REGIONAL INTEGRATION PROCESSES

CULTURE AND REGIONAL ECONOMY OF ASIA

AUTOR: Ignacio Mendivelso Bernal / Translation and update: Johana Paola Hoyos
Jiménez
 INDEX

1. REGIONAL INTEGRATION PROCESSES

2. BUSINESS CULTURE
3. COLOMBIA AND ITS NEGOTIATIONS WITH SOUTH KOREA AND JAPAN

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 THEMATIC DEVELOPMENT

1. REGIONAL INTEGRATION PROCESSES

Contextualization

The process of integration in the Asia-Pacific region starts and develops as a result of active interaction
between business forces in the area, flexibly coordinated and culturally linked with the respective
government agencies and academic institutions.

In the Asia-Pacific region has become possible cooperation between economies with different levels of
development and different forms of economic organization. The integration strategy, which was initially
supported on local defensive needs. Over time distension of the political climate in the world allowed to
broaden the base of countries gradually began to incorporate intra-regionally enabling further
institutionalization.

In recent years, regional integration has been strengthened as part of the defensive responses to the
international financial crisis. In the Asia Pacific region has remained the progress of projects of trade and
financial integration ranging from currency trading mechanisms, information systems and monitoring of
economic policies to economic and academic debates on deeper integration in monetary unions

Agreements and proposals of integration between Asia Pacific countries have significantly expressed a
dynamic that combines new ideas and political will, together with differences over regional leadership
and maintaining alliances in military and security issues.

The characteristics of the crisis at the end of the last decade, related to financial aspects arising from US
banks, have positioned as a crisis of great significance, as it has become a pivot point for the
international economy, the traditional economic thinking, and acceptance of new positions that had
been rejected for many years. After the crisis has been recommended government intervention in the
economy, managing a deficit fiscal spending, regulation of banking, making private assets through state
rescue programs and a new more equitable representation of different countries in international
financial institutions, particularly the IMF.

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CULTURA Y ECONOMÍA REGIONAL EN ASIA 3
 ASEAN / ASEAN +3 / ASEAN + 6

The history of international relations in Asia after World War II has some experiences of organizations
and / or groups formed countries around the interests of the former colonial powers. As were the CENTO
(Central Treaty Organization), SEATO (South East Asia Treaty), ANZUS (Australia, New Zeland & US) and
others, all formed during the war and independence struggle in Asia and the Cold war.

The purpose of these organizations was to prevent the disintegration of the British colonial empire. Its
aggressive and supporting policy to some anti-democratic regimes in the region predetermine its failure
and the consequent end of these political-military groupings.

After achieving independence, Asian countries sought cooperation formulas that would allow them an
economic takeoff. The Bandung Conference in 1955 and the First Conference of Non-Aligned Countries
held in Belgrade in 1961, demonstrated the interest of the countries of the Third World, including Asians,
to assert their rights and unify efforts in the defense of their national interests.

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, was created in 1967 by the Bangkok Declaration and was
initially composed of: Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Singapore and Indonesia; during the war of
Vietnam. Theoretically, this organization was open to other countries in the region, but none of them
teamed up until Brunei joined after gaining independence in 1984, later Vietnam (1995), Laos, Myanmar
(former Burma) (1997) and Cambodia (1999 ).

Figure 1. ASEAN
Source: potowizard (s.f)

Since the beginning even if the priority was to promote the economic development of the region, the
organization maintained during ten years an eminently political character. It facilitated the
rapprochement between Malaysia and Indonesia, it urged the alliance between Thailand (which had
supported the United States during the Vietnam War) and the other non-communist countries, and

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 provided a framework for negotiations to solve the problem posed by the territorial claims of the
Philippines over Sabah and Sarawak. Generally, it contributed to the political stabilization of the region
precisely at the time, immediately after the Vietnam War, when the political context was in the process
of undergoing profound changes.

Another aspect of ASEAN, at the time of its creation was the need to find unifying elements against the
danger of the spread of communism in the region, by then displayed as a common enemy. Defensive
political affinities of member countries began generating areas of engagement within their social and
economic differences. At that stage, it puts special emphasis on the task of finding mechanisms for the
peaceful solution to the disputes.

