Physics

Chapter 20
is defined as the production of an induced
e.m.f.. in a conductor/coil whenever the
e.m.f
magnetic flux through the conductor/coil
www.kmph.matrik.edu.my

changes.

CHAPTER 20:
Electromagnetic induction
(6 Hours)

1
 Physics
Chapter 20
Learning Outcome:

20.1 Magnetic flux ( ½ hour)

www.kmph.matrik.edu.my

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Define and use magnetic flux,
r r
Φ = B • A = BA cos φ

Use Faraday’s experiment to explain induced emf

emf..

2
 Physics
Chapter 20

20.1 Magnetic flux

20.1.1 Phenomenon of electromagnetic induction

Consider some experiments were conducted by Michael Faraday that
led to the discovery of the Faraday’s law of induction as shown in
Figures 20.1a, 20.1b, 20.1c, 20.1d and 20.1e.

v=0

No movement

Figure 20.1a

3
 Physics
Chapter 20
v

S N
Move towards the coil

I I

Figure 20.1b
v=0

No movement

Figure 20.1c
4
 Physics
Chapter 20
v
N S

Move away from the coil

I I

Figure 20.1d
v
N S

Move towards the coil

I I
Simulation 20.1
Figure 20.1e
5
 Physics
Chapter 20

From the experiments:
 When the bar magnet is stationary,
stationary the galvanometer not show
any deflection (no
no current flows in the coil).
coil
 When the bar magnet is moved relatively towards the coil, the
galvanometer shows a momentary deflection to the right (Figure
20.1b). When the bar magnet is moved relatively away from the
coil, the galvanometer is seen to deflect in the opposite direction
(Figure 20.1d).
 Therefore when there is any relative motion between the coil
and the bar magnet , the current known as induced current will
flow momentarily through the galvanometer. This current due to
an induced e.m.f across the coil.

Conclusion :
 When the magnetic field lines through a coil changes thus the
induced emf will exist across the coil.

6
 Physics
Chapter 20
 The magnitude of the induced e.m.f.
e.m.f. depends on the speed of
the relative motion where if the
v increases induced emf increases
v decreases induced emf decreases

Therefore v is proportional to the induced emf.

emf

20.1.2 Magnetic flux of a uniform magnetic field

is defined as the scalar product between the magnetic flux density,
B with the vector of the area, A.
Mathematically,
r r
Φ = B • A = BA cos φ (20.1)

where Φ : magnetic flux r r

φ : angle between the direction of B and A
B : magnitude of the magnetic flux density
A : area of the coil
7
 Physics
Chapter 20

It is a scalar quantity and its unit is weber (Wb)
Wb) OR tesla meter
squared ( T m2).

Consider a uniform magnetic field B passing through a surface area A
of a single turn coil as shown in Figures 20.2a and 20.2b.
r
B

r
A
area

Figure 20.2a

From the Figure 20.2a, the angle φ is 0° thus the magnetic flux is given
by
Φ = BA cos φ
= BA cos 0 o
Φ = BA maximum
8
 Physics
Chapter 20 r
r B
A
φ = 90 o
area

Figure 20.2b

From the Figure 20.2a, the angle φ is 90° thus the magnetic flux is
given by
Φ = BA cos φ
= BA cos 90 o
Note: Φ=0

Direction of vector A always perpendicular (normal) to the
surface area, A.

The magnetic flux is proportional to the number of field lines
passing through the area.

9
 Physics
Chapter 20
Example 20.1 :
A single turn of rectangular coil of sides 10 cm × 5.0 cm is placed between
north and south poles of a permanent magnet. Initially, the plane of the coil
is parallel to the magnetic field as shown in Figure 20.3.

