2015

UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI

STUDY ON THE FEASIBILITY OF USING

SAWDUST AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT FOR
SAND IN CONCRETE

Thomas Joseph Odero

F16/1291/2010
2015
ABSTRACT
This experimental study considered the use of sawdust particles as substitute to fine
aggregate in the production of concrete. It investigated the physical properties of sawdust
as well as the workability, compressive and tensile strength properties of concrete
produced by replacing 5%, 10% and 25% by volume of sand with sawdust. It also aimed
to provide new knowledge on how to improve the construction industry methods by using
a sawdust concrete mixture that would guarantee product performance and contribute to
saving the environment.

A conventional concrete mixture was prepared as a reference mix and compared to

sawdust concrete mixture. Slump and compaction factor tests were carried out on the
fresh concrete and compressive and tensile strength on hardened concrete. Increased
sawdust proportions resulted in stiffer mixes thus reducing the workability of the concrete
produced. Cubes of 100mm by 100mm were prepared and their compressive strengths at
7 and 28 days were determined. Results showed that the compressive strength decreased
with higher sawdust content with replacements beyond 10% resulting in a considerable
strength decrease. Similarly, cylinders of diameter 150mm by 300mm height were
prepared and their tensile strength determined. As witnessed with compressive strength
there was a decrease in tensile strength with an increased replacement of sand with
sawdust.

It was concluded that 10% substitution offered an optimum replacement level. However,
the resulting concrete density was still beyond the maximum limit for lightweight
concrete hence a number of recommendations on modifications to the sawdust were made
to increase the amounts that can be incorporated in concrete. This would ultimately result
in lower density while maintaining the required strength.
DEDICATION
This report is dedicated to my parents who have been a constant source of inspiration,
motivation and a reminder that all is possible; there are no giant steps, just lots of little
steps.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My utmost gratitude goes to my supervisor Dr.Mwero for all the assistance and directions
he gave me in the course of this work. I would also like to sincerely thank the lab
technicians Nicholas and Martin for their help during the experimental work.

I will not forget to thank the Almighty for the blessings and strength throughout this
entire exercise.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract...................................................................................................................
Dedication...........................................................................................................
Acknowledgment.................................................................................................

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION……………………………………….............
Scope………………………………………………………………………………….
Problem Statement…………………………………………………………………….
Objectives……………………………………………………………………………..
Significance of Study…………………………………………………………………

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………

CONCRETE……………………………………………………………………………
Fresh Concrete Properties……………………………………………………………..
Workability………………………………………………………………………….
Water to Cement Ratio...........................................................................................
Hardened Concrete Properties………………………………………………………..
AGGREGATES……………………………………………………………………..
Functions of Aggregates in Concrete………………………………………………..
Classification by sizes……………………………………………………………….
Fine Aggregates………………………………………………………………………
Functions of fine aggregates in Concrete……………………………………………..
SAWDUST……………………………………………………………………………
Origin....................................................................................................................
Chemical Composition………………………………………………………………
Physical Properties…………………………………………………………………..
Sawdust use in Concrete…………………………………………………………….

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………….
RESEARCH DESIGN………………………………………………………………..
Collection of Materials...............................................................................................
Preliminary Sawdust sample preparations……………………………………………..
DETERMINATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SAND AND SAWDUST
Grading Test……………………………………………………………………………..
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………….
Apparatus……………………………………………………………………………….
Procedure..................................................................................................................
Moisture Content………………………………………………………………………
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….
Procedure……………………………………………………………………………….
Specific Gravity………………………………………………………………………..
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………..
Apparatus…………………………………………………………………………………..
Procedure………………………………………………………………………………..

CASTING OF CUBES AND CYLINDERS…………………………………………

Batching by weight...................................................................................................
Mixing of Fresh Concrete………………………………………………………………
Determination of Workability of Fresh Concrete……………………………………..
Slump test………………………………………………………………………………
Scope…………………………………………………………………………………..
Objective………………………………………………………………………………..
Apparatus………………………………………………………………………………….
Procedure………………………………………………………………………………..
Compaction Factor Test………………………………………………………………
Scope……………………………………………………………………………………
Objective………………………………………………………………………………….
Apparatus………………………………………………………………………………..
Procedure……………………………………………………………………………….
Filling of Concrete in moulds…………………………………………………………..
Curing……………………………………………………………………………………
TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE………………………………………………
Compressive Strength…………………………………………………………………
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………..
Apparatus…..............................................................................................................
Procedure………………………………………………………………………………..
Tensile Splitting Strength……………………………………………………………..
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………..
Apparatus……………………………………………………………………………….
Procedure……………………………………………………………………………….

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

GRADING……………………………………………………………………………
Grading of Sand………………………………………………………………………
Grading of Sawdust………………………………………………………………….
SPECIFIC GRAVITY………………………………………………………………
Specific gravity of sand………………………………………………………………
Specific gravity of sawdust…………………………………………………………….
MOISTURE CONTENT……………………………………………………………..
Sand Moisture Content……………………………………………………………….
Sawdust Moisture Content……………………………………………………………
COMPACTION FACTOR RESULTS…………………………………………….
SLUMP TEST RESULTS………………………………………………………….
HARDENED CONCRETE PROPERTIES……………………………………..
Compressive Strength ……………………………………………………………..
Strength Development………………………………………………………………
Density of Concrete………………………………………………………………..
Tensile Splitting Strength……………………………………………………………….
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
List of Tables
Table 3.1: Mix proportions of Sawdust Concrete………………………………………….
Table 4.1: Results of sieve analysis of sand……………………………………………
Table 4.2: Results of sieve analysis of sawdust………………………………………
Table 4.3: Determination of specific gravity of sand………………………………….
Table 4.4: Determination of specific gravity of sawdust………………………………..
Table 4.5: Determination of sand moisture content……………………………………
Table 4.6: Determination of sawdust moisture content………………………………
Table 4.7: Compaction factor values of sawdust concrete………………………………
Table 4.8: Slump values of sawdust concrete………………………………………….
Table 4.9:7 Day Compressive Strength………………………………………………..
Table 4.10:28 Day Compressive Strength……………………………………………..
Table 4.11: Strength Development in Concrete.........................................................
Table 4.12: 28 Day Tensile Splitting Strength………………………………………….