Figure 2. ASEAN flowers

Source: Wacharaphong Sakoolwongveroj (s.f)

The constituent bodies of ASEAN are a general secretary, a standing committee, and a group of
specialized committees and the annual meeting of foreign ministers. Over the years, ASEAN has
progressively entered into several formal and legally-binding instruments, such as the 1976 Treaty of
Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia and the 1995 Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-
Free Zone. The association began to intensify efforts to accelerate economic growth, social progress and

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CULTURA Y ECONOMÍA REGIONAL EN ASIA 5
 cultural development of its members. To achieve this goal they focused on activation cooperation and
mutual assistance in the areas defined above, which was completed in less time than planned and
successfully. In 1992 after the Singapore conference the creation of a regional free trade area (AFTA),
which come into effect in 2008. A level of goods traded within ASEAN was looking for reducing tariffs, if
at least 40% of its components were local. It was signed by Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,
Singapore and Thailand and entered into force in 2002.

At the beginning of this century the ASEAN vision was established to 2020, in which three pillars were
defined

 Security community, the importance of security issues and peaceful coexistence in a

region that has been the subject of some internal conflicts.
 economic community, which proposes that integration, as an economic bloc, that allow
the free exchange of goods and services, freedom of investment and exchange of capital,
equitable economic development, poverty reduction and socioeconomic disparity.
 Socio-Cultural Community, which seeks a common regional identity based on improving
the quality of life of marginalized groups and the rural population, an active participation
of certain sectors of society such as women, youth and local communities.

ASEAN + 3

The financial crisis in 1997, stimulated the search for new mechanisms of consultation that will boost
economic and political relations in the countries of the region. In this context took place the creation of
the ASEAN + 3, comprising the 10 ASEAN countries plus China, South Korea and Japan, seeking thus
constitute a regional platform for dialogue, consultation, exchange and cooperation among nations
Northwest and Southeast Asia.

ASEAN + 3 was institutionalized in 1999 when the leaders issued a joint statement on cooperation in East
Asia. Policy on security cooperation has progressed and there is a common purpose to cope the threat
posed by terrorism and other transnational crimes.

Moreover, this mechanism has become an instrument to promote trade, investment, transfer of
technology and knowledge, as well as a way for the joint discussion on regional and global issues. It is
projected, the transition to create a free trade area in East Asia

ASEAN +6

This agreement has its origins on trade association agreements that since 1992, ASEAN began
establishing with India. The term additionally includes Australia and New Zealand, which, together with
China, Japan and South Korea make up the group of 6. The most important issues on which they work
are political economic cooperation and security, and cooperation development.

In recent years, cooperation issues have been gaining a lot of strength with the establishment of working
groups and meetings about science, technology, transportation, infrastructure, and small and medium

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 enterprises. Since the beginning of dialogue ASEAN + 6, cooperation activities have grown and there is a
positive balance on project formulation, coordination and implementation. Currently, there is
considerable increase in trade between these countries and a strong interest in forging closer
cooperation to combat international terrorism.

APEC - PECC – PBEC

APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) was an initiative of Australia and Japan, launched in 1989, Ten
months later, Asia-Pacific economies met in Canberra, Australia to establish APEC. The founding
members were: Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand,
the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and the United States. This mechanism was designed to promote
economic growth and welfare from trade liberalization and investment in the Asia Pacific region. It
operates based on non-binding commitments; all decisions are made by consensus and commitments
are undertaken voluntarily.

Figure 3. APEC
Source: Evgeny Gromov (s.f)

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 Currently it has 21 member-economies: Currently has 21 economies-members: Australia, Brunei
Darussalam, Canada, Chile, China, Korea, USA, Philippines, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia,
Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Russia, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam.
Participate as observers: Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN); Council Pacific Economic
Cooperation (PECC); and Pacific Islands Forum (PIF).

Participate as observers: Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN); Council Pacific Economic
Cooperation (PECC) and Pacific Islands Forum (PIF).

PECC (Pacific Economic Cooperation)

created in 1980; It is a network that includes representatives from academia, business and government,
organized national committees. Colombia is a full member since 1994 and is COLPECC committee. Are
part of PECC : Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Ecuador, Hong Kong,
Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Mongolia, New Zealand, Peru, the Philippines, Singapore;
South Pacific Forum, Taiwan, Thailand, United States and Vietnam. In addition, two institutional
members, The Pacific Trade and Development (PAFTAD) and Pacific Basin Economic Council (PBEC).

