the sustainable development of our nation.
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