List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Different type of slumps………………………………………………….
Figure 4.1: Particle size distribution of sand………………………………………….
Figure 4.2: Particle size distribution of sawdust………………………………………
Figure 4.3: Slump versus % Sawdust Content………………………………………..
Figure 4.4: Variation of 7 days Compressive Strength with increase in sawdust content....
Figure 4.5: Variation of 28 day Compressive Strength with increase in sawdust
content…
Figure 4.6: Variation in Strength Development……………………………………..
Figure 4.7: Variation in cube densities with increase in sawdust content……………

List of Pictures
Picture 1: Heap of sawdust………………………………………………………….
Picture 2: Portland cement…………………………………………………………..
Picture 3: Batch Mixer loaded with materials……………………………………..
Picture 4: An example of an obtained true slump……………………………………
Picture 5: Compacted Concrete in moulds……………………………………………
Picture 7: An example of a cube after failure………………………………………..
Picture 8: An example of cylinder after tensile failure………………………………….

REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………..
 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Scope
Over the last few years, Kenya has experienced a boom in its construction industry
resulting in multiple infrastructure development projects across the country. This has
been largely attributed to the steady economic growth and the stable political situation
that has attracted both local and foreign investment. Consequently, there has been
increased demand for not only suitable but cheaper construction materials. The demand is
set to be further heightened as the country seeks to be a middle income economy by the
year 2030.

Concrete has been predominantly used as the preferred material for construction due to
its various qualities especially strength that have made it suitable for numerous
construction purposes. Selection of aggregates used in concrete is important as aggregate
makes up approximately 60 to 75% of the total volume of concrete. Not only do they
contribute to the strength exhibited by concrete but also to its bulkiness, a property that
enables the concrete to be placed. There has been research carried out on aggregates
leading to a better understanding of the basic mechanisms governing concrete strength,
rheology, cracking etc. This has resulted in modifications of aggregates contained in
concrete with an aim of either enhancing or completely changing the properties of the
concrete produced hence the use of special concretes such as no fines concrete, porous
concrete and light weight concrete.

Various materials have been used in concrete to make it less dense especially highly
porous materials. These can been classified by their origin as either natural or artificial
aggregates. Examples of natural lightweight aggregates include pumice, scoria and tuff.
These are derived from igneous rocks and often glassy in nature but have different
network of voids with pumice exhibiting tube like voids; scoria has spherical voids
whereas tuff has an irregular pore structure. Before use the materials are first crushed and
sieved to obtain the right gradation. Actually use of lightweight concrete can be traced
back to Ancient Rome where pumice was used to construct the Pantheon dome to reduce
its weight. The building still stands today attesting to the durability of light weight
concrete. Artificial lightweight aggregates used include slate, shale and expanded clay.
These often have similar properties hence treated as single type. Similar to natural
aggregates, they are crushed and graded. They are then heated at temperatures of between
1000-1200°C causing expansion and partial melting that forms an impervious viscous
coating that prevents escape of gases generated during combustion. The material resulting
is then crushed and screened. Examples of commercial artificial lightweight aggregates
include leca, aglite and sintag.

This experimental study focuses on using raw sawdust as partial replacement of fines
contained in concrete, with an aim of coming up with acceptable concrete mixture that
results in lighter concrete that can be used in building construction particularly partitions
and residential class concrete slab while ensuring properties of concrete such as
compressive strength, tensile strength and workability are maintained within standard
limits.

1.2 Problem Statement

The use of treated sawdust in concrete has been in practice in some countries in the world
due to wide research they have carried out on it. However this has not been witnessed in
Kenya due to the limited research leading to deficit of detailed information to form a
basis for use and create awareness on the benefits derived. This study aims to generate
data that can be used as reference on application of raw sawdust in concrete.

1.3 Objectives
a) General Objective
To evaluate the structural performance of concrete whose fine aggregates have been
partly replaced by sawdust.

b) Specific Objectives
1) To determine the workability of fresh concrete that contains different proportions of
sawdust.
2) To determine the compressive strengths of cubes made resulting from partial
replacement of sand with sawdust and compare them to those of cubes made from
conventional concrete.
3) To determine tensile strength of cylinders resulting from partial replacement of sand
with sawdust and comparing these against cylinders made using normal concrete.
4) To establish the optimum replacement level of sawdust in the specific grade of
concrete

1.4 Significance of Study

The most widely used fine aggregate for the making of concrete is the natural sand mined
from the riverbeds. However, the availability of river sand is becoming scarce due to the
excessive nonscientific methods of mining from the riverbeds hence there has a risen a
need to consider substitute materials for use as filler. The use of sawdust as partial filler
would reduce the quantity of sand required for building resulting in sustainability of
aggregate resources. Secondly, since sawdust is lighter than sand, there would be a
considerable reduction in dead weight in buildings resulting in reduced reinforcement and
ultimately construction costs. Finally, the environmental impact of utilizing sawdust
cannot be overlooked considering it‘s a waste that is widely generated and disposal is
mostly done on uncontrolled waste pits and open areas.

.
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 CONCRETE
Concrete simply can be referred to as a homogenous mixture consisting of aggregates,
water and cement acting as an adhesive. This description may depict concrete
manufacture to seem simple and straightforward, however it is very easy to make ―bad‖
concrete that would make your design useless if actual concrete properties differ from
those assumed during design calculations. Hence the question what can be defined as
―good‖ concrete considering that both types of concrete have similar ingredients. The
difference therefore arises from the mode of preparation. Good concrete refers to
concrete that is satisfactory in its in desired properties both in its fresh and hardened state.

2.1.1 Fresh Concrete Properties

2.1.1.1 Workability
Concrete mix in its fresh state should be consistent in such manner that it can be
compacted easily by the desired manner without excessive effort, a property broadly
referred to as workability. The American Concrete Institute describes workability ―as that
property of freshly mixed concrete or mortar that determines the ease with which it can
be mixed, placed, consolidated and finished to a homogenous condition‖. Similarly,
Japanese Association of Concrete Engineers defines workability ― as that property of
concrete or mortar that determines the ease and homogeneity with which it can be mixed,
placed and compacted due to its consistency, the homogeneity with which it can be made
into concrete, and the degree with which it can resist separation of materials. Neville
(1981, 203) simply defined workability as the amount of useful internal work necessary
to produce full compaction.

Workability is dependent on concrete properties especially the water to cement ratio.

