Anatomy and Physiology

Mr. Auriemma
Why Study Anatomy????
Personal reasons:
• To understand how the human body functions
• To be able to recognize abnormal changes in our
body
Professional Reasons:
• To better understand how products used
affected the composition of our hair and skin
• While performing massage manipulations, you
be able to understand how to create safe and
effective results
Basic Terms…………..
• Anatomy – the study of the structures of
the body that can be seem with the
human eye and what they are made of.
Examples: circulatory system, respiratory system

• Physiology - (fiz-ih-Ol-oh-gee) is the study

of the functions and activities performed
by the body structure. Example: our bones
• Histology – (his-TAHL-uh-gee) is the
study of minute structures of organic
tissue. Example :microscopic anatomy (cells)
Cells
Cells:
• are the basic unit of all living things.

Basic Construction of Cells:

• Protoplasm – a colorless jelly-like substance in which
food such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, salts and
water are present.
• Nucleus – is the dense active protoplasm found in the
center of the cell. It plays an important role in
reproduction (mitosis) and metabolism.
• Cytoplasm – is all the protoplasm that is in the cell
except that which is in the nucleus. It is responsible for
growth, reproduction and cell repair.
• Cell Membrane – encloses the protoplasm and allows
soluble substances (stuff that dissolves in a liquid) to
enter and leave the cell
Cell Structure
Cell Metabolism
Metabolism:
• Is a chemical process that takes place whereby cells are
nourished and carry out daily functions

Metabolism has two phases:

• Anabolism – is the process of building larger molecules
from smaller ones. The body stores water, food and
oxygen for a time when the substances will be needed.
• Catabolism - is the phase of metabolism that involves the
breaking down of the stored larger substances into
smaller one thus releasing the cells stored energy.

Note: Anabolism and catabolism are always being

simultaneously being carried out in the cells.
 Kinds of Tissues
Tissues
Are collection of cells that perform a particular function

Types of Tissues:
• Connective – protect and bind other tissues together.
Example: cartilage and ligaments
• Epithelial – protective covering on the body surfaces.
Examples: lining of the heart and stomach
• Liquid – such and blood an lymph , carries food, waste
products and hormones through the body.
• Muscular – contracts and moves the various parts of the
body.
• Nerve – carries messages to and from the brain and
controls bodily function.
Note: Nerve tissue is made up of special cells called
neurons, which make up the nerves, brain and spinal
cord.
Organs…………
• Brain – controls the body
• Eyes – control vision
• Heart – circulates the blood
• Kidneys – excrete water and waste products
• Lungs – supply oxygen to the blood
• Liver – removes the toxic products as a result of
the digestion process
• Skin – forms an external covering of the body
• Stomach and Intestines – digest food
Systems
10 Body Systems:
• Circulatory – controls the steady blood flow
through the body through the heart and blood
vessels.
• Digestive – changes food into food and waste.
• Endocrine – affects growth, development,
sexual activities and health of the entire body.
• Excretory – purifies the body by the elimination
of waste
• Integumentary (skin) – Serves as protective
covering and helps regulate temperature.
• Muscular – covers, shapes and supports the
skeleton system and moves various parts of the
body
Systems Cont……….
• Nervous – controls and coordinates all the other
systems and makes them work efficiently;
consists of the brain, spinal cord and nerves.
• Reproductive – is responsible for the process in
which animals produce offspring
• Respiratory – enables breathing, supplying the
body with oxygen and eliminating waste (carbon
dioxide); consists of the lungs and air
passages.
• Skeletal – physical foundation of the body;
consists of the bones and movable and
immovable joints.
Bones of the Cranium
• The cranium is made up of eight bones. Of
those, the following are important to the
cosmetologist.
• Occipital bone (ahk-SIP-hi-tul) hindmost bone
of the skull, below the parietal bones; forms the
back of the skull above the nape.
• Two parietal bones (puh-RY-uh-tul) – form the
sides and crown (top) of the cranium.
• Frontal bone (FRUNT-ul) – forms the forehead.
• Two temporal bones (TEM-puh-rul) – form the
sides of the head in the ear region.
Bone of the Face
• The bones of the face involved in facial massage
include:
• Two nasal bones (NAY-zul). They form the
bridge of the nose.
• Two lacrimal bones (LAK-ruh-mul). Small, thin
bones located at the front inner wall of the orbits
(eye sockets).
• Two zygomatic or malar bones (zy-goh-MAT-
ik). Form the prominence of the cheeks;
cheekbones.
• Two maxillae (mak-SIL-ee). Bones of the upper
jaw (singlular; maxilla).
• Mandible (MAN-duh-bul). Lower jawbone;
largest and strongest bone in the face.
Bones of the Neck
• The main bones of the neck are the:
• Hyoid bone (HY-oyd). U-shaped bone at
the base of the tongue that supports the
tongue and its muscles; also called
“Adam’s apple.”
• Cervical vertebrae (SUR-vih-kul VURT-
uh-bray). The seven bones of the top part
of the vertebral column located in the
neck region
Bones of the Chest,
shoulder, and back
• The bones of the trunk or torso consist of the:
• Thorax (THOR-aks.) The chest; elastic, bony
cage that serves as a protective framework of
the heart, lungs, and other internal organs.
• Ribs. Twelve pairs of bones forming the wall of
the thorax.
• Scapular (SCAP-yuh-luh). One pair of shoulder
blades; a large, flat, triangular bone of the
shoulder
• Sternum (STUR-num). Breastbone; flat bone
that forms the ventral (front) support of the ribs.
• Clavicle. Collarbone; bone that joins the
sternum and scapula.
Bone of the Arms and
Hands
• The important bones of the shoulder,
arms, and hands that you should know
about include the:
• Humerus (HYOO-muh-rus). Uppermost
and largest bone of the arm, extending
from the elbow to the shoulder.
• Ulna (UL-nuh). Inner and larger bone of
the forearm (lower arm), attached to the
wrist and located on the side of the little
finger.
• Radius (RAY-dee-us). Smaller bone in
the forearm (lower arem) on the same
side as the thumb.
Bone of the Arms and
Hands (con’t)
• Carpus (KAR-pus). The wrist; flexible
joint composed of a group of eight small,
irregular bones (carpals) held together by
ligaments.
• Metacarpus (met-uh-KAR-pus). Bones of
the palm of the hand; parts of the hand
containing five bones between the carpus
and phalanges.
• Phalanges (fuh-LAN-jeez). Bones of the
fingers, or digets (also toes), consisting of
three in each finger and two in each
thumb, totaling fourteen bones