Programming Arduino

Getting Started with your first Sketch

Mr Roboshop Electronics
www.roboshopstore.com
sales.arteamelectronics@gmail.com
 Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction to Electronics ............................................ 1
What is Ohm’s Law? .................................................................... 1
How to make an Electrical Circuit? ............................................... 3
Chapter 2: Introduction to Arduino ................................................ 4
Chapter 3: Understanding Arduino Boards ..................................... 6
Chapter 4: Installing Arduino .......................................................... 7
Chapter 5: Using Arduino IDE ......................................................... 8
Chapter 6: Arduino Programming ................................................. 12
6.1 Functions ............................................................................. 12
6.2 Control Structure ................................................................. 15
6.2.1 Conditional and Comparison operators ........................... 15
6.3 Variables ............................................................................. 17
6.3.1 Constant......................................................................... 17
Chapter 7: Analog & Digital Application ........................................ 18
7.1 Digital Application ............................................................... 18
7.2 Analog Application............................................................... 21
Chapter 8: How to make a Traffic Light ......................................... 23
Chapter 9: How to Make Street Light ............................................ 26
Chapter 10: How to make an Automatic Fan ................................. 29
 -

Voltage is the different of potential that would drive one

ampere of current against one ohm of resistance.

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A unit of electric current flow.
Types of Current:

Ohm’s is the SI unit of

electrical resistance,
expressing the resistance
in a circuit transmitting a current per ampere when
subjected to a potential difference of one volt.

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 Closed Circuit Schematic Diagram

Current Resistance
P
o
w
e
r

Closed Circuit is a complete circuit which current can

flow from positive terminal to negative terminal.

Open Circuit
Open Circuit is a circuit is not
complete which current can’t
flow. When there is no current
flow that’s mean, the output
such as DC Motors or Lamp
cannot function.

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Arduino is a microcontroller that has been used in
controlling devices or systems. Basically, called as the
“Brain” of the devices. It uses to control the and process the
input such as sensors and giving the output, such as display
unit.

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5
Features of Arduino Uno:
Microcontroller: ATmega328
Crystal Frequency: 16 MHz (external crystal)
Flash Memory: 32 KB from which 0.5 KB used by bootloader (ATmega328)
RAM Memory: 2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM Memory: 1 KB (ATmega328)
Operating Voltage: 5V DC
Input Voltage: 7-12V (Powered by either USB or DC Adapter)
Analog Inputs: 6
Digital I/O: 16 (out of them 6 PWM Pins)

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Open your browser and go to www.arduino.cc

Click on Software and downloads for Arduino IDE

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Open up your Arduino IDE.

After open your Arduino IDE, a window will pop

up like this.

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Step 1: Write your Code into Arduino IDE.

This function used to run

your code once.

This function used to run

your code repeatedly.

Step 2: Connect your Arduino to your computer.

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Step 3: Go to Tools -> Boards -> Arduino Uno

Step 4: Go to Tools -> Port -> Select Available

Port

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Step 5: Verify your code.

Click this Button to Verify

Step 6: Upload your code to Arduino.

Click this Button to Upload

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A function is used in order to group your code and make your
code become more efficient. If we want to combine of
multiple input or output, it is recommended to use function.
This diagram is an illustration of function basic
understanding.

Motor
Main Function
Functions Sensor
Function

From this illustration, we can see that there are two

functions separated which are Motor Function and Sensor
Function. But his two function need to include in the main
function in order to execute it.

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 Include Motor function and
Sensor function in main program
function.

Motor Function

Sensor Function

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Additional Tasks
**Try to print out Hello world! by using
void yourname() function and upload to your Arduino.

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If, which is used in conjunction with a comparison operator,
tests whether a certain condition has been reached, such as
an input being above a certain number.
The format for if test is:
Example: if (someVariables > 50)
{
//do something here
}

The program tests to see someVariable is greater than 50. If

it is, the program takes a particular action. Put another way,
if the statement in parentheses is true, the statements inside
the brackets are run. If not, the program skips over the code.

