1.

CONDITIONS OF LOAD
1.1 PV Value
PV value is an important parameter to decide suitable bush. Amount of friction thermal energy
“Q” which occurs on unit area during unit time can be calculated from loss of energy, pressure and
velocity by using below equation ;

Q = μ * P * V /J

 P: Bearing pressure N/mm2 ( Kgf/mm2)

 V: Speed m/s (m/min)
 μ: Coefficient of friction
 J: Quantity of heat in friction by unit movement (≒427kgf-m/kcal)

Here, if friction coefficiency is constant, thermal energy is proportional to PV value.

Friction heat and radiant heat in the bearing during rotation of the shaft make the bearing
maintain stable temperature. But after prolonged operation time, the friction coefficiency shall be
increased according to the change of the sliding surface condition. The existence of foreign
material, deteriorated lubricant, particles from abrasion, fatigue of material and other reasons can
affect friction coefficiency
As a conclusion, if the temperature of the bearing goes up, it ultimately result in damage on sliding
surface or seizure. In order to keep the low temperature of bearing , in other words keep PV value
smaller, lighter load condition should be considered. Safe designing of bearing means design for
small PV value in order to get a longer bearing lifetime.

1.2 Direction of movement and PV value

In one-directional journal rotation movement, we can easily operate under adequate oil film
lubrication. But in case of thrust bearing, enough caution and consideration in designing oil
grooves and in choosing methods of lubrication should be applied in order to obtain suitable
lubrication for the sliding surfaces. It is same in situations of interrupted, oscillating and
reciprocating motion.
Maximum allowed PV value (on the catalogue) are in general applied to rotation movement. In
case of reciprocating motion or rotation of thrust bearing or interrupted movement, half of
maximum allowed PV value should be applied. In case of oscillating movement even lower value
may have to be applied.

1.3 Intervention of foreign material on bush

If dust or other foreign material meddles on the sliding surface, the oil film shall be destroyed.
Hence the direct contact between bearing and shaft will result in abrasion or seizure. These foreign
material which are destructive obstacle to bush function can be eliminated by adding grease
together with seal.

1.4 Oscillating Movement

Oscillating movement is one of the most severe operational conditions for bearing, because every
movement cycle passes a point where velocity becomes zero value. Hence oil film can easily be
destroyed, accelerating abrasion and fatigue of material and also the particles from abrasion can
remain longer time.
Ball or roller bearings which are used mainly for rotation movement may have point or line contact
which have extreme contact stress on the places supporting pressure. So these bearings are not
suitable on oscillating movement. Bushings which have wide contact area are generally more
suitable for these kinds of operational conditions.

2. CONDITIONS OF PINS COUPLED WITH BUSHES

 Performance of bush is most greatly influenced by the quality of relative materials which brings
friction :such as kind of material , surface coating and roughness etc. And when used in high
temperature of more than 100℃, the diameter of pins must be adjusted considering expansion by
heat.
2.1. Roughness of surface
In general, the lifetime of bush is decided by the existence of oil film which is formed on the sliding
surface of bearing and relative product. The roughness of 3~12μm is requested to achieve
adequate performance of bush…….

2.2 Surface treatment

Three main purposes of treating surface of relative material are as below ;

 To improve corrosion resistance

 To improve surface hardness
 To improve the smoothness of the surface for better sliding

When applying plating for the purpose of above article 1), high hardness Chromium plating is
strongly recommended, because it protects relative material from rusting and abrasion and
improves sliding.

3. TOLERANCE OF PIN AND BUSHING AND

OPERATING CLEARANCE
Generally each machinery and parts manufacturers have their own standard for tolerance of pin
and bush according to their own know-how, so it is common situation that tolerance is decided
according to customers’ specification. But we hereby present our below list of tolerance of bush
and pin and tolerance of housing which we apply to our manufacture obtained through our long-
term experience and the list is just for reference.

Model Housing Pin diameter Bush inner diameter Bush outer diameter
GWPB H7 f8 C9 u6
GWGB H7 f8 C9 u6
GWFL H7 f8 C9 u6
GWCH H7 h7 C8 u6
GWIG H7 h7 C8 u6
GWHB H7 f7 H9 p6
GWOL H7 f7 H9 p6
GWSN H7 f7 H9 p6
The design of operating clearance for pin and bush is the most important due to be maintained
optimal clearance for the formation of oil film.
The change of size owing to the operational heat and the reduction of inner diameter after fitting
the bush into housing has to be considered carefully to decide the operating clearance.
This clearance can be changed according to the various fitting conditions and shape of bush,
i.e. interference of bushing and housing, the shape of boss and groove of bush, flanged bush and
various material and heat treatment, etc. So it is not easy typically to fix the clearance.
For just reference, the clearance of bush and pin is used about 0.1~0.3mm commonly.