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ENGINEERING
(ME-1003)
PART-1
THERMAL ENGINEERING
BASIC CONCEPTS OF THERMODYNAMICS
Theoretical Questions
Theoretical Questions
Numerical Problems
27. 5 m3 of gas at 8 bars and 180°C is heated keeping the pressure same till the
volume, Calculate (a) heat added, (b) external work done, and (c) change in intern
28. Energy during the process. [Ans. 14 MJ, 4 MJ, 10M
29. A jet planes is flying at a speed of 650 kmlh at an altitude where the pressure is
0.5 and temperature - l2°C. Air passes through the diffuser of the jet plane and
leaves with velocity of 100mls. If the flow is isentropic, calculate the temperature
and pressure at out let of the diffuser. [Ans. - 0.748°C, 0.5796bill
30. A gas flows through a turbine. At entrance its pressure is 7 bars and specific
volumeO.m3/kg.At exit the corresponding values are 3.5 bars and 0.3 m3/kg.The
velocity at inlet and exit is 150 mls and 300 mls respectively. Between entrance
and exit the internal energy decreases by 80 kJlkg and 6 kJ/kg of heat is lost
through radiation. Calculate the work developed per kg of gas flowing through the
turbine. [Ans. 75.25 kJ/k1
31. Compressor requires 180 kJ/kg of work while the enthalpy of air increases by 73
kJIk as it passes through the compressor. The enthalpy of the circulating water
increases by 5kJ/kg of air. Calculate the heat transfer from the air to the
compressor.[Ans. 193 kJ/kg:
32. A gas turbine receives gases from the combustion chamber at 7 bar and 650°C,
with velocity of 90 mls. The gases leave the turbine at 1 bar with a velocity of 45
mA Calculate the work done if the expansion is isentropic. Assume g = 1.333 anI
Cp= 1.11 kJ/kg. [Ans. 397.45 kJ/kgJ
33. Duringasteadyflowprocess5000kg/hof fluid passes through an apparatus in which
the xit pipe is 2m below the level of the inlet connection. The pressure decreases
from 700to 140 kPa; velocity increases from 60 to 360 mls; internal energy
decreases by 50 kJIkg; and specific volume increases from 0.06 to 0.36
m3/kg.The heat radiated from the apparatus is 10 MJI h. Calculate the work
exchanged with the surroundings.[Ans. -32.475 kW]
34. A blower handles 1 kg/s of air at 20°C and consumes a power of 15 kW.The inlet
and outlet velocities of air are 100mIsand 150mIsrespectively.Find the exit air
temperature ,assuming adiabatic conditions. Take Cp=1.005 kJ/kg. for air; [Ans.
28.70°C]
35. A turbine operates under steady flow conditions, receiving steam at 1.2 MPa,
188°e, enthalpy 2785 kJlkg, 33.3 mIs and elevation 3 m. The steam leaves the
turbine at20 kPa, enthalpy 2512 kJ/kg, 100 mls and elevation zero meter. Heat is
lost to the surrounding the rate of 0.29 kJ/s. If thee rate of steam flow through the
turbine is 0.42 kg/s, find the power output of the turbine in kW. [Ans. 112.515
kW]
36. At the inlet of a nozzle, the enthalpy of the passing fluid is 3000 kI/kg and
velocity is60mls. At the discharge end, the enthalpy is 2762 kI/kg. The nozzle is
horizontal and the reis negligible heat loss from it. Find (a) velocity at exit, and
(b) mass flow rate if inlet area is 0.1 m2 and specific volume at inlet is 0.187
m3/kg.[Ans. 692.5 mis, 32.08 kg/s]
37. A turbo compressor delivers 2.33 m% at 0.276 MPa, 43°C which is heated at this
Pressure to 430°C and finally expanded in a turbine which delivers 1860 kW.
During expansion, there is a heat transfer of 0.09 MIls to the surroundings.