N S
R Q

I I
S P

Figure 20.3

If the coil is turned by 90° about its rotation axis and the magnitude of
magnetic flux density is 1.5 T, Calculate the change in the magnetic flux
through the coil. Ans: ∆Φ = 7.5 × 10 −3 Wb

10
 Physics
Chapter 20
Example 20.2 :

A single turn of circular coil with a diameter of 3.0 cm is placed in the

uniform magnetic field. The plane of the coil makes an angle 30° to the
direction of the magnetic field. If the magnetic flux through the area of the
coil is 1.20 mWb, calculate the magnitude of the magnetic field.
Ans: B = 3 .40 T

11
 Physics
Chapter 20
Example 20.3 :

Figure 20.4
The three loops of wire as shown in Figure 20.4 are all in a region of space
with a uniform magnetic field. Loop 1 swings back and forth as the bob on
a simple pendulum. Loop 2 rotates about a vertical axis and loop 3
oscillates vertically on the end of a spring. Which loop or loops have a
magnetic flux that changes with time? Explain your answer.
(Ans: Only loop 2 has a changing magnetic flux.)flux
12
 Physics
Chapter 20
Learning Outcome:

20.2 Induced emf (2 hours)

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At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Explain induced emf.
emf.

State Faraday’s law and use Lenz’s law to determine the
direction of induced current.

Apply induced emf,
emf,

dΦ
ε =−
dt

13
 Physics
Chapter 20
Learning Outcome:

20.2 Induced emf (2 hours)

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
www.kmph.matrik.edu.my

Derive and use induced emf :

 in straight conductor,
conductor,

ε = lvB sin θ
 in coil,

dB dA
ε = − NA ε = − NB
dt OR dt
 in rotating coil,

ε = NABω sin ωt
14
 Physics
Chapter 20

20.2 Induced emf

20.2.1 Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction

states that the magnitude of the induced emf is proportional to the
rate of change of the magnetic flux.
flux
Mathematically,

dΦ dΦ
ε ∝− OR ε =− (20.2)
dt dt
where dΦ : change of the magnetic flux
dt : change of time
ε : induced emf

The negative sign indicates that the direction of induced emf always
oppose the change of magnetic flux producing it (Lenz’s law).
law)

15
 Physics
Chapter 20

For a coil of N turns, eq. (20.2) can be written as

dΦ
ε = −N (20.3)
dt

Since dΦ = Φ f − Φ i, then eq. (20.3) can be written as

ε = −N
(Φf − Φi )
(20.4)
dt
where Φ f : final magnetic flux
Φ i : initial magnetic flux

For a coil of N turns is placed in the changing magnetic field B, the
induced emf ε is given by
dΦ
ε = −N and Φ = BA cos φ
dt
16
 Physics
Chapter 20
d (BA cos φ )
ε = −N
dt
 dB 
ε = − NA(cos φ )  (20.5)
 dt 

For a coil of N turns is placed in a uniform magnetic field B but
changing in the coil’s area A, the induced emf ε is given by

dΦ
ε = −N and Φ = BA cos φ
dt
d (BA cos φ )
ε = −N
dt
 dA 
ε = − NB(cos φ )  (20.6)
 dt  17
 Physics
Chapter 20

For a coil is connected in series to a resistor of resistance R and the
induced emf ε exist in the coil as shown in Figure 20.5,

the induced current I is given by

dΦ
ε = −N and ε = IR
dt
I I dΦ
R IR = − N (20.7)
dt
Note: Figure 20.5

To calculate the magnitude of induced emf, emf the negative sign can be
ignored.
ignored

For a coil of N turns, each turn will has a magnetic flux Φ of BAcosφ through
it, therefore the magnetic flux linkage (refer to the combined amount of
flux through all the turns) is given by

magnetic flux linkage = NΦ

18
 Physics
Chapter 20
Example 20.4 :

The magnetic flux passing through a single turn of a coil is increased

quickly but steadily at a rate of 5.0×10−2 Wb s−1. If the coil have 500 turns,
calculate the magnitude of the induced emf in the coil. Ans: ε = 25 V

19
 Physics
Chapter 20
Example 20.5 :
A coil having an area of 8.0 cm2 and 50 turns lies perpendicular to a
magnetic field of 0.20 T. If the magnetic flux density is steadily reduced to
zero, taking 0.50 s, determine
a. the initial magnetic flux linkage.
b. the induced emf.
−2
( ans: 8.0 ×10 −3 Wb, ε = 1.6 × 10 V )

