Professional Documents
Culture Documents
&ODVVLILFDWLRQE\6PDUW3OXJ
7LQ3HWURYLü+LUR\XNL0RULNDZD
7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI7RN\R
5&$67'HSDUWPHQWRI$GYDQFHG,QWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\6WXGLHV
7RN\R-DSDQ
^WLQPRUL`#PODEWXWRN\RDFMS
Abstract²&ODVVLILFDWLRQ RI HOHFWULFDO ORDGV SUHVHQWV PXOWLSOH EDVHG FODVVLILFDWLRQ KDVEHHQTXLWH H[WHQVLYH ZLWK LPSUHVVLYH
EHQHILWV )URP WKH DELOLW\ WR LQIRUP FXVWRPHU KRZ WKHLU UHVXOWV WKH DSSURDFK ODFNV WKH DELOLW\ WR GLUHFWO\ FRQWURO
DSSOLDQFHV FRQWULEXWH WR WKH RYHUDOO HOHFWULFLW\ FRVW WR DOORZLQJ HOHFWULF ORDGV 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG WKH GHFUHDVLQJ FRVWV RI
HOHFWULF FRPSDQLHV DQG YLUWXDO DJJUHJDWRUV WR LQVWLWXWH GHPDQG HOHFWURQLFV DQG WKH SUROLIHUDWLRQ RI ZLUHOHVV FRPPXQLFDWLRQ
UHVSRQVH PHFKDQLVPV ,Q WKLV SDSHU ZH SURSRVH D QHZ W\SH RI VSHFLILFDOO\ DLPHG DW VPDUW JULGV DUH PDNLQJ VPDUW SOXJV DQ
DFWLYH VHQVLQJ PHWKRG ZKLFK EUHDNV GRZQ UHDOWLPH GDWD LQWR HYHUPRUHYLDEOHRSWLRQIRUFRQWUROOLQJKRPHDSSOLDQFHV7KH\
IL[HG VHJPHQWV ZKLFK FDQ EH TXLFNO\ DQDO\]HG DQG XVHG WR DUHHVSHFLDOO\EHQHILFLDOIRUFRQWUROOLQJOHJDF\GHYLFHVZKLFK
FODVVLI\HOHFWULFDOORDGVWRKHOSUHGXFHSHDNSRZHUGHPDQG:H LV LPSRUWDQW VLQFH HOHFWULFDO DSSOLDQFHV XVXDOO\ H[SHULHQFH D
KDYH GHVLJQHG DQG LPSOHPHQWHG D VLPSOH VPDUW SOXJ ZLWK D
VORZWXUQRYHUUDWH%HFDXVHRIWKLVGLIIHUHQWVPDUWSOXJEDVHG
ELGLUHFWLRQDO WULRGH WK\ULVWRU JDWKHUHG GDWD IURP KRXVHKROG
DSSOLDQFHV DQG SHUIRUPHG FODVVLILFDWLRQ 2XU UHVXOWV VKRZ KLJK
DSSURDFKHVKDYHEHHQSURSRVHGLQWKHUHFHQW\HDUV>@>@,Q
DFFXUDF\ ZLWK VLJQLILFDQWO\ VKRUWHU WLPHV WKDQ RWKHU VLPLODU >@DPDFKLQHOHDUQLQJDSSURDFKLVXVHGWRDFKLHYHYHU\KLJK
SURSRVHGPHWKRGV FODVVLILFDWLRQ DFFXUDF\ UDWH RI ZLWK D 5DQGRP
&RPPLWWHH FODVVLILHU DQG GD\V¶ ZRUWK RI SRZHU
Index Terms(QHUJ\ PDQDJHPHQW +RPH DSSOLDQFHV0DFKLQH PHDVXUHPHQWV 5HIHUHQFH >@ SURSRVHV DQ DSSURDFK ZKLFK
OHDUQLQJ3OXJV6HQVRUV XVHVVKRUWHUVLJQDWXUHVRIWKHHOHFWULFDOSURSHUWLHVDQGLVDEOH
WRDFKLHYHDFFXUDF\DIWHUPLQXWHV7RRYHUFRPHWKH
, ,1752'8&7,21 ORZ VLJQDO UHVROXWLRQ LQ >@ UHVHDUFKHUV KDYH EXLOW D FXVWRP