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This is an example of comparison or control structures:

Comparison Operators:

== Equal to

!= Not equal to

< Less than

> Greater than

<= Less than or equal to

>= Greater than or equal to

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Constant are predefined expressions in the Arduino language. They
are used to make programs easier to read. We classify constant in
groups:

Defining Pin levels: HIGH and LOW

When reading or writing to a digital pin there are only two possible
values a pin can take: HIGH and LOW.

HIGH

The meaning of HIGH (in reference to a pin) is somewhat different

depending on whether a pin is set to an INPUT or OUTPUT.

LOW

The meaning of LOW (in reference to a pin) is somewhat different

depending on whether a pin is set to an INPUT or OUTPUT.

Defining Digital Pins modes: INPUT and OUTPUT

Digital pin can be used as INPUT or OUTPUT. Changing a pin with

pinMode() will change the electrical behaviour of the pin.

INPUT

Usually be used for switch, sensors or keypads as input to the

Arduino.

OUTPUT

Usually be used in Display unit or LED as output from Arduino.

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Hardware Required
• Arduino Board
• Red LED
• 220-ohm resistor
• Jumper Wires
• Breadboard

Circuit

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Flowchart

START

LED HIGH FOR 1S

LED LOW FOR 1S

END

1. A Flowchart is used in order

to design the program or the
task.

2. Above picture shows the

breadboard connection.

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Code

Additional Task
**Modify your code by blinking LED every 5
seconds.

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Hardware Required
• Arduino Board
• Red LED
• Potentiometer
• Jumper Wires
• Breadboard

Circuit

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Flowchart

START

ANALOG INPUT

LED BRIGHTNESS

END

Code

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In this section, we will learn on how to use Digital
sensor.

Hardware Required
• Arduino Board Make sure the LED pin is
• LED connected to Arduino
• Resistors correctly. If not, it will blink
wrongly.
• IR Sensor
• Jumper Wires
• Breadboard

Circuit
• IR Sensor OUT to D7
• LED Red to D13
• LED Yellow to D12
• LED Green to D11

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Flowchart

START

READ IR SENSOR

YELLOW LED BLINKING

NO
YES
IF
SENSOR=LOW

LED RED ON FOR 3S

LED YELLOW ON FOR 0.1S

LED GREEN ON FOR 3S

END

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Code

In Electronics there is Active HIGH and Active Low Device. In

our case, IR Sensor is Active LOW Sensor. It means that, this
sensor is triggered when it received 0V as input.

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In this section, we will learn on how to use Analog
sensor.

Hardware Required Some components doesn’t

• Arduino Board have polarity. Can u guess,
which component doesn’t
• LED
have polarity?
• 220-ohm Resistor
• 10k ohm Resistor
• LDR Sensor
• Jumper Wires
• Breadboard

Circuit
• LDR to A0
• LED Anode to D7

Note: Check the

polarity of LED and
Value of Resistor

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Flowchart

START

READ LDR VALUE

DISPLAY IN SERIAL
MONITOR

LED OFF

LDR >500

NO

YES

LED ON

END

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Code

ADDITIONAL TASK
**Make your LED only light up between range
500 to 700 only

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In this section, we will learn on how to use sensor
libraries.
MAKE SURE DIODE AND
TRANSISTOR POLARITY IS
Hardware Required CORRECT BEFORE CONNECT
• DHT11 Temperature Sensor TO COMPUTER.
• DC Motor
• Arduino Board
• Jumper Wires
• Diode
• Transistor
• Breadboard

Circuit
• DHT11 OUT to A0
• Base Transistor to D12

BASE
COLLECTOR
EMITTER

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Flowchart

START

Read DHT11 Sensor

Value

Display in Serial Monitor

MOTOR OFF

YES
NO
IF Temp >
30

MOTOR ON

END

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Code

Don’t Forget to add DHT

libraries to Arduino.

ADDITIONAL TASK
**Add OR comparator as condition for Humidity

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