Josh Plummer, S.E.

Director of Training & Support

Foothill Ranch, CA
 Electronic Automation of the
AISC 13th Edition

Analysis Methods of Chapter C

Direct Analysis Method

(Appendix 7)
 Electronic Automation of the
AISC 13th Edition

Analysis Methods Summary of New Requirements

Of Chapter C
• Must Account for Geometric
Imperfections (Out of Plumbness)
• Must Account for 2nd Order Effects
(P-∆ & P-δ)
• Must Include Member Stiffness
Reductions Due to Residual Stresses
• Use of K-Values Can Be Eliminated in
Most Cases
 Electronic Automation of the
AISC 13th Edition

Analysis Methods Methods Meeting Requirements

Of Chapter C

1st Order Analysis

Amplified 1st Order Analysis

General 2nd Order Analysis

Direct Analysis Method (Appendix 7)

 Electronic Automation of the
AISC 13th Edition

Analysis Methods 1st Order Analysis (Section C2.2b)

Of Chapter C
• Only Allowed When
• Pr ≤ 0.5Py (LRFD)
• Pr ≤ 0.3125Py (ASD)
• Must Include Minimum Notional Load in
ALL Load Combinations
• Ni = 2.1(Δ / L)Yi ≥ 0.0042Yi
• Must Apply B1 Amplifier to all Member
Moments
• B1 = Cm/(1- αPr/Pe1) ≥ 1
 Electronic Automation of the
AISC 13th Edition

Analysis Methods Amplified 1st Order Analysis (C2.1b)

Of Chapter C
• Qualifies as a 2nd Order Analysis
• Mr = B1Mnt + B2Mlt
• Pr = Pnt + B2Plt
B1 = Cm/(1- αPr/Pe1) ≥ 1
B2 = 1/(1-(αΣPnt/ΣPe2)) ≥ 1

+ The Additional Requirements of

General 2nd Order Analysis
 Electronic Automation of the
AISC 13th Edition

Analysis Methods General 2nd Order Analysis

Of Chapter C Any Method That Accounts for P-Δ & P-δ

Additional Requirements:
1. ASD Analysis Shall Be Carried Out Under 1.6
x Load Combinations (Results Divided by 1.6)
2. Must Include Minimum Notional Load in All
Gravity Load Combinations
3. Must Use K-Factors for Moment Frame
Columns If (2nd Drift / 1st Drift) > 1.1
 Electronic Automation of the
AISC 13th Edition

Direct Analysis Direct Analysis Method (Appendix 7)

Method

• Preferred Method in AISC Specification

• No Restrictions on Use

• Must Be Used if (2nd Drift / 1st Drift) > 1.5

 Electronic Automation of the
AISC 13th Edition

Direct Analysis Geometric Imperfections

Method
• Apply Notional Loads = 0.002Yi
(Assumes Imperfection = L / 500)
• Notional Loads May Be Reduced When
Imperfections Are Smaller
• If (2nd Drift / 1st Drift) < 1.5, Notional Loads
Apply To Gravity Load Combinations Only
 Electronic Automation of the
AISC 13th Edition

Direct Analysis 2nd Order Analysis

Method
• P-∆ (Big Delta) Analysis
Always Required
• P-δ (little delta) Analysis
Can Be Ignored If αPr < 0.15PeL

Example: W12x65 Column (L = 15’)

PeL = 4708 kips Py = 955 kips
ΦPn = 746 kips → 0.16PeL
 Electronic Automation of the
AISC 13th Edition

Direct Analysis AISC “Benchmark” Problems

Method
Case 1

Case 2
 Electronic Automation of the
AISC 13th Edition

Direct Analysis Benchmark – Case 1

Method
Zero Joints

One Joint

Three Joints
 Electronic Automation of the
AISC 13th Edition

Direct Analysis Benchmark – Case 1

Method Case 1: Deflection Amplification

3.50

3.00
Amplification Factor, Yma

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Axial Force Normalized by Euler Buckling Load, P/Pe

RISA (1 Node) RISA (3 Nodes) RISA (10 Nodes) AISC Benchmark

 Electronic Automation of the
AISC 13th Edition

Direct Analysis Benchmark – Case 1

Method Case 1: Moment Amplification

3.50

3.00
Amplification Factor, Mma

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Axial Force Normalized by Euler Buckling Load, P/Pe

RISA (1 Node) RISA (3 Nodes) RISA (10 Nodes) AISC Benchmark

 Electronic Automation of the
AISC 13th Edition

Direct Analysis Benchmark – Case 2

Method Case 2: Deflection Amplification

5.00

Amplification Factor, Yma 4.50

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Axial Force Normalized by Euler Buckling Load, P/Pe

RISA (1 Node) RISA (3 Nodes) RISA (10 Nodes) AISC Benchmark

 Electronic Automation of the
AISC 13th Edition

Direct Analysis Benchmark – Case 2

Method Case 2: Moment Amplification

5.00

Amplification Factor, Mma 4.50

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Axial Force Normalized by Euler Buckling, P/Pe

RISA (1 Node) RISA (3 Nodes) RISA (10 Nodes) AISC Benchmark

 Electronic Automation of the
AISC 13th Edition

Direct Analysis Material Non-Linearity Effects

Method
Axial Stiffness Reduction
• 0.8EA – For Members Whose Axial
Stiffness Contributes To Lateral Stability of
Structure
– Columns That Are Part of LFRS
– Braces That Are Part of LFRS
 Electronic Automation of the
AISC 13th Edition

Direct Analysis Material Non-Linearity Effects

Method
Flexural Stiffness Reduction
• 0.8τbEI – For Members Whose Flexural
Stiffness Contributes To Lateral Stability of
Structure
– Beams That Are Part of Moment Frames
– Columns That Are Part of Moment Frames
– Tau (τb) Is Based on Axial Load
• Tau May Be Set to ‘1.0’ If An Additional
Notional Load (0.001Yi) Is Included
 Electronic Automation of the
AISC 13th Edition

Analysis Methods of Chapter C

• 1st Order Analysis
• Amplified 1st Order Analysis
• General 2nd Order Analysis

Direct Analysis Method (Appendix 7)

• Geometric Imperfections (Notional Loads)
• 2nd Order Effects
• Material Non-Linearity
 Electronic Automation of the
AISC 13th Edition

Direct Analysis RISA’s Implementation of D.A.M.

Method
9 Notional Loads
9 P-∆ (Big Delta)
9 P-δ (little delta)
9 Automated Stiffness
Adjustments
 Josh Plummer, S.E.
Foothill Ranch, CA
(800) 332-RISA
joshp@risatech.com