Excessively dry mixes have low workability hence difficult to compact. The need for
compaction becomes apparent when we compare the degree of compaction to the
resulting strength. Poorly compacted concrete results in presence of voids which greatly
reduces its strength: with research showing that 5% voids can reduce strength by as much
as 30% .The workability of fresh concrete can be determined by a simple, inexpensive
and relatively accurate test referred to as the slump test which is fully described in BS
1881:103:1993.The apparatus consists of a mould in the shape of a frustum of a cone.
The mould is filled with concrete in three layers of equal volume. Each layer is
compacted with 25 strokes of tamping rod. The slump cone is lifted and the change in
height of the concrete is measured. Often the only type of slump permissible is the true
slump where the concrete remains intact and retains a symmetric shape. A collapsed
slump or shear slump is considered out of range of workability that can be determined by
the workability test. Concretes with the same slump can exhibit different behavior when
tapped with a tamping rod. For example few fines concrete will tend to fall apart when
tapped. Such concrete is only suitable for applications such as pavements or mass
concrete. This can be a useful basis in evaluating our concrete considering that this study
involves partial substitution of fines.

Figure 1.1 Different types of slump

The slump test has several advantages. It is widely used worldwide hence can be used as
a common basis of measurement of workability. It is relatively accurate hence can be
applied in a site to quickly determine if a concrete is to be accepted or rejected. Finally
it‘s simple and inexpensive to perform.
Cohesiveness is an aspect of workability, it affects segregation of which bleeding is a
special case. This is especially important in instances of transporting before being placed.
Segregation of concrete refers to the separation of the constituents of the heterogeneous
mixture so that their distribution is no longer uniform. This often results due to
differences in size of particles and their specific gravities of the mix constituents. There
are two types of segregation exhibited in concrete. One involves separation of coarse
aggregates as they tend to settle more than the finer aggregates. The second form of
segregation is manifested by separation of the grout which is the cement plus water from
the mix. This property is specifically essential in this study considering that the sawdust
is relatively light compared to the other concrete constituents. However the actual extent
of segregation depends on the handling and placing of the concrete. If the concrete does
not have to travel far and is transferred directly to the final position, risk of segregation is
reduced. The method of compaction would also influence degree of segregation. Even
though vibration provides the most valuable means of compacting concrete, improper use
of the vibrator increases the danger of segregation.

2.1.1.2 Water to Cement ratio

Water is required for various functions in a concrete mix. Primarily, it is needed for
cement hydration, which consists of series of processes that are responsible for
development of strength in concrete. It is also required for workability of the concrete, a
feature referred to in detail in section 2.1.1 of this report. When concrete is fully
compacted, its strength can be taken to be inversely proportional to the water cement
ratio. This implies that for fully compacted concrete made with sound and clean
aggregates, strength can improved by reducing the weight of water used per unit weight
of cement. This would imply that use of minimal amount of water would result in a
stronger concrete. However this is not entirely true as this would render the concrete not
workable making compaction difficult. Lack of proper compaction results in voids in
concrete and consequently reduced strength. On the other hand excess water causes
development of capillary voids in concrete causing porosity and permeability hence
reduced strength. From the above it can be deduced that just the right balance of water to
cement ratio needs to be determined to obtain a strong but also workable concrete mix.
Water contained in concrete consists of that added to the mix and that originally held by
the aggregates at the time when they were introduced into the mixers. The latter water
may be absorbed within the pore structure of the aggregate whereas some exists as free
water on the surface of the aggregate hence not different from the water added direct into
the mixer. When the aggregate is not saturated and some of its pores are therefore air-
filled, a part of the water added to the mix will be absorbed by the aggregate. Aggregates
are often assumed to be saturated with surface dry conditions when used in concrete. This
implies that the effective water in the concrete mix is the water in excess of that
contained in the pores of the aggregate. For this reason, the mix proportioning data are
based usually on the water in excess of that absorbed by the aggregate that is the free
water. It is therefore necessary that in translating laboratory results into mix proportions
to be used on a site, care be taken to specify if water cement ratio referred to is total or
free water

2.1.2 Hardened Concrete Properties

The primary requirement of concrete in its hardened state is satisfactory compressive
strength and durability. The strength of concrete is often considered its most important
property and is used as a basis to determine the quality of concrete. This is vital since it‘s
the element ultimately considered in structural design. Test for compressive strength is
done by crushing cast concrete cubes made according to specifications contained in BS
1881:108:1983.The 28th day strength is always taken as a depiction of the concrete
strength, although the 7th day strength can be determined to check development in
strength. The strength of concrete is greatly influenced by two factors namely the
water/cement ratio and the degree of compaction. Although there are other factors that
may have influence such as porosity of the concrete, the above two are considered critical
especially when referring to strength of concrete at a certain age that has been cured in
water at a certain temperature. These have been broadly looked at below as the would
have a significant impact on the concrete strength in the study.

.
2.2 AGGREGATES
Aggregates accounts to up to 75% of concrete by volume thus have a significant effect in
its properties and performance. Cement without aggregates can only be applied to a few
special purposes, a majority of concrete applications are only possible due to the presence
of aggregates. Modern construction has seen the use of aggregates of various types with
the evolution of technology. This has led to development of highly complex mixtures
which may consist of several binders, admixtures and aggregates of different types and
sizes. In short, the use of aggregates has become a little more than simply being a bulk
constituent for mass and economy.

2.2.1 Functions in Aggregates in Concrete

Aggregates have a number of functions in concrete:
 They contribute to concrete strength through mechanical interlock between
aggregate particles hence making the concrete stiff and rigid, a property necessary
for its engineering uses.
 Reduce moisture related deformations in concrete such as shrinkage hence
providing volumetric stability to the concrete.
 They provide durability to the concrete as they are generally more stable of all the
constituents in concrete.
 Provide bulk of concrete allowing it to be placed.
 Impart wear resistance to concrete making it suitable for use on pavements and
hydraulic structures.
 They restrain creep and thus aid in limiting long term deformations.

2.2.2 Classification of Aggregates

Classification of aggregates can be based on size, specific gravity or source of the
aggregates.
2.2.2.1 Classification by sizes
Classification by sizes groups aggregates into two groups namely:
 Fine aggregates have particle size less than 4.75mm and are retained on 75µm
sieve.
  Coarse aggregate have particle size more than 4.75mm

2.2.2.1.1 Fine Aggregates

Fine aggregates consist of particles between the sizes stated above. Sand is the most
common fine aggregate used in concrete. It consists small angular or rounded grains of
silica. Grading of fine aggregates has a great influence on the workability of a concrete
mix. This is because it influences the total aggregate area to be wetted and the relative
aggregate volume in the mix.Inorder to ensure proper workability, one should conform to
standard grading which ensures that the voids one particle are filled by particles of the
next smaller size. Apart from workability, finer fractions of fine aggregates with sizes
minus 150µm have a great influence on the segregation and bleeding of the concrete.
This is because they are light and are easily separated from other concrete constituents.