It aims to promote economic cooperation in the Pacific basin; it formulates business policies, coordinates
work programs on trade and investment and identifies business opportunities. Its work is reflected in
recommendations mainly for APEC, participating as an observer. It has a Standing Committee composed
by 25 member committees and two institutional members.

PBEC

Pacific Basin Economic Council is a cooperation agency of the business sector created in 1967 that seeks
to promote free trade and investment through the Pacific basin.

Colombia is part of this organization since 1994. It consists of Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada,
Chile, China, Colombia, Ecuador, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Cora south, Malaysia, Mexico, New
Zealand, Peru, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Chinese Taipei, Thailand and U.S.

its main purposes are: to promote the exchange of ideas, where the private sector and government can
promote significant growth and prosperity of the Asia Pacific region. It is considered independent,
apolitical and promoter of business conglomerate time. PECC aims to be a catalyst in promoting regional
economic integration and growth.

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 2. BUSINESS CULTURE

Why is it so important?

Cultural diversity experienced by the planet is extremely extensive and varies from every continent,
country and even about geographical areas within the same territory. The cultural factor affects in a
transcendental way of understanding between individuals, communication, the way of thinking, values,
behavior, interpretation of gestures, attitudes, actions and the different meanings that such actions
mean. The negotiations, decision-making and management for conflict resolution are factors that occur
in all cultures without distinction. However, because the culture directly affects how negotiators make
agreements, resolve conflicts and make decisions this factor plays a key role in international
negotiations.

For being successful in international negotiations, it is necessary to have a clear understanding of the
different elements that constitute culture in different countries, since this knowledge allow learning to
adapt to different cultures, thus avoiding making decisions based on misconceptions. The main cause of
these misconceptions is called ethnocentrism, which is defined as the belief of people who perceive that
their way of doing things is the best. For this reason it is essential to know the business culture in each
country if the aim to develop is to constitute commercial, social, political and cultural relations.

East Asia is one of the main sources of economic growth at the global level, where many foreign
companies are developing commercial or productive implementation strategies. It is therefore essential
to identify business concepts, differences in development, per capita income, customs, etiquette, culture
and legislation in the most important countries in Southeast Asia.

Distinctive features

Japan

Japan maintained high growth rates since the fifties until the outbreak of the financial bubble, which
have made the country a leader in the world economy on the basis of a peculiar economic system based
on the existence of large industrial groups, which the lifetime job and salary premium placed according
to age. Large corporations in sectors such as automotive or electronics experienced a spectacular
development, combining high productivity with expansion strategies that managed to fill international
markets for their products.

Negotiations with Japanese can be very frustrating due mainly to the Japanese idiosyncrasy to not
handle concrete terms, but on the contrary, keep the discussions in vague terms especially at the stage
of familiarization and confidence building, where it is more important to know the counterpart than
discuss business conditions. Moreover, depending on the system and decision-making by consensus is
extremely popular in Japanese companies; it is very difficult to reach final conclusions as a result of the
discussions held regarding negotiation.

These negotiations are not considered working sessions they are simply formalities where the parties
present positions and additional information is obtained from the counterparty. The real negotiation is

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CULTURA Y ECONOMÍA REGIONAL EN ASIA 9
 done internally when possible and desired establishing concessions, until consensus; this seems to be
very complicated, however it has the advantage of ensuring that once a decision has been taken, the rest
of the process to implement the agreement will be extremely fast. The business success of Japanese is
based on the ability to create and maintain good personal relations. Conflicts are avoided during a formal
meeting since Japanese are not interested in confrontation and by all means avoid unpleasant situations.

No matter how big and powerful the selling company is, their attitude towards customers will always
give them the best service and satisfy even the minor details in their information requirements. This is an
important reason that explains why the Japanese customer is particularly demanding with foreign
suppliers on specifications and information on the product, the manufacturing process and conditions of
the same transaction, requirements that for foreigners seem often exaggerated and unnecessary.

South Korea

South Korea has been one of the countries with greater economic dynamism in recent decades, led by
large chaebols. These corporations, among which are Hyundai, Samsung, Daewoo and Goldstar (LG)
were the main architects of Korean economic development from the sixties. After the crisis South Korea
had a major system reforms, aimed at facilitating foreign investment in the country, improving the work
system and limiting state intervention in the economy.