Calculate the turbine exhaust temperature assuming changes in kinetic and
potential energy to be negligible.[Ans. 156.33°C]
38. A reciprocating air compressor takes in 2 m3/ininat 0.11 MPa, 20°C which it
delivers at1.5MPa, 111°Cto an after cooler where the air is cooled at constant
pressure to 25°C.Thepower absorbed by the compressor is 4.15 kW.Calculate the
heat transfer in (a) the compressor, and (b) the cooler. [Ans. -0.1626 kJ/s, -3.768
kJ/s]
39. An adiabatic diffuser is employed to reduce the velocity of steam of air from 238
mls to50.4 mls. The inlet pressure is 1.02 bars and the outlet temperature is
394°C. Determine the final pressure and the required outlet area if the mass flow
rate is 6.83 kg/so[Ans. 1.1715 bar, 0.23 m2]
40. Steam enters a heat exchanger at 2951.4 kJ/kg enthalpy where it condenses on the
outside of heat-exchanger tubes. The condensed steam leaves the exchanger as a
saturated liquid with 823.84 kJ/kg enthalpy and at a flow rate of 455 kglh. The
steam is condensed bypassing cool water through the inside of the tubes. The
cooling water experiences a temperature rise of 7.24°C before leaving the heat
exchanger. What flow rate of cooling water is required in kglh ? [Ans. 31988
kglh]
41. A gas flows steadily through a rotary compressor. The gas enters the compressor
at a temperature at 16°C, a pressure 0('100 kPa, and an enthalpy of 391.2 kJ/kg.
The gas leaves the compressor at a temperature of 245°C, a pressure of 0.6 MPa,
and an enthalpy of 534.5 kJ/kg. There is no heat transfer to or from the gas as it
flows through the compressor. Evaluate (a) the external work done per unit mass
of gas assuming the gas velocities at entry and exit to be negligible, and (b) the
external work done per unit mass of gas when the gas velocity at entry is 80 mls
and that at exit-is 160 mls., [Ans. 143.3 kJ/kg, 152.9 kJ/kg]
42. The steam supply to an engine comprises two steams which mix' before entering
the engine. One stream is supplied at the rate of 0.01 kg/s within enthalpy of 2952
kJ/kg and velocity of 20 mls. The other stream is supplied at the rate of 0.1 kg/s
with an enthalpy of 2569 kJ/kg and a velocity of 120mls. At the exit from the
engine the fluid leaves as two streams, one of water at the rate of 0.001 kg/s with
an enthalpy of 420 kJI kg and the other of steam; the fluid velocities at the exit are
negligible. The engine develops shaft power of 25 kW.The heat transfer is
negligible. Evaluate the enthalpy of the seconde"it stream. [Ans. 2401 kJ/kg]
APPLICATION OF FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Theoretical Questions
45. Determine an expansion for the heat transfer in a closed system isochoric process.
46. Explain the concept of a closed isobaric process and determine an expansion for
its heat Transfer.
47. Determine an expansion for the work done in a closed isothermal process.
48. What is an isentropic process? Determine an expansion for the work done in a
non-flow
49. Isentropic process.
50. Determine an expansion for the heat transfer and work done in a non-flow
Polytrophic
51. Process. I
52. What is a free expansion process? What are its characteristics?
53. What is a throttling process? State its characteristics?
54. What is a steady
55. Flow process? Determine the work done in such an isochoric process.
56. Determine an expansion for the work done in a steady flow adiabatic process.
57. Compare the work done in a non-flow and flow type polytrophic process.
Numerical Problems
45. 01 kg of air at 3.5 bar and occupying 0.35 m3 is heated at constant volume until
its Temperature has rises to 316°C. Find (a) heat added, and (b) gain in internal
energy per kg of air. Take Cv =0.718 kJ/kg. K. [Ans. 116.44kJ/kg, 116.44 kJ/kg ]
46. 1kg of air having an initial volume of 0.3 m3 is heated at constant pressure of 3.2
bar until the volume is doubled. Find (a) heat added, and (b) work done. Take Cp
=1.005kJ/kg.K, Cv =0.718 kJ/kg.K. [Ans. 336.17 kJ, 96 kJ] 3.3 5 m3of gas at 8
bar and 180°C is heated keeping the pressure same throughout till the volume is
doubled. Find the heat added, external work done and the change in internal
energy during the process. Take Cp=1.005 kJ/kg. K, CV= 0.718kJlkg. K.[Ans.
14006.97 kJ, 4000kJ, 10008.06 kJ]
47 Calculate the difference in non-flow workup and flow work -f v.dp, if lkg of air
having specific volume of 0.4 m3 at 1.35 bar is compressed to a pressure of 10 bar
according to the law pV 1.3= C. [Ans. 31.7 kJ]
48 gas undergoes the following reversible non-flow processes during its initial
pressureof15bar and volume 1 m3/kg to final pressure of 6 bar and volume 2
m3/kg.
(a) Constant volume followed by constant pressure.
(b) Constant pressure followed by constant volume.
(c) Polytrophic process, pV1.3= c.