Functions of fine aggregates in concrete

Fine aggregates perform the following functions in concrete:
a) Act as filler and fill the voids between the coarse aggregates. They are smaller
hence are able to occupy the small voids between the larger coarse aggregates.
b) Reduce porosity of concrete. Porosity in concrete results due to presence of voids
which can adequately be filled by well graded fine aggregates as smaller particles
are able to occupy the very tiny voids.

2.3 SAWDUST
2.3.1 Origin
Sawdust refers to fine particles of wood resulting from cutting, grinding or drilling of
timber. It may also result from the burrowing on wood by small animals like ants.
Sawdust has been applied to various uses due to its varied properties.

2.3.2 Chemical Composition

The chemical composition of sawdust is complex often similar to the wood from which
they are derived. Wood tissue is made of chemical components which are distributed non
uniformly as a result of the anatomical structure. As a result, the chemical behavior of
wood cannot be determined in detail from the properties of the component substances.
The principal components of wood include Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (O) and small
amounts of Nitrogen. The chemical analysis of a number of species of softwoods and
hardwoods shows that proportion of these elements in percentage of oven dry weight of
wood are approximately: Carbon 49-50%,Hydrogen 6%,Oxygen 44-45% and Nitrogen
0.1-1%.

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen combine to form the principal organic components of
wood substances namely cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and small amounts of pectin
substances. The terms cellulose and hemicellulose are generic, and each include a number
of chemically related compounds. Separation and quantitative analysis of each in the
laboratory has shown that the proportions in percentage of oven dry weight of wood are
approximately:
 Cellulose :40-45%, about the same for both hardwoods and softwoods
 Hemicellulose: 20% in softwoods,15-35% in hardwoods
 Lignin :25-35% in softwoods,17-25% in hardwoods

2.3.3 Physical properties

1. Flammable
Sawdust is flammable especially when dry hence has been used as a ready source of fuel
by manufacturing charcoal briquettes which are then burnt to produce energy.
2. Hygroscopic
Sawdust is hygroscopic, it has a tendency to absorb moisture when in contact with liquid
water or water vapour.Due to this property, it has been used to absorb spills.

2.3.4 Sawdust Use in Concrete

In the construction industry, sawdust has been used to develop sawdust concrete which
consists of Portland cement, sand, sawdust and water to give a slump of between 25-
50mm.This kinds of concrete has been found to bond well with ordinary concrete. The
sawdust used often requires treatment. Chemical treatment is necessary to prevent rotting
since it‘s organic. Secondly it serves to make the sawdust neutral to prevent reactions that
would adversely affect the concrete during hydration and setting. This has often been
achieved by making sure the sawdust is clean without a large amount of bark. Finally it
would lower moisture movement in the sawdust as it has a tendency to absorb water.
Best results are obtained when sawdust of between 1.18-6.3mm in size. However due to
the variable nature of different kind of sawdust, use of a trial mix is recommended.

This kind of concrete can achieve density ranging from 650 to 1600 kg/m3 .Sawdust
concrete resulting from use of sawdust from tropical hardwoods have recorded
2
compressive strengths of 30N/mm , splitting strength of 2.5N/mm2 with a density of
1490kg/m3.Recent studies have shown successful use of sawdust as a brick material
However due to the limited research on it, there has been no standard and codes
developed to guide use.
 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The main objective of the project is to utilize sawdust as a partial substitute of sand in the
production of concrete in order to draw a conclusion if use of sawdust in concrete was
acceptable by carrying out tests on the concrete produced and comparing this against
normal concrete. Three types of aggregates are used in this project. These included;
Natural coarse aggregates- ballast of maximum size 10mm, Natural fine aggregates- river
sand and Research fine aggregate-sawdust. Concrete cubes and cylinders were cast for
5%, 10% and 25% replacement of sand by sawdust on basis of volume and subsequently
tested for 7 and 28 days for determination of both compressive and tensile strength.

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

Experimental study design was employed with the main research method which involved
laboratory testing. This involved preparing samples of concrete mixes containing varying
amounts of sawdust and then carrying out appropriate tests to determine the optimum
sand replacement amount. Prior to this, physical properties of both sawdust and sand
were determined by laboratory tests. The highlights of the methodology were as below:

3.2.1 Collection of materials.

In this research, the following materials were used
1. Sawdust
The sawdust samples required were obtained from the timber laboratory from a heap of
wood shavings and sawdust which were considered as waste. It was established that the
sawdust available was a mixture from different types of wood with the most common
being Blue gum and Grevillea.Both of these are available in Kenya hence could be
acquired locally.
 Picture 1: Heap of Sawdust
2. Cement
Bamburi Nguvu cements CEM 1V/B 32.5N.

Picture 2: Portland cement

3. Fine Aggregates
Locally available sand.
4. Coarse Aggregates
This consisted of ballast maximum size 10mm.
5. Water
Tap water was used.

3.2.2 Preliminary sawdust sample preparations.

3.2.2.1 Air Drying
The sawdust samples were air dried by spreading the material on suitable size tray. There
was occasional stirring to ensure uniform drying.
3.1.2.2 Rifling
Thorough mixing of the samples was achieved by use of a rifler.This was done to achieve
a homogenous mixture.

3.2.3 Determination of physical properties of sand and sawdust

3.2.3.1 Grading Test

 Introduction
The grading of the sand and sawdust were determined by sieve analysis. A sample of
both materials of known weight was passed through a series of sieves with progressively
smaller openings.
 Apparatus required
1. Balance accurate to 0.5g of mass of test sample
2. Test sieves as per BS 882
3. Oven
 Procedure
The test samples were dried to a constant mass by oven drying at about 1050C.An
approximate sample was taken from the original and the required sample was weighed
out. The sieves were then arranged one over the other in relation to their size of opening
10mm,5mm,2.36mm,1.18mm,0.6,0.3,0.150,0.075,<0.075. The sieves were shaken
horizontally with a jerking motion in all directions for at least 2 minutes and until all
material passing fell into the tray. Any material retained on each sieve was weighed and
the results tabulated. The cumulative weight passing each sieve was calculated as a
percentage of the total sample. Finally, grading curve for the sample was plotted in the
logarithmic chart.