20
 Physics
Chapter 20
Example 20.6 :
A narrow coil of 10 turns and diameter of 4.0 cm is placed perpendicular to
a uniform magnetic field of 1.20 T. After 0.25 s, the diameter of the coil is
increased to 5.3 cm.
a. Calculate the change in the area of the coil.
b. If the coil has a resistance of 2.4 Ω, determine the induced
current in the coil.
−4 2
(ans: dA = 9.5 ×10 m , I = 1.9 × 10 −2 A )

21
 Physics
Chapter 20
20.2.2 Lenz’s law

states that an induced electric current always flows in such a
direction that it opposes the change producing it. it

This law is essentially a form of the law of conservation of energy.
energy

An illustration of lenz’s law can be explained by the

following experiments.
1st experiment:
Direction of

In Figure 20.6 the magnitude of induced current –
the magnetic field at the Right hand grip
solenoid increases as the bar rule.
magnet is moved towards it. I

N

An emf is induced in the North pole
solenoid and the galvanometer
indicates that a current is
flowing.

I
Figure 20.6 22
 Physics
Chapter 20

To determine the direction of the current through the galvanometer
which corresponds to a deflection in a particular sense, then the
current through the solenoid seen is in the direction that make the
solenoid upper end becomes a north pole. pole This opposes the
motion of the bar magnet and obey the lenz’s law. law

2nd experiment:

Consider a straight conductor PQ is X X X QX X X X X
placed perpendicular to the magnetic
field and move the conductor to the left X X X X X X X X
with constant velocity v as shown in r r
Figure 20.7. X Xv X XFX X X X

When the conductor move to the left X X X X X X X X
thus the induced current needs to I
flow in such a way to oppose the X X X X X X X X
change which has induced it based
on lenz’s law. Hence galvanometer X X X PX X X X X
shows a deflection.
Figure 20.7

Simulation 20.2 23
 Physics
Chapter 20

To determine the direction of the induced current (induced emf)
emf)
flows in the conductor PQ, the Fleming’s right hand (Dynamo) rule is
used as shown in Figure 20.8.
r
r ν ( motion)
B Note:
Thumb – direction of Motion
First finger – direction of Field
induced I OR
induced emf Second finger – direction of induced
current OR induced emf
Figure 20.8

Therefore the induced current flows from Q to P as shown in Figure
20.7.

Since the induced current flows in the conductor PQ and is placed in
the magnetic field then this conductor will experience magnetic
force.
force

Its direction is in the opposite direction of the motion.
motion

24
 Physics
Chapter 20
3rd experiment:

Consider two solenoids P and Q arranged coaxially closed to each
other as shown in Figure 20.9a.
ε ind

S N N S

+ -
P Q
I Switch , S I I ind I ind

Figure 20.9a

At the moment when the switch S is closed,

closed current I begins to flow
in the solenoid P and producing a magnetic field inside the solenoid
P. Suppose that the field points towards the solenoid Q.

25
 Physics
Chapter 20

The magnetic flux through the solenoid Q increases with time.
time
According to Faraday’s law ,an induced current due to induced emf
will exist in solenoid Q.

The induced current flows in solenoid Q must produce a magnetic
field that oppose the change producing it (increase in flux). Hence
based on Lenz’s law, the induced current flows in circuit consists of
solenoid Q is anticlockwise (Figure 20.9a) and the galvanometer
shows a deflection.

ε ind

S N S N

- +
P Q
I Switch, S I I ind I ind

Figure 20.9b
26
 Physics
Chapter 20

At the moment when the switch S is opened,

opened the current I starts to
decrease in the solenoid P and magnetic flux through the solenoid Q
decreases with time.
time According to Faraday’s law ,an induced
current due to induced emf will exist in solenoid Q.

The induced current flows in solenoid Q must produce a magnetic
field that oppose the change producing it (decrease in flux). Hence
based on Lenz’s law, the induced current flows in circuit consists of
solenoid Q is clockwise (Figure 20.9b) and the galvanometer seen
to deflect in the opposite direction of Figure 20.9a.