The negotiations with the Koreans are supported by knowing their values, habits and common gestures,
to avoid mistakes or have any surprises. Trust is the basic pillar that govern any business relationship in
this country; the society has a strong collective character and gives it more importance than the
individual. The search for common ground, concerns or even hobbies to share is the first step that must
be met in building a relationship between a Korean and Western. Also, South Korean analyze its
counterpart with greater rigor, image, composure, personal life and a solid professional consistency are
factors to consider that, if they are not manifest successfully, hardly help to win personal confidence
and therefore achieving business.

The decision-making process in Korea will follow a formal procedure that will require approval by a
senior. Punctuality, Arrive time is a sign of respect. However, senior Korean businessmen will arrive a few
minutes late for a meeting, this reflects his busy schedule and the pressure they are subjected therefore
should not take wrong. For the first contact, you have to make an appointment, usually a few weeks in
advance.

The most appropriate time to establish a business meeting is usually from 10am to 12pm, or between
14h and 16h. It is recommended to send all proposals, company catalogs and other marketing materials
in both English and Korean. When it comes to a first meeting with Korean colleagues, always wait to
introduce, as Koreans generally prefer to be introduced by third parties. Today, it is quite common for
Koreans greet their foreign colleagues with a handshake

Hong Kong

Observe and respect the hierarchy: always give a positive response ("Yes, I'll try") to a senior person.
Otherwise, it would be a sign of disrespect that could alter the hierarchical balance.

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 In Hong Kong, time is money. Punctuality is seen as a prerequisite for business. Avoid scheduling
meetings during the Chinese New Year, because most business centers closed a week at this time. If you
sign a contract, the date to sign can be determined by an astrologer or a Feng Shui expert.

First contact; once it has begun to do business with Hong Kong, it is important to develop relationships.
The best contacts in Hong Kong are achieved through a mutual friend. If the third partner is close to both
sides, will help to give foundation to the relationship. It is necessary to set the meetings in advance, and
must be agreed between 1 and 2 months before you travel to Hong Kong.

Be honest and respectful when you meet an entrepreneur. The fact of shaking hands, imported custom
of the West, is successful with honesty. You can combine this with a slight nod.

People of Honk Kong, more than Chinese people, maintain a distance between their private life and their
professional life. It can take years without knowing if the colleague sitting beside in the office is married
or have children.

It is recommended as gifts pens or paperweight with your company logo. To choose a gift, it is advisable
to give it to the person who heads the group at dinner or at the end of a meeting. The gifts given to
members of a group must all be more less the same value, or gift given to the director must have a
higher value. Give gifts with both hands like a business card. Do not be surprised if the gift is not directly
accepted.

Before a meeting, you need to provide the Hong Kong partners a list of your team members and
partners, ordered by seniority or importance. Hong Kong people deducte the importance or seriousness
of an economic delegation according to the rank of its members. The success of a meeting also depends
on the age of the personnel. A young manager is likely to be taken less seriously. Moreover, if a Hong
Kong company sent a person of lower rank, this will show that are less interested in your proposal.

The negotiations will be slowly; avoid losing your temper or may be wrong and damaging your
relationships.

They have a long-term vision of relations. They communicate directly, but also use non-verbal
communication. They observe gestures, facial expressions and silences, which are a form of
communication in Asian culture. They also takes into account the position. Therefore, it is advisable to
pose feet firmly on the ground and put your hands on the table.

Dress classical or conventional manner: men suit and tie, and in the case of women skirt and blouse,
dresses or suits. Sober colors are the most common. Using a good quality case is seen as elegant and
prestigious for both genders.

A handshake is followed by an exchange of business cards, preferably with text in English and Chinese
characters. Worth searching for a knowledgeable person to choose the characters, because some
ideograms have a more favorable connotation than other does. Give and receive cards with both hands,
holding each corner of the card with your thumb and forefinger. Take the time to examine the card you
received. Show respect for the message card also shows respect for the person it represents.

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CULTURA Y ECONOMÍA REGIONAL EN ASIA 11
 Singapore

Business talks in general are made more direct and formal way than in most Western countries. There
are strict rules of protocol. The group (company or department) is perceived as more important than the
individual element. Being presented by a third party allows the first contact much easier. This allows
direct access and greater credibility.