VPDUWSOXJZLWKDPRGLILHGVRXQGFDUGZKLFKVDPSOHVDWD
(OHFWULFORDGPDQDJHPHQWLQWKHIRUPRIGHPDQGUHVSRQVH N+]UDWHDQG LVDEOHWRFRUUHFWO\ FODVVLI\ ZLWK VOLJKWO\ KLJKHU
'5LVFRQVLGHUHGWREHRQHRIWKHFUXFLDOSDUWVIRUWKHIXWXUH RYHUKHDG :KLOH SHUIHFW IRU FODVVLILFDWLRQ RI VWDWLF GHYLFHV
RI WKH 6PDUW *ULG >@ 7KH DELOLW\ WR FRUUHFWO\ FODVVLI\ DQG WKHVH DSSURDFKHV DUH QRW VR ZHOO VXLWHG IRU ORDGV ZKLFK DUH
FRQWURO HOHFWULF ORDGV UHGXFHV WKH EXUGHQ HOHFWULF FRPSDQLHV RQO\SOXJJHGLQGXULQJXVDJH
IDFH GXULQJ SHDN GHPDQG KRXUV LQIRUPV HQG XVHUV RI WKHLU
EHKDYLRUDQGUHGXFHVXQQHFHVVDU\ZDVWHIURPYDPSLULFORDGV 7R DFKLHYH PD[LPXP SHDN GHPDQG VDYLQJV IDVW
LQWKHIRUPRIVWDQGE\SRZHUDQGXQXVHGDSSOLDQFHV$OOWKHVH FODVVLILFDWLRQ RI HOHFWULFDO ORDGV LV QHHGHG ,URQV KHDWKHUV
KDYH SURYHQ WR HLWKHU UHGXFH WKH FRVW RI HOHFWULF SRZHU KRWSODWHVDQGVLPLODUORDGVKDYHKLJKLPSDFW>@EXWDUHRQO\
SURGXFWLRQ >@ PRWLYDWH SHRSOH WR FKDQJH EHKDYLRUV >@ RU SOXJJHGLQZKLOHLQXVHVRLWLVQRWSRVVLEOHWR FODVVLI\WKHP
FRXOGOHDGWRSRWHQWLDOVDYLQJVRIPRUHWKDQELOOLRQN:K RYHUDORQJSHULRGRIWLPH$OVRWKHPHWKRGXVHGQHHGVWREH
DQQXDOO\ LQ FRXQWULHV VXFK DV WKH 86 >@ ,W KDV HYHQ EHHQ DIIRUGDEOHWRDOORZ IRU ZLGHVSUHDG DSSOLFDWLRQ DQGSUHFLVHWR
VKRZQWKDWLWLVSRVVLEOHLQVRPHVLWXDWLRQVWRFRQWUROGHYLFHV QRW PLVFODVVLI\ )RU WKLV UHDVRQ ZH KDYH FRQGXFWHG UHVHDUFK
E\ UHGXFLQJ WKHLU SRZHU ZLWKRXW WXUQLQJ WKHP RII >@ %\ RQ IDVW FODVVLILFDWLRQ XVLQJ D ELGLUHFWLRQDO WULRGH WK\ULVWRU
FRQWUROOLQJ UHVLVWLYH ORDGV VXFK DV KHDWHUV LV SRVVLEOH WR 75,$&6LQFHWKHHOHPHQWLVFKHDSDQGDOORZVIRUFRQWURORI
DFKLHYH VDYLQJV RI XS WR N: LQ D KRXVHKROG GXULQJ SHDN KLJK SRZHU FRQVXPSWLRQ KHDWHUV LW SUHVHQWV LWVHOI DV
GHPDQG LQWHUHVWLQJ RSWLRQ WR EH XVHG IRU IDVW FODVVLILFDWLRQ DV ZHOO
7KLV LV GRQH E\ DFWLYHO\ VHQVLQJ WKH SRZHU UHVSRQVH GXULQJ
$ ODUJH QXPEHU RI DSSURDFKHV WR FODVVLI\ DQG FRQWURO VKRUWPLOOLVHFRQGSHULRGV2XUFRQWULEXWLRQVDUHWKHIROORZLQJ
HOHFWULFDO ORDGV KDYH EHHQ SURSRVHG RYHU WKH \HDUV 7KH\
XVXDOO\IDOOLQWRWZRFDWHJRULHVQRQLQWUXVLYHORDGPRQLWRULQJ x :H SURSRVH D QRYHO PHWKRG RI HOHFWULFDO VLJQDO
1,/0>@DQGLQWUXVLYHORDGPRQLWRULQJ,/0>@1,/0LV PDVNLQJ DFWLYH VHQVLQJ WR JHQHUDWHV PRUH