3.2.3.2 Moisture Content

 Introduction
Moisture content represents the water in excess of saturated surface dry state.
 Procedure
The weight of surface dried fines were determined each recorded as (W1).They were then
placed in an oven at 105°C 24 hours. After removal from the oven, their weight
determined and recorded as ( W2).The moisture content is determined as a percentage by
(W1 –W2)/W2.

3.2.1.3 Specific Gravity

 Introduction
Specific gravity is a measure of material density relative to that of water. It shows how
many times the material is denser than water.
 Apparatus
1.100ml volumetric flask with a stopper.
2. A balance to weigh accurately to 0.5g
3. Distilled water
 Procedure
The fines aggregates were passed through sieve number 7.The weight of the empty
volumetric flask fitted with a stopper was measured (W1).A sample of the fines (15g)
was placed in the volumetric flask and the weight measured (W2).The volumetric flask
was then filled with water, stopper fitted and weight determined (W3).Finally, the weight
of the volumetric flask completely filled with water only and fitted with a stopper was
determined (W4).
The specific gravity was then given by:
Gs = (W2 - W1)
(W4 –W1) – (W3-W2)
3.2.4 Casting of Cubes and Cylinders

3.2.4.1 Batching by Weight

Batching of the concrete was done by weighing the constituents and introducing them
into a mixer. A standard ratio of 1: 1.5: 3 was adopted which represented the ratio of
Cement: Fine Aggregates: Coarse aggregates. Water: Cement ratio of 0.64 was used.
The materials were measured in individual batches within the following percentages of
accuracy: cement 1%, aggregates 2%, water 1%. The batch calculations were as shown
below:
 Control Concrete
Mix Proportions
Cement: Fine Aggregates: Coarse Aggregates
1 : 1.5 : 3
1. Cubes
Volume of each cube = Length × Width × Height
= 0.1 × 0.1 × 0.1
-3 3
= 1 × 10 m
Number of cubes = 4
-3
Volume of concrete used = 4 × (1 ×10 )
= 4 × 10-3m3
2. Cylinders
Volume of each cylinder = Πr2h
=Π × 0.152×0.3
4
=5.301 × 10-3m3
Number of cylinders = 2
Volume of concrete used = (5.301 × 10-3) × 2 = 1.06 × 10-2m3

Total volume used for cubes and cylinders = (4 × 10-3) + (1.06 × 10-2)
= 1.46 × 10-2m3
Density of concrete = 2400kg/m3
Total mass of the concrete = Density × Volume
= 2400 × (1.46 × 10-2)
= 35.1kg
Accounting for 10% wastage = 110 × 35.1 = 38.5 kg
100

Mix % of Cement Sand (kg) Sand Ballast Water

Replacement (kg ) Replaced(kg) (kg) (litres)
1 0% 7.0 10.5 0 21.0 4.54
2 5% 7.0 9.975 0.525 21.0 4.54
3 10% 7.0 9.45 1.05 21.0 4.54
4 25% 7.0 7.875 2.625 21.0 4.54
Table 3.1: Mix proportion for sawdust concrete

3.2.5 Mixing of the fresh concrete

The concrete was mixed using the concrete batch mixer. The following process was
followed:
The mixer was loaded with the material quantities shown in the table for each mix,
beginning with the coarse aggregates at the bottom, followed by a layer of sand and
finally a layer of cement. In the case of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th mixes, a proportion of sawdust
equal to the volume occupied by the quantity of sand to be replaced was added uniformly
over the sand layer before adding cement. This was done by filling a container of known
weight with the quantity of sand to be replaced.The marking the level of the sand in the
container. The same container was then filled with sawdust to the level marked prior to
determine the amount of sawdust to be used as replacement.
The mixer was then closed and contents blended for 5 minutes to form a homogenous dry
mix. Water was added and distributed evenly over the mix as the mixer rotated until the
concrete was well mixed. The concrete workability was determined before casting in
moulds.
 Picture 3: Batch mixer loaded with materials

3.2.6 Determination of workability of fresh concrete

3.2.6.1 Slump Test
 Scope
The slump is a measure of workability of concrete. Workability refers to the ease to the
ease of mixing, placing and compacting concrete. It is greatly influenced by the water:
cement ratio in the concrete which also has an influence on the strength of the concrete
obtained. A detailed description of the test can be found in Chapter 2 of this report.
 Objective
To determine the workability of the concrete mixes.
 Apparatus
1. Tamping rod
2. A Steel Frustum
3. Trowel
 Procedure
The frustum was held in position on a flat surface and its interior dampened. It was then
filled with fresh concrete in three layers, each layer approximately one third of the
volume of the frustum. Each layer received 25 strokes of the tamping rod uniformly
distributed over the concrete surface. After tamping the top layer the excess concrete was
stricken off using the tamping rod. The mould was then carefully raised in a vertical
position. The slump was then determined by measuring the difference between the height
of the frustum and the height of the collapsed concrete.

Picture 4: An example of an obtained true slump

3.2.6.2 Compaction Factor Test

 Scope
The compaction factor tests measures the degree of compaction resulting from
application of a standard amount of work.
 Objective
To establish the amount of work necessary to achieve full compaction of the concrete
mixes.
 Apparatus
1. A frame consisting of two conical hoppers vertically aligned above each other and
mounted over a cylinder.
2. Trowel
3. Vibration table
4. Weighing balance

 Procedure
The inner surface of the hoppers and the cylinders were oiled to prevent sticking of the
concrete .The empty cylinder was weighed and the flaps at the bottom of the hoppers
fastened. The cylinder was then fixed at the bottom of the frame in such manner that it
was aligned with the hoppers. The top hopper was filled with concrete to the brim. The
flap at the bottom was then opened to allow the concrete drop to the bottom hopper. Once
all the concrete had fallen from the top hopper, the flap to the lower hopper was opened
to allow the concrete fall into the cylinder. The excess concrete was struck off the top of
the cylinder and mass of concrete contained in the cylinder determined on the weighing
balance. The cylinder with the concrete was then moved to the vibrating table where it
was vibrated and more concrete added till the cylinder was completely filled. The
cylinder was weighed to determine the mass of fully compacted concrete. The
compaction factor was determined from the formula below:

Compaction factor = (Weight of partially compacted concrete)

(Weight of fully compacted concrete)

3.2.7 Filling of concrete in moulds

The moulds were cleaned and oiled to enable easily removal of the hardened concrete
cubes and cylinders once they had set. The concrete was filled in the moulds in layers and
placed on the vibrating table for proper compaction.
 Picture 5: Compacted concrete in moulds

3.2.8 Curing
The cubes and cylinders were left in the open for 24 hours before being moved to a
curing tank where they underwent wet curing.