Calculate the work done by the gas during each process.
47. [Ans. 600 kJ/kg, .1500 kJ/kg, 1000 kJ/kg]
(a) A certain gas occupies 0.1 m3 at 1bar pressure. It is compressed
adiabatically to a pressure of 7bar.Find the new volume, and change in
internal energy. The density of gas at O°Cand I bar is 1.5 kglm3. Take
Cv= 0.728 kJ/kg. K. [Ans. 0.0249 m3, 18.847 kJ]3.7 3kg of oxygen
undergoes anon-flow process during which its pressure remains constant
at 7 bar from an initial volume of 1200 liters to a state where the
temperature is 520 K.Find (a) changes in internal energy, (b) change in
enthalpy, (c) heat transferred, and (d)work done. For oxygen, Cv =0.661
kJlkg. K, Cp =0.921 kJ/kg. K.[Ans. -1104.38 kJ, 1538.78 kJ, - 1538.78 kJ,
- 434.4 kJ]
(b) A constant volume chamber of 0.3 m3 capacity contains 2 kg of a gas at
5°C. Heat is transferred to the gas until the temperature is 100°C. Find the
work done, heat transfered, and the change in internal energy, enthalpy
and the entropy. Take Cp=1.968kJ/kg.K and1.507 kJ/kg.K [Ans. 0, 286.33
kJ, 286.33 kJ, 373.92 kJ, 0.886 kJlK]Cv=60°C to 0.4 MPa,
48. 0.5kg of air is compressed reversibly and adiabatically from 80 kPa,
49. And is then expanded at constant pressure to the original volume. Calculate the
heat R = 0.287 kJ/kg. K, Cp= 1.005 kJItransfer and work transfer for the whole
path. Take kg. K and CV = 0.718 kJ/kg. K. [Ans. 571.64 kJ, 93.5 kJ]
Theoretical Questions
Numerical Problems
STRENGTH OF MATERIAL
SIMPLE STRESS AND STRAIN
Theoretical Questions
1 Define stress and strain. Write down the S.I. and M.K.S. units
of stress and strain.
2. Explain clearly the different types of stresses and strains.
3. Define the terms: Elasticity, elasticlimit, Young'smodulusand
Modulus of rigidity.
4. State Hooke's law.
5. Three sections of a bar are having different lengths and different
Diameters. The bar is subjected to an axial load p. Determine the total change
in length of the bar. Take Young's'modul of different sections same.
6. Distinguish between the following, giving due explanation:
(1) Stress and strain,
(2) Force and stress, and
(3) Tensile stress and compressive stress.
7. Prove that the total extension of a uniformly tapering rod of
Diameters D1 and D2, whenthe rod issubjectedto an axial load P is given by
4PL
dL
. Ceded
Where L=Total length of the rod
8. Define a composite bar. How will you find the stresses and load
Carried by each member of a composite bar?
9, Define modular ratio, thermal stresses, thermal strains and
Poisson’s ratio.
10. A rod whose ends are fixed to rigid supports, is heated so that
Rise in temperature is rc. Prove that the thermal strain and stresses
Setup in the rod are given by,
Thermal strain=a. T and
Thermal stress=a.T.E.
Where a=Co-efficient of linear expansion.
11. What is the procedure of finding thermal stresses in a composite?
Bar?
12 what do you mean by 'a bar of uniform strength’?
13 Find an expression for the total elongation of a bar due to its
Own weight, when the bar is fixed at its upper end and hanging freely at
the lower end.
14 Find an expression for the total elongation of a uniformly
Tapering rectangular bar when it is subjected to an axial load P.
Numerical Problems
1. A rod 200 cm long and of diameter 3.0 cm is subjected to an axial pull of 30 kN.If
the Young’s modulus of the material of the rod is2 N/mm, determine: (i) stress,
(2) strain and (3) the elongation of the rod. [Ans. (i) 42.44 N/mm2 (2) 0.000212
(3) 0.0424 cm]
2. Find the Young’s modulus of a rod of diameter 30mm and of
Length 300mm which is subjected to a tensile loadof60kNandthe extension
of the rod is equal to 0.4 mm. [Ans. 63.6 GN/m2]
3. The safe stress, for a hollow steel column which carries an axial
load of 2.2x103 kN is 120MN/m2.If the external diameter of the column
is 25 cm, determine the internal diameter. [Ans. 19.79 cm]
4. An axial pull of 40000N is acting on a bar consisting of three
Sections of length 30 cm, 25 cm, and 20 cm and of diameters 2 cm, 4 cm
and 5 cm respectively. If the Young's modulus=2xtOSN/mm2, determine.
l) Stress in each section and (u) total extension of the bar.