EDVHGDURXQGVPDUWPHWHUVWKDWDQDO\]HWKHDJJUHJDWHHOHFWULF GLVWLQJXLVKDELOLW\ LQ D UHDOWLPH GDWD VWUHDP DQG EH
FRQVXPSWLRQE\PRQLWRULQJWKHSRZHUOLQHOHDGLQJRXWRIWKH DEOH WR FRUUHFWO\ FODVVLI\ DQ HOHFWULFDO ORDG LQ VKRUW
DSDUWPHQW RU KRXVH ,/0 IRFXV RQ VPDUW SOXJV ZKLFK DUH SHULRG RI WLPH ZLWKRXW VLJQLILFDQWO\ LQFUHDVLQJ WKH
FRQQHFWHG WR D VLQJOH GHYLFH :KLOH WKH UHVHDUFK LQWR 1,/0 SULFHRIWKHVPDUWSOXJ
,(((
x :H LPSOHPHQW WKH DSSURDFK VKRZFDVH WKH XQLTXH ]HURFURVVLQJ GHWHFWLRQ >@ ZKLFK RQO\ VXSSRUWHG XS WR
SDWWHUQVIRUVHYHUDOGHYLFHVDQGHYDOXDWHWKLVDSSURDFK DPSHUHV
E\DUWLILFLDOQHXUDOQHWZRUNWRGHWHUPLQHFODVVLILFDWLRQ
DFFXUDF\DQGRYHUDOOVSHHG
7KH UHPDLQGHU RI WKLV SDSHU LV RUJDQL]HG DV IROORZV
6HFWLRQ,,SUHVHQWVWKHV\VWHPVXVHGWRWDNHWKHPHDVXUHPHQWV
DQGKRZWKHLQSXWVLJQDOZDVPRGLILHG6HFWLRQ,,,GHWDLOVWKH
GDWD FROOHFWLRQ SURFHVV DQG SURFHVVLQJ 6HFWLRQ ,9 GHVFULEHV
WKHFODVVLILFDWLRQSURFHVVDQGUHVXOWV )LQDOO\WKHFRQFOXVLRQV
DUHGUDZQLQ6HFWLRQ9,
,, 6<67(0'(6&5,37,21
7REHDEOHWRFODVVLI\DQGFRQWUROHOHFWULFDOORDGVZHKDYH
FUHDWHGRXURZQVLPSOHWHVWEHGZKLFKLVDEOHWRPHDVXUHWKH
LQFRPLQJHOHFWULFSRZHUDQGPRGLI\WKHVLJQDO7KHV\VWHPLV
DVIROORZV
A. Hardware
$VVKRZQLQ)LJXUHWKHLQSXWHOHFWULFSRZHULVFRQQHFWHG
WRDGLJLWDOGLPPHUERDUG)URPWKHGLPPHUERDUGWZRZLUHV
JRRXWDQGLQWRDSRZHUVRFNHWWRZKLFKDQHOHFWULFDOORDGLV
FRQQHFWHGIRUWHVWLQJ,QDGGLWLRQDFODPSLVSODFHGRQRQHRI
WKH ZLUHV WR PHDVXUH WKH FXUUHQW DQG WZR PRUH OLQHV DUH
FRQQHFWHG WR HDFK RI WKH ZLUHV WR PHDVXUH WKH YROWDJH 7KH
FRQWUROOHU LV FRQQHFWHG WR WKH GLPPHU ERDUG DQG LV DEOH WR )LJ &RQWUROOHUDQGSRZHUPHWHUVFKHPDWLF
VHQGWKHPHDVXUHPHQWVWRWKH3&
DQGD5HVHDUFK'HVLJQ/DEGLJLWDOGLPPHUERDUG>@ZKLFK
VXSSRUWHG XS WR DPSHUHV $Q RVFLOORVFRSH ZDV XVHG WR
FRQILUP WKDW WKH VLJQDO PDVNLQJ ZDV EHLQJ FRUUHFWO\ DSSOLHG
:H REVHUYHG D FOHDU RXWSXW VLJQDO IURP WKH GLPPHU ERDUG
FRUUHFWO\DSSOLHGDWHDFK]HURFURVVLQJIRUERWKERDUGV:HGR
QRWHWKDWWKH75,$&EHKDYLRULVVRPHZKDWHUUDWLFIRUYHU\ORZ
YDOXHV PDNLQJ XV LJQRUH WKH ILUVW WKUHVKROG $OVR GHSHQGLQJ
RQWKHVHWXSDQGGXHWRWKHIDFWWKDWWKHGLPPHUERDUGVKDYHD
OLPLWHG QXPEHU RI WKUHVKROGV VRPH RI WKH PHDVXUHPHQWV