Picture 6: Curing tank

3.2.9 Tests on hardened concrete
3.2.9.1 Compressive strength
 Introduction
The test on compressive strength was done according to BS 1881: Part 116: 1983.It is a
measure of the concrete‗s ability to resist loads. Megapascals. The 28th day strength is
taken as the characteristic strength of the concrete. However concrete compressive
strength can be determined at 7 or 14 days to check development in strength.
 Apparatus
1. Compression testing machine
2. Weighing balance
 Procedure
The cubes were removed from the curing tank and allowed to drain before being weighed
and their masses recorded. The cubes dimensions were determined to check any
distortion in shape. Each cube was then centrally aligned on the base of the compression
testing machine. They were then loaded gradually while turning the fine straining knob to
prevent sudden failure. Upon failure, the load applied was determined from the
appropriate scale and recorded. Compressive tests on the cubes were carried out on the 7th
and 28th day from the date of casting.

Picture 7: An example of cube after failure

3.2.9.2 Tensile Splitting Strength
 Introduction
Tensile splitting strength test is used to determine concrete tensile strength.
 Apparatus
1. Compression testing machine
2. Weighing balance
3. Two strips of wood 300mm long
 Procedure
The cylinders were removed from curing tank and allowed the water on their surface
wiped. They were then weighed and their weights recorded. One strip of wood was
placed on the base plate of the compression test machine and the specimen laid over it
ensuring that the wood was centrally placed. The second strip of wood was placed over
the cylinder while ensuring that it was aligned to the one at the bottom. The upper plate
of the testing machine was lowered till the top wood strip was held in position. The
cylinder was then loaded gradually until failure. The failure load was noted.

Picture 8: An example of a cylinder after tensile failure

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
4.0 RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
The data collected was analyzed and the processed data presented in this chapter as
follows:
4.1 GRADING
4.1.1 Grading of sand.

Pan mass= 100.0g Fines mass = 3.3g

Initial Dry Sample mass + Pan = 300.0g Fines = 1.65%
Initial Dry Sample mass = 200.0 g
Reference = BS 882 :1992
Sieve Mass Retained % Retained Cumulative % Cumulative %
(mm) (g) Retained Passing
10 0 0 0 100
5 2.8 1.4 1.4 98.6
2.36 6.0 3 4.4 95.6
1.18 21.9 10.95 15.35 84.65
0.6 54.4 27.2 42.55 57.45
0.3 70.5 35.25 77.8 22.2
0.15 29.5 14.75 92.55 7.45
0.075 11.6 5.8 98.35 1.65
196.7 98.35
Table 4.1: Results of sieve analysis of sand
Total cumulative % retained = 234.05g

Fineness modulus = 234.05

100
= 2.34
 100

90

80

70
Cumulative % Passing

60

50 Sample
Lower limits

40 Upper limits

30

20

10

0
0.01 0.1 1 10
Sieve sizes in mm

Figure 4.1: Particle size distribution for sand

4.1.2 Grading of sawdust

Pan mass= 100g Fines mass =1.3g

Initial Dry Sample mass + Pan = 265.5g Fines % = 0.8%
Initial Dry Sample mass =165.5g
Reference = BS 882 :1992
Sieve Mass % Cumulative % Cumulative % Passing
(mm) Retained (g) Retained Retained
10 0 0.0 0.0 100.0
5 2 1.2 1.2 98.8
2.36 2.4 1.5 2.7 97.3
1.18 20 12.1 14.7 85.3
0.6 27.8 16.8 31.5 68.5
0.3 62 37.5 69.0 31.0
0.15 38 23.0 92.0 8.0
0.075 12 7.3 99.2
Table 4.2: Results of sieve analysis of sawdust

Total cumulative % Retained = 211.1g

Fineness modulus = 211.1

100
= 2.11
 100

90

80

70
Cumulative % Passing

60

50 upper limit
Sawdust
40
Lower limits

30

20

10

0
0.01 0.1 1 10
Sieve sizes in mm

Figure 4.2: Particle size distribution for sawdust

The results of the sieve analysis of the sand and sawdust are presented in figure 1 and 2
respectively. The curves for both sand and fell within the overall limits as provided for in
BS 882 1992.The fineness modulus of sand was determined to be 2.34 and that for
sawdust to be 2.11 thus the sand was coarser than the sawdust. The sawdust was very fine
hence would increase the water demand in the concrete produced and subsequently the
water-cement ratio.
4.2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY
4.2.1 Specific gravity of sand

Mass in grams
Mass of sand 15
Mass of empty volumetric flask ( W1 ) 56.78
Mass of volumetric flask + Sand ( W2 ) 71.84
Mass of volumetric flask filled with water+ Sand (W3 ) 165.88
Mass of volumetric flask filled completely with water (W4) 156.5
Table 4.3: Determination of the specific gravity of sand

Gs = W2 – W1
(W4-W1) – (W3—W2)

= 71.84 – 56.78
(156.5 -56.78) – (165.88 – 71.84)

= 15.06
99.72 – 94.04

= 2.651

4.2.2 Specific gravity of sawdust

Mass in grams
Mass of sawdust 15
Mass of empty volumetric flask ( W1 ) 56.78
Mass of volumetric flask + Sawdust ( W2 ) 71.79
Mass of volumetric flask filled with water+ Sand (W3 ) 160.03
Mass of volumetric flask filled completely with water (W4) 156.5
Table 4.4: Determination of the specific gravity of sawdust
Gs = W2 – W1
(W4-W1) – (W3—W2

= 71.79 – 56.78
(156.5 -56.78) – (160.03 – 71.79)

= 15.01
99.72 – 88.24

= 1.307

The results showed a specific gravity of 2.651 for sand whereas that for sawdust was
determined to be 1.307.This showed that sand was nearly twice as dense as a sawdust
hence the sawdust concrete obtained would be expected to be less dense compared to the
conventional concrete.