Simulation 20.3

27
 Physics
Chapter 20
Example 20.7 :
A single turn of circular shaped coil has a resistance of 20 Ω and an area of
7.0 cm2. It moves toward the north pole of a bar magnet as shown in Figure
20.10.

Figure 20.10
If the average rate of change of magnetic flux density through the coil is
0.55 T s−1,
a. determine the induced current in the coil ( I = 1.93 ×10−5 A )
b. state the direction of the induced current observed by the
observer shown in Figure 20.10. (clockwise )

28
 Physics
Chapter 20
20.2.3 Induced emf in a straight conductor

Consider a straight conductor PQ of length l is moved perpendicular
with velocity v across a uniform magnetic field B as shown in Figure
20.11.
(+) r
P
X X X X X X X X X X X XB

X X X X X X X X X X X X
Area, A
X X X X X X lX X X X X X
rX I X
X ind
X X X X X X X X v X

X X X X X X X X X X X X
ε ind
X X X X X x X X
Q
X
(−)
X X X X
Metal rail Figure 20.11

When the conductor moves through a distance x in time t, the area

swept out by the conductor is given by
A = lx
29
 Physics
Chapter 20

Since the motion of the conductor is perpendicular to the magnetic field
B hence the magnetic flux cutting by the conductor is given by

Φ = BA cos φ and φ = 0o
Φ = Blx cos 0 o Φ = Blx

According to Faraday’s law, the emf is induced in the conductor and its
magnitude is given by
dΦ
ε=
dt
d
ε = (Blx )
dt
dx dx
ε = Bl and =v
dt dt
ε = Blv (20.8)
30
 Physics
Chapter 20

In general, the magnitude of the induced emf in the straight conductor
is given by

ε = lvB sin θ (20.9)

r r
where θ : angle between v and B

This type of induced emf is known as motional induced emf emf..

The direction of the induced current or induced emf in the straight
conductor can be determined by using the Fleming’s right hand rule
(based on Lenz’s law).

In the case of Figure 20.11, the direction of the induced current or
induced emf is from Q to P. Therefore P is higher potential than Q.
Note:

Eq. (20.9) also can be used for a single turn of rectangular coil
moves across the uniform magnetic field.
field

For a rectangular coil of N turns
turns,

ε = NlvB sin θ (20.10)

31
 Physics
Chapter 20
Example 20.8 :
A 20 cm long metal rod CD is moved at speed of 25 m s−1 across a uniform
magnetic field of flux density 250 mT. The motion of the rod is perpendicular
to the magnetic field as shown in Figure 20.12.
C r
B

2 5 m s −1

Figure 20.12
D
a. Calculate the motional induced emf in the rod.
b. If the rod is connected in series to the resistor of resistance
15 Ω, determine
i. the induced current and its direction. (ε = 1.25 V )
ii. the total charge passing through the resistor in two minute. (Q = 10 C 32
)
 Physics
Chapter 20
20.2.4 Induced emf in a rotating coil

Consider a rectangular coil of N turns, each of area A, being rotated
mechanically with a constant angular velocity ω in a uniform magnetic
field of flux density B about an axis as shown in Figure 20.13.
r
B
N S
ω
φ r
A
coil
Figure 20.13: side view

When the vector of area, A is at an angle φ to the magnetic field B, the

magnetic flux Φ through each turn of the coil is given by
Φ = BA cos φ and φ = ωt
Φ = BA cos ωt 33
 Physics
Chapter 20

By applying the equation of Faraday’s law for a coil of N turns, thus the
induced emf is given by
dΦ
ε = −N
dt
d
= − N (BA cos ωt )
dt
d
= − NBA (cos ωt )
dt
ε = NBAω sin ωt (20.11)
where t : time

The induced emf is maximum when sin ωt = 1 hence
ε max = NBAω (20.12)