Younger people or those working in multinational companies may have adopted the Western custom of
giving it out to everyone, but it is not the case for older Singaporeans or more reserved. When
introduced to someone of the opposite sex, shake your head and smile is generally sufficient.

The greeting must respect a strict protocol generally based on both ethnicity and age of the person.
Doing business in Singapore involves the fact build relationships. Singaporeans generally prefer to deal
with people they know and trust. Business relationships are especially personal relationships.

Business cards are exchanged after the initial presentations, using both hands. It is a good idea to
translate into Mandarin the card by one side. Treated with respect business cards. This indicates how will
be the relationship.

Taiwan

For the first contact, punctuality is essential. It is easy to set appointments at every organizational level.
Telephone and mail contact is the most convenient in this regard. To greet you should shake hands.
Personal relationships or "Guanshi" are key to doing business in Taiwan. A Taiwanese like to do business
with people they know, honest and reliable. Upon receiving guests, they like to receive specialties from
the guest country. This will not be seen as a bribe and they can be shared during the meeting.

Some small talk is expected, to help better know each other on a professional and personal level. Expect
prices to always be negotiated. An abrupt refusal to improve prices or add some incentives may be seen
by the Taiwanese party as a loss of face, so it is recommended to include some adjustment margin in
your original quotation. However business discussions can be both frank and reasonable.
(Santandertrade, 2016)

People are expected to exchange name cards the first time they meet. It would definitely help to have
name cards written in both traditional Chinese and English.

Indonesia

Patience and self-control are desirable, as showing irritation is poorly thought of. Looking for a
consensus is omnipresent, as Indonesians tend to dislike unequal relations or confrontation. You must
make sure you have been understood correctly, as people often say 'yes' out of politeness.

Indonesians (Muslims) greet each other by bowing and putting their hand on their heart, or bow with
their hands together. When shaking hands, use your right hand.

Oral agreement is very important. Sometimes it is more important than a written contract but in any
case, taking into account the problems of the Indonesian legal system a written legal document is highly
advised.

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 In local culture, physical contact is avoided. Hand shakes are usual (but not too firm!)

It is not common practice to exchange gifts.

Malaysia

The principles appreciated in business are: having a sense of consensus, courtesy, friendly relations,
mutual trust and respect for codes.

Shake hands politely

Whatever the ethnic origin of your Malaysian contact, you must pay particular attention to titles (Dr.,
Prof., etc.), especially if the person has a prestigious local title such as Datuk, Tan Sri or Tun.

Personal relations take up a large part of business in Malaysia. Therefore it is important to develop them,
often over a meal.

Malaysians appreciate gifts but they are not necessary for a first meeting. The choice of gift depends on
the ethnic group and the religion of your contact: no alcohol or pigskin items for a Muslim.

You must know how to be patient. Malaysians need to feel reassured when they buy and therefore you
must persevere in your approach strategy and return to the attack several times to prepare a deal. You
can discuss prices from the beginning and negotiation is very important. This implies being flexible about
the price and avoiding adopting too rigid an attitude. It is advisable to impose the sales price on the final
consumer, which allows you to avoid an "over margin" for the importer and to optimize sales volumes

Reasonable, restrained dress is recommended. If you are not wearing a jacket, you should wear a long-
sleeved shirt.

Visiting or business cards are essential and must be written in English. When your contact is Chinese, it is
polite to hold out your card and take his one with both hands.

3. COLOMBIA AND ITS NEGOTIATIONS WITH SOUTH KOREA AND JAPAN

Characteristics and purposes

The trade agreement with South Korea, which is currently subscribed due to an effort that the country
has to achieve preferential access to different markets for Colombian products and services, and the goal
of having trade ties with Asian countries and attract productive investment.

In this sense, the diversification of destinations for the export supply is sought. This would become the
first FTA with an Asian country, which project would seek negotiations with other countries on the
continent. It would achieve better access for industry inputs and raw materials from a supplier of world-
class, development of production and promotion of partnerships conditions in Colombia, strengthening
links cooperation for technology and knowledge transfer.

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 Meanwhile, the trade agreement with Japan, which is currently under negotiation, whose fundamental
purpose is to achieve preferential to one of the most important economies worldwide access. This
country has one of the largest foreign direct investment to the rest of the world; their investments are
mainly focused on sectors of auto parts, industrial machinery and equipment, automotive assembly and
chemicals.