[Ans. (i) 127.32, 31.8, 20.37N/mm2, (ii) 0.025 elf
5. The ultimate stress for a hollow steel column which carries an
Axial load of 2 MN is 500N/mm2.If the external diameter of the column is
250mm, determine the internal diameter. Take the factor of safety as 4.0.
[Ans. -205.25 mm]
Theoretical Questions
Numerical Problems
Theoretical Questions
33. Define the terms: bending stress in a beam. neutral axis and
section modulus.
34. What do you mean by 'simple bending' or 'pure bending’?
35. What are the assumptions made in the theory of simple bending?
36. Derive an expression for bending stress at a layer in a beam.
37. What do you understand by neutral axis and ", moment of
Resistance?
38. Prove the relation,
M=L=~
I y R'
l=M.O.I.
where M=Bending moment,
y=Distance from N.A.
f=Bending stress,
R=Radius of curvature.
E=Young's modulus, and
(Bangalore University, Jan. 1990)
39. What do you mean by section modulus? Find an expression
for section modulus for a rectangular, circular and hollow circular sections.
40. How would you find the bending stress in unsymmetrical
section?
41. What is the meaning of 'Strength of a section’?
42. Define and explain the terms: modular ratio, fletched beams
and equivalent section.
43. What is the procedure of finding bending stresses in case of
fletched beams when it is of (i) a symmetrical section and (ii) an
unsymmetrical section?
44. Explain the terms: Neutral axis, section modulus, and moment
of resistance. (Bangalore University, July 1988)
45. Show that for a beam subjected to pure bending, neutral axis
coincides with the centroid of the cross-section.
(Bangalore University, March 1989)
46. Prove that the bending stress in any fiber is proportional to the distance
of that fiber from neutrally in beam. (BhavnagarUniversity, 1992)
Numerical Problems
TORSION
Theoretical Questions
55. Define the terms: Torsion, torsion rigidity and polar moment
of inertia.
56. Derive an expression for the shear stress produced in a circular
shaft which is subject to torsion. What are the assumptions made in the
derivation?
57. Prove that the torque transmitted by a solid shaft when
Subjected to torsion is given by
T=!! J, D3
16
where D=Dia. of solid shaft and
/. =Max. Shear stress.
58. When a circular shaft is subjected to torsion show that the shear
Stress varies linearly from the axis to the surface. (AMIE Winter, 1982)
S. Derive the relation for a circular shaft when subjected to torsion
as given below
!..=h.=C9
JRL
where T=Torque transmitted,
J=Polar moment of inertia,
/.= Max. Shear stress,
R=Radius of the shaft,
C= Modulus rigidity,
()=Angle of twist, and
L= I, length of the shaft.
59. Find an expression for the torque transmitted by a hollow
Circular shaft of external diameter=Do and internal diameter=Dj.
60. Define the term 'Polar modulus'. Find the expressions for polar
Modulus for a solid shaft and for a hollow shaft
61. What do you mean by 'strength of a shaft' 1
62. Define torsional rigidity of a shaft. Prove that the torsional
rigidity is the torque required to produce a twist of one radian in a unit
length of the shaft.
63. Prove that the strain energy stored in a body due to shear stress
is given by,
2
U=.!Lxv
2C
where q=Shear stress,
C= Modulus of rigidity, and
V=Volume of the body.
64. Find an expression for strain energy stored in a body which due
to torsion or
Prove that the strain energy stored in a body due to torsion is given
By,
2
U=.Lxv
. 4C
where q=Shear stress on the surface of the shaft,
C=Modulus of rigidity, and
V=Volume of the body.
65. A hollow shaft of external diameter D and internal diameter d
is subjected to torsion, prove that the strain energy stored is given by,
2
U=~ (D2+cf) xV
4CD
where V=Volume of the hollow shaft and
q=Shear stress on the surface of the shaft.
66. What is a spring? Name the two important types of spring.
Numerical Problems
71. Find the maximum shear stress induced in a solid circular shaft
Of diameter 20 cm when the shaft transmit 187.5kWat 200r.p.m.
[Ans. 5.7 N/mm2]
72. A solid circular shaft is to transmit 375kWat 150r.p.m.
(I) find the diameter of the shaft if the shear stress is not to exceed 65
N
.