4.3 MOISTURE CONTENT

4.3.1. Sand moisture content

Sample 1 Sample 2
Weight of tin + sand (W1) 160.87 187.19
Weight of tin + oven dried sand (W2) 152.62 178.48
Moisture content ( % of dry mass) 5.40% 4.88%
Table 4.5: Determination of the sand moisture content

Average moisture content = 5.40 +4.88

2
= 5.14%
Adjustment to the Water-Cement ratio = Quantity of sand × Moisture content
= 10.5 × 5.14/100
= 0.54kg
Amount of water present in the sand = 0.54 litres

4.3.2 Sawdust moisture content

Sample 1 Sample 2
Weight of tin + sawdust (W1) 138.7 123.2
Weight of tin + oven dry sawdust ( W2) 137.1 121.7
Moisture content ( % of dry mass) 1.17% 1.23%
Table 4.6: Determination of the sawdust moisture content

Average moisture content = 1.17 +1.23

2
= 1.20%
The average moisture content of the sand was significantly high at 5.14% compared to
that of sawdust at 1.20% .This necessitated the adjustment of the water-cement ratio used
to prevent use of excess water that would result in a decline of the concrete strength.

4.4 COMPACTION FACTOR TEST

% of Mass of partially Mass of fully compacted CF= W2/W3

sawdust Compacted concrete concrete (kg) W3
(kg) W2
0 11.35 12.65 0.897
5 11.36 12.64 0.898
10 10.7 12.10 0.884
25 9.1 12.0 0.758
Table 4.7: Compaction factor values of sawdust concrete
4.5 SLUMP TEST

% of Sawdust Content Slump, mm

0 38.0
5 32.0
10 28.0
25 17.0
Table 4.8: Slump values of sawdust concrete

Slump versus % Sawdust Content

40

35

30
Slump mm

25

20

15
0 5 10 25
% Sawdust Content

Figure 4.3: Slump versus % Sawdust content

The results of the slump and compaction factor, indicating the workability of the sawdust
concrete are shown on table 4.7 and table 4.8 above. The values indicated a decrease in
slump with increase in sawdust content.
 Similarly, there was a decrease in compaction factor with increase in sawdust content
hence workability of the concrete was observed to be decreasing as the percentage of
sawdust replacement of sand increased. This implied that more effort would be required
to place, compact and finish the freshly mixed concrete. The decrease in workability
could be attributed to the high water absorption of the sawdust hence as the sawdust
content increased, more water was absorbed resulting in a stiffer mix. It could also be
attributed to the increase in surface area as the sawdust particles were finer than the sand
particles hence required more water for surface lubrication of the particles resulting in
less water for the cement paste.

4.6 HARDENED CONCRETE PROPERTIES

4.6.1 Compressive Strength
Sawdust Age Cube Cube dimension mm Volume Weight Density Strength Average Average
-3 3 3 2
Content (Days) Label Length Width Height × 10 m (kg) ( kgm ) N/mm Density Strength

0% 7 S0-1 102 106 102 1.103 2.48 2248.8 17.0 2255.8 17.5
S0-2 102 103 106 1.114 2.52 2262.8 18.0
5% 7 S5-1 104 105 104 1.135 2.56 2254.2 17.0 2298.5 17.75
S5-2 104 103 104 1.114 2.61 2342.8 18.5
10% 7 S10-1 105 104 103 1.125 2.40 2133.7 16.0 2158.9. 16.25
S10-2 104 103 106 1.135 2.48 2184.1 16.5
25% 7 S25-1 105 105 103 1.135 2.25 1981.4 13.0 1906.5 12.0
S25-2 105 104 105 1.147 2.10 1831.5 11.0
Table 4.9: 7 day Compressive Strength

Figure 4.4 shows the various 7 day compressive strengths. Generally the results showed a
decrease in compressive strength with increase in the fraction of sawdust. Values of
2 2 2 2
17.5N/mm , 17.75N/mm 16.5N /mm and 12.0 N/mm were obtained for compressive
strengths with 0%, 5%, 10% and 25% sawdust as partial replacement. The compressive
strength at 5% replacement was slightly higher than that for the control concrete. This
could be attributed to the concrete obtained being denser than the reference concrete as it
3 3
had an average density of 2298.5Kg/m compared to 2255.8 Kg/m .
 The increase in density could have resulted from the sawdust particles which were finer
than the sand particles hence were able to fill the tiny voids within the concrete mix.

19
Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

17

15

13

11

7
0 5 10 25
% of Sawdust

Figure 4.4: Variation of 7 day compressive strength with increase in sawdust content

Sawdust Age Cube Cube dimension mm Volume Weight Density Strength Average Average
3 2
Content (Days) Label Length Width Height (kg) ( kgm ) N/mm Density Strength

0% 28 S0-3 104 103 104 1.114 2.54 2279.9 25.5 2320.4 26.75
S0-4 104 103 104 1.114 2.63 2360.8 28.0
5% 28 S5-3 102 105 102 1.092 2.51 2297.7 24.0 2288.8 23.50
S5-4 102 103 106 1.114 2.54 2279.9 23.0
10% 28 S10-3 103 104 105 1.125 2.50 2222.7 19.0 2185.8 18.0
S10-4 103 106 104 1.136 2.44 2148.9 17.0
25% 28 S25-3 105 105 106 1.169 2.30 1968.1 11.0 1965.2 10.5
S25-4 104 105 105 1.147 2.25 1962.3 10.0
Table 4.10: 28 day Compressive Strength
The figure 4.5 below shows the variation of concrete compressive strength of the various
concrete mixes after 28days of curing. It can be seen that there is an increase in
compressive strength for all the classes of concrete except in the concrete mix with 25%
2
replacement of sawdust. Values ranging from 26.75N/mm for control, to
2 2 2
23.5N/mm ,18.0N/mm and 10.5N/mm were recorded for cubes with 5%, 10% and 25%
sawdust replacement respectively. At this age the control concrete had the highest
strength. The increase in 28 day concrete strength from the 7 day strength could be
attributed to the fact that strength development in concrete is a function of the cement
hydration process which is a slow. Thus as the hydration reaction proceeded with time,
concrete developed more strength. This can be clearly seen in the case of the control mix
and the 5%, 10% sawdust replacement mixes.