2π
where ω = 2πf =
T 34
 Physics
Chapter 20

Eq. (20.11) also can be written as

ε = NBAω sin φ (20.13)

r r
where φ : angle between A and B

Conclusion : A coil rotating with constant angular velocity in a uniform
magnetic field produces a sinusoidally alternating emf as shown by
the induced emf ε against time t graph in Figure 20.14.
ε (V ) ε = ε max sin ωt Simulation 20.4
Note:
ε max
This phenomenon
was the important
part in the 0 t
development of the 0.5T T 1.5T 2T
electric generator − ε max
or dynamo.
dynamo
r
B

Figure 20.14 35
 Physics
Chapter 20
Example 20.9 :
A rectangular coil of 100 turns has a dimension of 10 cm × 15 cm. It
rotates at a constant angular velocity of 200 rpm in a uniform
magnetic field of flux density 5.0 T. Calculate
a. the maximum emf produced by the coil, ( Ans : ε max = 157 V)
b. the induced emf at the instant when the plane of the coil makes
an angle of 38° to the magnetic field. ( Ans : ε = 124 V )

36
 Physics
Chapter 20
Learning Outcome:

20.3 Self-inductance (1 hour)

www.kmph.matrik.edu.my

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Define self-
self-inductance.

Apply self-
self-inductance,
inductance,

ε µ0 N 2 A
L=− =
dI dt l
for a loop and solenoid.

37
 Physics
Chapter 20

20.3 Self-inductance
20.3.1 Self-
Self-induction

Consider a solenoid which is connected to a battery , a switch S and
variable resistor R, forming an open circuit as shown in Figure 20.16a.

When the switch S is closed, a current I

begins to flow in the solenoid.
S N
The current produces a magnetic field
whose field lines through the solenoid
and generate the magnetic flux linkage.
linkage

If the resistance of the variable resistor
I I changes, thus the current flows in the
changes
S R
solenoid also changed
changed, then so too does
magnetic flux linkage.
linkage
Figure 20.16a: initial

38
 Physics
Chapter 20

According to the Faraday’s law, an emf has to be induced in the
solenoid itself since the flux linkage changes.
changes

In accordance with Lenz’s law, the induced emf opposes the
changes that has induced it and it is known as a back emf
emf.

For the current I increases :

- εind +

S N S N

I ind I
I I ind
Figure 20.16b: I increases

Direction of the induced emf is in the

opposite direction of the current I.

39
 Physics
Chapter 20

For the current I decreases :

εind
+ -

S S N N

I ind I
I I ind
Figure 20.16c: I decreases

Direction of the induced emf is in the same

direction of the current I.

This process is known as self-induction.

Self--induction is defined as the process of producing an induced
Self
emf in the coil due to a change of current flowing through the
same coil.
coil
40
 Physics
Chapter 20
Self-induction experiment
Self-

The effect of the self-induction can be demonstrated by the circuit
shown in Figure 20.17a.
ε switch, S

iron-core lamp A1

coil, L
lamp A2
R
Figure 20.17a

Initially variable resistor R is adjusted so that the two lamps have the
same brightness in their respective circuits with steady current flowing.

When the switch S is closed, the lamp A2 with variable resistor R is
seen to become bright almost immediately but the lamp A1 with iron-
core coil L increases slowly to full brightness.
41
 Physics
Chapter 20

Reason:
 The coil L undergoes the self
self--induction and induced emf in it.
The induced or back emf opposes the growth of current so the
glow in the lamp A1 increases slowly.
slowly
 The resistor R, however has no back emf,
emf, hence the lamp A2
glow fully bright as soon as switch S is closed.
closed
 This effect can be shown by the graph of current I against time t
through both lamps in Figure 20.17b.

I lamp A2 with resistor R

I0

lamp A1 with coil L

0 t
Figure 20.17b
42
 Physics
Chapter 20
Example 20.10 :
A circuit contains an iron-cored coil L, a switch S, a resistor R and a dc
source ε arranged in series as shown in Figure 20.18.

The switch S is closed for a long time

and is suddenly opened. Explain why a switch, S
spark jump across the switch contacts S
.