In recent years, various Japanese companies have begun operations in Colombia, excelling in sectors
such as automotive production, assembly, technology, financial services and marketing.

Japan is the fourth largest importer in the world, its main supplier is China, followed by the United States
and Australia. The main products imported by Japan are classified into the following categories: mineral
fuels, mineral oils, distillation products, machinery and electrical equipment. In Latin America's main
partners are Brazil, Chile and Mexico. In the case of Colombian exports to that market, supply is classified
as fresh flowers, coffee derivatives, artificial flowers, various chemical products and clothing industries.

Exemplification of the theme

Whereas there are cultural differences in the way the three main ethnic groups perceive gifts, you must
take into account. Gifts to someone of Chinese ethnic community: a gift can be rejected three times
before being accepted. This shows that the gift recipient is not greedy. The gifts will not be opened when
received. Gift someone Malaysian ethnic community: Never give alcohol products. Gifts to someone
from the Indian community: If you give flowers, avoid giving away frangipani flowers (frangipani),
because they are used for funeral wreaths. .

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 GLOSSARY

TERM DEFINITION

(10) Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz

CENTRAL ASIA
Republic, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan

People’s Republic of China; Hong Kong, China; Japan; Republic of

EAST ASIA (6)
Korea; Mongolia; Taipei,China

INTERREGIONAL refers to interactions between and among regions;

refers to interactions between and among subregions or subgroups of

INTERSUBREGIONAL:
countries within a region

denotes any of the five global grouping of countries (Africa, Asia and
REGION:
Pacific,
Europe, North America, and South America);

denotes any subgrouping of countries within a region; within these

SUBREGION: countries, this may include specific provinces or regions, but exclude
others.

SOUTH ASIA (6) Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Sri Lanka

Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People’s Democratic

SOUTHEAST ASIA (10) Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Viet
Nam

Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Republic of the Marshall Islands, Federated

PACIFIC (14) States of Micronesia, Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa,
Solomon Islands, TimorLeste, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu

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CULTURA Y ECONOMÍA REGIONAL EN ASIA 15
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Massonz, J. (2008). Finanzas para profesionales de marketing y ventas. Barcelona:

Deusto.
 Santandertrade. (2016, October 17). Santandertrade. Retrieved from Taiwan:
https://en.portal.santandertrade.com/establish-overseas/taiwan/business-practices
List of figures
 Evgeny Gromov (s.f) Cooperación Económica de Asia y el Pacífico miembros de banderas
en los engranajes. Representación 3D [Foto de archivo] Recuperado de
http://es.123rf.com/search.php?word=Asia-Pacific+&imgtype=0&t_word=asia-
pacific&t_lang=es&oriSearch=Thailand+flag&srch_lang=es&sti=ntwsytmtrydobbpsda|&
mediapopup=59887895
 potowizard (s.f) Comunidad Económica de la ASEAN, AEC [Vectores] Recuperado
dehttp://es.123rf.com/search.php?word=ASEAN&srch_lang=es&imgtype=&Submit=+&t
_word=&t_lang=es&orderby=0&sti=lfffove6c93fdihcs6|&mediapopup=18133771
 rawpixel (s.f) Cultura Etnia Diversidad Nación Concepto [Foto de archivo] Recuperado de
http://es.123rf.com/search.php?word=asian+business+culture&imgtype=0&t_word=asi
an+business+culture&t_lang=es&oriSearch=business+culture&srch_lang=es&sti=m5mt9
35wu0706bgm1e|&mediapopup=42776794
 Wacharaphong Sakoolwongveroj (s.f) La Asociación de Naciones del Sudeste Asiático es
una organización política y económica de los diez países situados en el sudeste asiático
[Foto de archivo] Recuperado de
http://es.123rf.com/search.php?word=ASEAN&srch_lang=es&imgtype=&Submit=+&t_w
ord=&t_lang=es&orderby=0&sti=lfffove6c93fdihcs6|&mediapopup=18413511
Complementary sources
 ASEAN http://asean.org/
 APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation http://www.apec.org/
 PAFTAD The Pacific Trade and Development http://paftad.org/
 PBEC Pacific Basin Economic Council http://www.pbec.org/

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