29
27
Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

25
23
21
19
17
15
13
11
9
7
5
0 5 10 25
% Sawdust Content

Figure 4.5: Variation of 28 day compressive strength with increase in sawdust content

However, the overall reduction in strength in all the concrete classes as the sawdust
content increased could be attributed to a number of reasons. One of this was the high
voids content in the concrete mixes resulting from the low workability as the content of
sawdust increased.
The low workability made it difficult to achieve proper compaction of the concrete
during molding. Secondly, sawdust is hygroscopic hence as it absorbed water it
experienced volumetric changes resulting in internal stresses within the concrete mix.
This could have resulted in poor bonding between the sawdust particles and the cement
paste. Nonetheless, the concrete mixes with 5% and 10% sawdust replacement of sand
exhibited 28 day strength in excess of 17N/mm2 which is the minimum strength required
for lightweight aggregate concrete

4.6.1.1 Strength Development

% Sawdust Content 7 day compressive 28 day compressive % Ratio of 7 day
strength strength strength to 28 day
strength
0 17.5 26.75 65.42%
5 17.75 23.5 75.53%
10 16.5 18.0 90.27%
25 12.0 10.5
Table 4.11: Strength Development in concrete

From figure 4.6, it can be seen that the trend of strength development was varied between
the different concrete classes. The control concrete had achieved 65.42% of its 28 day
compressive strength by the 7 th day of curing. The concrete mixes with 5% and 10%
sawdust content showed considerable early development of strength attaining 75.53%
and 90.27% respectively of their 28 day compressive strength. However, in the case of
the concrete with 25% replacement the 28day strength was less than the 7 day strength.
From this, it can be observed that the presence of sawdust in concrete affected the rate of
strength development.
Considering that concrete strength development is a function of hydration of the cement,
the sawdust must have been impeding this reaction. From chapter 2, the chemical
composition of sawdust was found to include organic components such as cellulose,
hemicellulose, lignin and small amounts of pectic substances.
When the sawdust absorbs water, these components decompose with time into the cement
hence hindering continuous hydration and consequently impeding strength development.
This is well exhibited in the sawdust concrete with a 25% partial replacement as the
sawdust amounts were considerable to effectively hinder cement hydration.

120

100
Strength ratio in %

80

60
7 day strength
28 day strength
40

20

0
0 5 10 25
% Sawdust Content

Figure 4.6: Variation in strength development

4.6.1.2 Density of Concrete

The figure 4.6 shows the variation of density of the concrete cubes after 28 days of
curing. The results showed that there was a decrease in concrete density with increase in
3
sawdust proportion with values ranging from 2320.4kg/m for the control to
3 3 3
2288.8kg/m , 2185.8kg/m 1965.2kg/m for 5%,10% and 25% respectively. This could
be attributed to the low density of sawdust compared to sand and the hygroscopic nature
3
of sawdust. However, all the densities exceeded the 1850kg/m which is the maximum
density required for lightweight aggregate concrete.
 2400

2300

2200
Dry Density (kg/m3)

2100

2000

1900

1800

1700
0 5 10 25
% Sawdust Content

Figure 4.7: Variation in cube densities with increase in sawdust content

4.6.2 Tensile Splitting Strength

% sawdust Cylinder Weight of Load Tensile Average tensile

2 2
content label cylinder applied Strength(N/mm ) strength(N/mm )
(Kg) (KN)
0 S0-5 13.4 175 2.48 2.46
S0-6 12.9 170 2.41
5 S5-5 13.0 170 2.41 2.41
S5-6 12.9 170 2.41
10 S10-5 12.4 150 2.12 2.26
S10-6 12.7 160 2.26
25 S25-5 12.5 130 1.84 1.91
S25-6 12.6 140 1.98
Table 4.12: 28 day Tensile Splitting strength
Split tensile strength T= 2P

πDL
Where:
P= Load applied until failure
D = Diameter of the cylinder
L= Height of the cylinder

2.5
Tensile Splitting Strength (N/mm2)

1.5

0.5

0
0 5 10 25
% Sawdust Content

Figure 4.8: Variation of tensile splitting strength with increase in sawdust content

The effect of sawdust on the tensile splitting strength is shown in figure 4.8.It can be seen
that at low sawdust ratios the tensile strength was relatively equal with values of
2.46N/mm2 and 2.41N/mm2 obtained for the control and 5% sawdust replacement
respectively. Beyond this, there was decrease in tensile strength as sawdust proportions
increased.
 2
At 10% sawdust replacement, strength of 2.26N/mm was obtained while at 25% sawdust
2
replacement this further reduced to 1.91N/mm .The reduction in tensile strength could be
attributed to poor bonding between the sawdust particles and the cement paste due to
moisture movement. It could have also resulted from high voids content resulting from
low workability as sawdust levels increased.
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
From the results of the various tests carried out, the following conclusions could be
drawn;
 Concrete becomes less workable as the proportion of sawdust increases at a
constant water to cement ratio. This could be attributed to the high water demand
resulting from the absorbent nature of sawdust.
 The compressive strength of sawdust concrete decreases with increase in amounts
of sawdust. This was clearly exhibited by the 28 day strength.10% partial
replacement of sand with sawdust provided suitable strength above the minimum
2
compressive strength for lightweight concrete which is 17N/mm .
 Compressive strength generally increases with curing period. However, for partial
replacement beyond 10% this was not the case.
 Sawdust concrete exhibits early development of strength compared to normal
concrete.
 The density of concrete decreases as the sawdust levels increased. However, the
3
density requirement of 1480-1840kg/m for lightweight concrete was not met.
 The tensile splitting strength of concrete decreases with increase in sawdust
amounts.
 Sawdust is a suitable material for use in concrete up to 10% partial replacement.
However since at this level of replacement, the concrete is still denser than
lightweight concrete, a number of modifications could be made to the sawdust so
as to be able to increase its proportion in concrete while maintaining compressive
2
strength above 17N/mm .
Pretreatment of sawdust would be necessary to improve its properties. This could be
carried out by first boiling the sawdust in water containing lime in order to extract
substances that were affecting the hydration of cement hence development in concrete
strength. Secondly, addition of water proofing substances to the sawdust would aid to
reduce moisture movement resulting from the high absorption property of sawdust.
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Properties, and Materials‖, the McGraw Hill Companies, Inc.
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Technology II‖
 Raheem A.A,B.S Olasunkanmi,C.S Foloruso (2012) ―Sawdust as Partial
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Technical College‖, Institute of Technology 2012
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Binder‖, Uganda Journal of Agricultural Sciences,12(1):38-44(2006)
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Material‖ Building and Environment 42:3399-3403(2007)
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British Standard Institution, London
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Institution, London.
 BS 1881: Part 103(1983), Methods for Determination of Compaction factor,
British Standard Institution, London.
 Robinson and Spamer,Guide for Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete,
American Concrete Institute, ACI 213R-87
 BS 1881 119 (1983), Method of Determination of Compressive Strength, British
Standard Institution, London.
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Standard Institution, London.
 BS 1881 114 (1983), Determination of density of Hardened Concrete, British
Standard Institution, London.