ε coil, L
Figure 20.18

43
 Physics
Chapter 20
20.3.2 Self-inductance, L

From the self-induction phenomenon, we get

ΦL ∝ I
Φ L = LI (20.14)

where L : self - inductance of the coil

I : current
Φ L : magnetic flux linkage

From the Faraday’s law, thus

dΦ L
ε =−
dt
d
= − (LI )
dt
dI
ε = −L (20.15)
dt
44
 Physics
Chapter 20

Self-inductance is defined as the ratio of the self induced (back)
Self-
emf to the rate of change of current in the coil.
coil
OR
ε
L=−
dI / dt

For the coil of N turns, thus
dΦ dI
ε = −N and ε = −L
dt dt
dI dΦ
− L = −N
dt dt
∫
L dI = N dΦ ∫ magnetic flux linkage
LI = NΦ
NΦ Φ L
L= = (20.16)
I I 45
 Physics
Chapter 20

It is a scalar quantity and its unit is henry (H).
(H)

Unit conversion :
1 H = 1 Wb A −1 = 1 T m 2 A −1

The value of the self
self--inductance depends on
 the size and shape of the coil,
coil
 the number of turn (N (N),
 the permeability of the medium in the coil (µ).

A circuit element which possesses mainly self-inductance is known as

an inductor
inductor. It is used to store energy in the form of magnetic field.
field

The symbol of inductor in the electrical circuit is shown in Figure 20.19.

Figure 20.19

46
 Physics
Chapter 20
20.3.3 Self-inductance of a solenoid

The magnetic flux density at the centre of the air-
air-core solenoid is
given by
µ0 NI
B=
l

The magnetic flux passing through each turn of the solenoid always
maximum and is given by
o
Φ = BA cos 0
 µ 0 NI  µ 0 NIA
Φ = A Φ=
 l  l

theΦself
Therefore N self--inductance
N  µ
of theNIA 
solenoid is given by
L= L=  0

I I  l 
µ0 N 2 A
L= (20.17)
l 47
 Physics
Chapter 20
Example 20.11 :
A 500 turns of solenoid is 8.0 cm long. When the current in the
solenoid is increased from 0 to 2.5 A in 0.35 s, the magnitude of the
induced emf is 0.012 V. Calculate
a. the inductance of the solenoid,
b. the cross-sectional area of the solenoid,
c. the final magnetic flux linkage through the solenoid.
(Given µ0 = 4π × 10−7 H m−1)
−4 2
( Ans : L = 1.68 ×10 −3 H,A = 4.28 ×10 m , (Φ L )f = 4.2 ×10 Wb)
−3

48
 Physics
Chapter 20
Learning Outcome:

20.4 Energy stored in an inductor (½ hour)

www.kmph.matrik.edu.my

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Derive and use formulae for energy stored in an inductor,

1
U = LI 2
2

49
 Physics
Chapter 20

20.4 Energy stored in an inductor

Consider an inductor of inductance L. Suppose that at time t, the
current in the inductor is in the process of building up to its steady value
I at a rate dI/dt.

The magnitude of the back emf ε is given by

dI

ε overcoming
The electrical power P in =L the back emf in the circuit is given
by dt
P = Iε
dI
P = LI
dt
Pdt = LIdI and Pdt = dU
dU = LIdI (20.18)

50
 Physics
Chapter 20

The total energy stored in the inductor
inductor, U as the current increases
from 0 to I can be found by integrating the eq. (20.18).
Thus
U I
∫ dU = L ∫ IdI
0 0

1 2
U = LI (20.19)
2
1
and analogous to U = CV 2 in capacitor

2
For a long air-core solenoid, the self-inductance is

µ0 N 2 A
L=
l
Therefore the energy stored in the solenoid is given by

1 1  Nµ2
AI 2

U = LI2
U =  0  (20.20)
2 2  l 
 51
 Physics
Chapter 20
Example 20.12 :
A solenoid of length 25 cm with an air-core consists of 100 turns
and diameter of 2.7 cm. Calculate
a. the self-inductance of the solenoid, and
b. the energy stored in the solenoid,
if the current flows in it is 1.6 A.
(Given µ0 = 4π × 10−7 H m−1)

( Ans : L = 2.88 × 10 −5 H,U = 3.69 × 10 −5 J )

52
 Physics
Chapter 20
20.5 Mutual inductance
20..5.1 Mutual induction
20 r

Consider two circular close- B1
packed coils near each other r
and sharing a common central B1
axis as shown in Figure 20.20.

