7/17/2018

Rectifiers
Part 2

Md. Zarafi Ahmad

UTHM

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Single-Phase Half-Wave
Controlled Rectifiers
R Load
• When thyristor T1 is fired at ωt = α, thyristor T1 conducts
and the input voltage appears across the load.

• When the input voltage starts to be negative at ωt = π,

the thyristor is negative with respect to its cathode and
thyristor T1 said to be reverse biased and it is turned off.

• The time after the input voltage starts to go negative

until the thyristor is fired at ωt = α is called the delay or
firing angle α.

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R Load

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Single-Phase Half-Wave
Controlled Rectifiers
R Load
• If V m is the peak input voltage, the average output voltage Vdc can be
found from.

π
1 V V
 Vm sin ωtd (ωt ) = m [− cos ωt ]α = m (1 + cos α )
π
Vdc =
2π α 2π 2π
• The maximum output voltage V dm is
Vm
Vdm =
π
• The normalized output voltage

Vdc
Vn = = 0.5(1 + cos α )
Vdm

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Single-Phase Half-Wave
Controlled Rectifiers
R Load
• The rms output voltage is

1/ 2
 1 π 
Vrms =   Vm2 sin 2 ωtd (ωt )
 2π α 
1/ 2
V 2 π

= m
 4π
 (1 − cos 2ωt )d (ωt )
α 
1/ 2
V 1  sin 2α  
= m  π − α + 
2 π  2  

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Single-Phase Half-Wave
Controlled Rectifiers
Example 2.6

If the ac-dc single-phase half-wave controlled converter has a purely

resistive load of R and the delay angle is α = π/2. Determine

(a) the rectification efficiency.

(b) the form factor (FF).

(c) the ripple factor (RF).

(d) the TUF.

(e) the peak inverse voltage (PIV) of thyristor T1.

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Single-Phase Half-Wave
Controlled Rectifiers
Solution 2.6

Delay angle isα = π/2

Vdc = Vm/2π(1 + cos α) = 0.1592Vm.

Idc = 0.1592Vm /R

1/ 2
V 1  sin 2α  
Vrms = m  π − α + 
2 π  2  
1/ 2
Vm  1  π sin 2(π / 2)  
=  π − + 
2 π  2 2 
= 0.3536Vm

Irms = 0.3536Vm/R

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Single-Phase Half-Wave
Controlled Rectifiers
Solution 2.6

(a) The efficiency

Pdc (Vdc ) 2 / R (0.1592Vm ) 2

η= = = = 20.27%
Pac (Vac ) 2 / R (0.3536Vm ) 2

Vrms 0.3536Vm
(b) FF = = = 2.221 = 222 .1%
Vdc 0.1592Vm

(c)
RF = FF 2 − 1 = 2.2212 − 1 = 1.983

Pdc (0.1592Vm ) 2 / R
(d) TUF = = = 0.1014
Vs I s ( )
Vm / 2 (0.3536Vm ) / R

(e) PIV = Vm

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Single-Phase Half-Wave
Controlled Rectifiers
R-L Load

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R-L Load
i (ω t ) = i f (ω t ) + in (ω t )
V  −ω t
=  m  sin (ω t − θ ) + Ae ωτ
 Z 

Initial condition i(α)=0;

i (ω t ) = 0
V  −α
=  m  sin (α − θ ) + Ae ωτ
 Z 

 V   α
A = −   m  sin (α − θ ) e ωτ
 Z  

Substituting for A and simplifying;

 V m   − (α − ω t )
ωτ 
   sin (ω t − θ ) − sin (α − θ )e 
i (ω t ) =   Z   for α ≤ ω t ≤ β
 0 otherwise

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R-L Load

Extinction angle β must be solved numerically,

i(β ) = 0
V  − (β − θ )
=  m   sin (β − θ ) + sin (β − θ )e ωτ 

 Z 
Angle γ = (β-θ) is called conduction angle

Average voltage:
1 β
Vo =
2π α
V m sin ( ω t ) d ( ω t )

V
= m [cos α − cos β ]
2π

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Single-Phase Full-Wave (Bridge)

Controlled Rectifiers
R Load
2 π
T α
V o , avg = V m sin( ω t ) d ( ω t )

2V m
= [− cos( ω t ) ]απ
2π
V
= m [1 + cos( α ) ]
π

2 π
Vo, =
T α [V m sin( ω t )] 2 d ( ω t )

1 α sin( 2 α )
= Vm − +
2 2π 4π

The power absorbed by the load

2
V rms
Po =
R

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Single-Phase Full-Wave
(Bridge) Controlled Rectifiers

R-L Load

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R-L Load
Discontinuous current mode (DCM)
Vm
i o (ω t ) =
Z
[
sin( ω t − θ ) − sin( α − θ ) e − ( ω t − α ) / ωτ ] for α ≤ ω t ≤ β

Z= R 2 + (ω L ) 2
 ωL 
θ = tan −1  
 R 
L
τ=
R

For discontinuous mode, ensure that

β < (α + π )

The boundary between continuous and discontinuous current mode is when

β in the output current is (π+α)

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R-L Load
Continuous current mode (CCM)

For continuous operation, current at ωt = (π+α) must be greater than zero.

i o (π + α ) ≥ 0
sin( π + α − θ ) − sin( π + α − θ ) e − ( π + α −θ ) / ωτ ≥ 0

Using trigonometry identity;

sin(π + α − θ ) = sin(θ − α )
[
sin(θ − α ) 1 − e − (π / ωτ ) ≥ 0 ]
Solving for α;
−1  ωL 
α = tan  
 R 

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R-L Load
Continuous current mode (CCM)
Thus for continuous current mode;

−1  ωL 
α ≤ tan  
 R 

The average output voltage is;

α +π
1
Vo =
π V
α
m sin( ω t ) d (ω t )

2V m
= cos α
π

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Three-Phase Full Bridge

Controlled Rectifier

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Three-Phase Full Bridge

Controlled Rectifier

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Three-Phase Full Bridge

Controlled Rectifier
• The average voltage can be computed as:

( 2π / 3 ) +α
1
Vo =
π /3 V
(π / 3 ) +α
m ,L − L sin( ω t ) d (ω t )

 3V 
=  m , L − L  cos α
 π 

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Example 2.7
Show that the power factor for the full-wave rectifier with R-L load
where L is very large and the load current is considered purely dc, is
2.828/π.

Example 2.8
A controlled single-phase full-wave bridge rectifier has an R-L load with
R = 25 ohms and L = 50 mH. The source is 240 Vrms at 60 Hz.
Determine the average load current for
a) α = 20o if β = 217o
b) α = 70o if β = 216o
Also check either there are CCM or DCM.

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Example 2.9
A 20 Ω resistive load requires an average current that can vary from 5
to 10 A. An isolation transformer is placed between a 240 V, 50 Hz AC
source and a controlled single-phase full-wave bridge rectifier.

a)Derive an expression for the average output voltage and determine

the range of average voltage at the load.
b) Find the range of delay angle for various load currents.
c) Prove 1 α sin(2α) , then determine the power absorbed by
Vrms = Vm − +
2 2π 4π
the load for various load current.
d) Calculate the apparent power at source.
e) Determine the power factor of the circuit for various load currents.
f) Find the transformer ratio.

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