A current I1 flows in coil 1,

produced by the battery in
the external circuit.

The current I1 produces a

magnetic field lines inside
it and this field lines also I1
pass through coil 2 as
shown in Figure 20.20. Coil 1 Coil 2

Figure 20.20
53
 Physics
Chapter 20

If the current I1 changes with time,
time the magnetic flux through coils 1
and 2 will change with time simultaneously.

Due to the change of magnetic flux through coil 2, an emf is induced
in coil 2.
2 This is in accordance to the Faraday’s law of induction.
induction

In other words, a change of current in one coil leads to the
production of an induced emf in a second coil which is
magnetically linked to the first coil.
coil

This process is known as mutual induction.

Mutual induction is defined as the process of producing an
induced emf in one coil due to the change of current in another
coil.

At the same time, the self
self--induction occurs in coil 1 since the
magnetic flux through it changes.
changes

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Chapter 20
20.5.2 Mutual inductance, M

From the Figure 20.20, consider the coils 1 and 2 have N1 and N2 turns
respectively.

If the current I1 in coil 1 changes, the magnetic flux through coil 2 will
change with time and an induced emf will occur in coil 2, ε2 where
dI1
ε2 ∝ −
dt
dI1
ε 2 = − M 12
dt (20.21)

If vice versa, the induced emf in coil 1, ε1 is given by

dI 2
ε 1 = − M 21 (20.22)
dt
where M 12 = M 21 = M : Mutual inductance

It is a scalar quantity and its unit is henry (H).
(H) 55
 Physics
Chapter 20

Mutual inductance is defined as the ratio of induced emf in a coil to
the rate of change of current in another coil.
coil

From the Faraday’s law for the coil 2, thus
dΦ 2
ε 2 = −N2
dt
dI1 dΦ 2
− M 12 = −N2
dt dt
∫ ∫
magnetic flux linkage magnetic flux linkage
M 12 dI1 = N 2 dΦ 2 through coil 2 through coil 1

M 12 I1 = N 2 Φ 2
N 2Φ 2
M 12 =
I1
N 2 Φ 2 N1Φ1
and M= = (20.23)
N1Φ1 I1 I2
M 21 = 56
I2
 Physics
Chapter 20
20.5.3 Mutual inductance for two solenoids

Consider a long solenoid with length l and cross sectional area A is
closely wound with N1 turns of wire. A coil with N2 turns surrounds it at
its centre as shown in Figure 20.21.

N2 N1
N1: primary coil
I1 I1 N2: secondary coil
l
Figure 20.21

When a current I1 flows in the primary coil (N1), it produces a magnetic
field B1, µ 0 N1 I1
B1 =
l 57
 Physics
Chapter 20
and then the magnetic flux Ф1,
o µ 0 N1 I1 A
Φ1 = B1 A cos 0 Φ1 =

If no magnetic flux leakage,
leakage thus
l
Φ1 = Φ 2

If the current I1 changes, an emf is induced in the secondary coils,
therefore the mutual inductance occurs and is given by

N 2Φ 2
M 12 =
I1
 N 2  µ 0 N1 I1 A
M 12 =  
 I1  l
µ 0 N1 N 2 A
M 12 = M = (20.24)
l
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 Physics
Chapter 20
Example 20.13 :
A current of 3.0 A flows in coil C and is produced a magnetic flux
of 0.75 Wb in it. When a coil D is moved near to coil C coaxially, a
flux of 0.25 Wb is produced in coil D. If coil C has 1000 turns and
coil D has 5000 turns.
a. Calculate self-inductance of coil C and the energy stored in C
before D is moved near to it.
b. Calculate the mutual inductance of the coils.
c. If the current in C decreasing uniformly from 3.0 A to zero in
0.25 s, calculate the induced emf in coil D.
( Ans : LC = 250 H, U C = 1125 J, M = 417 H,ε D = 5004 V)

59
 Physics
Chapter 20
20.5.4 Transformer

is an electrical instrument to increase or decrease the emf (voltage) of
an alternating current.

Consider a structure of the transformer as shown in Figure 20.22.
laminated iron core

alternating
voltage source NP NS
turns turns
primary coil secondary coil

Figure 20.22

If NP > NS the transformer is a step

step--down transformer.
transformer

If NP < NS the transformer is a step
step--up transformer.
transformer
60
 Physics
Chapter 20

The symbol of transformer in the electrical circuit is shown in Figure
20.23.

Figure 20.23
Working principle of transformer

When an alternating voltage source is applied to the primary coil, the
alternating current produces an alternating magnetic flux concentrated
in the iron core.

Without no magnetic flux leakage from the iron core, the same
changing magnetic flux passes through the secondary coil and inducing
an alternating emf.

After that the induced current is produced in the secondary coil.

61
 Physics
Chapter 20

The characteristics of an ideal transformer are:
 Zero resistance of primary coil.coil
 No magnetic flux leakage from the iron core.core
 No dissipation of energy and power.
power
Formula of transformer

According to the mutual inductance, the induced emf in the primary and
secondary coils are given by

dΦ P
ε P = −NP (20.25)
dt
dΦ S
and ε S = − NS (20.26)
dt

For an ideal transformer, there is no flux leakage thus

dΦ P dΦ S
=
dt dt
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 Physics
Chapter 20

By dividing eqs. (20.25) and (20.26), hence
dΦ P
− NP
εP dt ε P NP
= =
ε S − N dΦ S ε S NS
S
dt

There is no dissipation of power for the ideal transformer,
transformer
therefore P = P where P : power of primary
P S P
I Pε P = I Sε S PS : power of secondary
ε P IS
=
εS IP

In general,

ε P VP N P I S
= = = (20.27)
ε S VS N S I P
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 Physics
Chapter 20
Energy losses in transformer

Although transformers are very efficient devices, small energy losses

do occur in them owing to four main causes:
 Resistance of coils
The wire used for the primary and secondary coils has resistance
and so ordinary (I2Rt)Rt) heat losses occur.
Overcome : The transformer coils are made of thick copper wire.wire
 Hysteresis
The magnetization of the core is repeatedly reversed by the
alternating magnetic field.
field The resulting expenditure of energy
in the core appears as heat.
heat
Overcome : By using a magnetic material (such as Mumetal)
which has a low hysteresis loss.
loss
 Flux leakage
The flux due to the primary may not all link the secondary. Some of
the flux loss in the air
air.
Overcome : By designing one of the insulated coils is wound
directly on top of the other rather than having two separate coils.

64
 Physics
Chapter 20
 Eddy current
The alternating magnetic flux induces eddy currents in the
iron core.
core By Lenz’s law, the eddy currents are induced in such a
direction to oppose the magnetic flux changes.
changes
This current causes heating and dissipation of power in the
core.
core
Overcome : The effect is reduced by using laminated iron core
as shown in Figures 20.24a and 20.24b.

Simulation 20.5 Figure 20.24a Figure 20.24b

65
 Physics
Chapter 20
Example 20.14 :
In an alternating current (ac) transformer in which the primary and
secondary windings are perfectly coupled, there is no current flows
in the primary when there is no load in the secondary. When the
secondary is connected to resistors, a current of 5 A is observed to
flow in the primary under an applied voltage of 100 V. If the primary
contains 100 turns and the secondary 25000 turns, calculate
a. the voltage, ( Ans : VS = 25000 V)
b. the current in the secondary.( Ans : I S = 0.02 A)

66
 Physics
Chapter 20
www.kmph.matrik.edu.my

Next Chapter…
CHAPTER 21 :
Alternating current

67