YDOXHVDUHVOLJKWO\GLIIHUHQWWKHQLWLVWREHH[SHFWHGDQGQRWDV
)LJ 6\VWHPDUFKLWHFWXUH
VPRRWK DV WKH\ VKRXOG EH 1HYHUWKHOHVV WKH\ DUH FRQVLVWHQW
RYHUPXOWLSOHPHDVXUHPHQWVPHDQLQJWKDWKDUGZDUHGRHVQRW
7KH H[SHULPHQW ZDV FRQGXFWHG LQ -DSDQ 7RN\R PDNLQJ FDXVHDGGLWLRQDOQRLVHEHWZHHQPHDVXUHPHQWV
WKH$&SRZHUOLQHIUHTXHQF\KHUW]DQGWKHZDYHIRUP
YROWV 7KH GLPPHU ERDUG LV XVHG WR PDVN WKH LQSXW VLJQDO B. Signal Manipulation
ZKLFKHQDEOHVDFWLYHVHQVLQJ:HH[SODLQKRZWKLVLVGRQHLQ 7KH LGHD EHKLQG DFWLYH VHQVLQJ LV WR VOLJKWO\ DOWHU WKH
GHWDLOLQWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ7KHFRQWUROOHULVGLUHFWO\FRQQHFWHG LQFRPLQJ VLJQDO EHIRUH PHDVXULQJ WKH RXWSXW LQ DQ HIIRUW WR
WRWKHGLPPHUERDUGWKHHOHFWURQLFVZKLFKPDNHXSWKHSRZHU JHQHUDWH PRUH GLVWLQJXLVKDELOLW\ LQ D UHDOWLPH GDWD VWUHDP
PHWHU DQG WKH 3& ,W VHWV DOO WKH GLPPHU ERDUGV SDUDPHWHUV 7RDFKLHYHWKLVZHXVHD75,$&WRPDVNWKHLQFRPLQJVLJQDO
EHIRUHHDFKPHDVXUHPHQWDQGSHULRGLFDOO\VDPSOHVWKHYROWDJH TXLFNO\HDVLO\DQGZLWKRXWLQFUHDVLQJWKHRYHUDOOFRVWRIWKH
DQGFXUUHQWIURPWKHFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHERDUGDQGORDG VPDUWSOXJZKLOHDOORZLQJWKHRSWLRQWRFRQWUROFHUWDLQORDGV
(IIHFWLYHYROWDJHFXUUHQWDQGZDWWDJHLWFDOFXODWHGIURPWKRVH ZLWKRXW WXUQLQJ WKHP RII WR DFKLHYH JUHDWHU VDYLQJV GXULQJ
PHDVXUHPHQWV $IWHUHDFK VHVVLRQ WKHFRQWUROOHU FDQ VHQG WKH SHDNGHPDQG
ILQDOYDOXHVWRWKH3&RUZDLWXQWLODOOWKHVHVVLRQVDUHILQLVKHG 7ZR SDUDPHWHUV DUH FRQWUROOHG WKH ³75,$& ILULQJ UDWLR´
)LJXUHVKRZVWKHHOHFWULFVFKHPDWLFZKLFKZDVXVHGIRU E\ SHUIRUPLQJ VLJQDO PDVNLQJ DQG WKH ³QXPEHU RI F\FOHV
WKHHOHFWURQLFVPDNLQJXSWKHSRZHUPHWHU)RUWKHFRQWUROOHU ILULQJ´ E\ SHUIRUPLQJ SHULRG PDVNLQJ %RWK RI WKHVH DUH
ZH XVHG DQ $UGXLQR 0HJD ERDUG 7KH VLJQDO ZDV LOOXVWUDWHGLQ)LJXUH,QWKHILUVWVLWXDWLRQD75,$&LVVHWWR
VDPSOHG HYHU\ PLOOLVHFRQGV $Q RIIWKHVKHOI ZDWWPHWHU DFWLYHPRGHIRURIWKHWLPHDQGPDVNVWKHYROWDJHWR
ZDV XVHG WR FKHFN WKHDFFXUDF\ RI RXU SRZHU PHDVXUHPHQWV RI HDFK VLJQDO ,Q WKH VHFRQG VLWXDWLRQ WKH 75,$& LV VHW WR
1R VLJQLILFDQW GLIIHUHQFH ZDV REVHUYHG EHWZHHQ RXU V\VWHP EXW RQO\ IRU F\FOHV 2QH F\FOH LV UHSUHVHQWHG E\ WKH
DQGWKHZDWWPHWHU7KH$UGXLQRERDUGZDVFRQQHFWHGWRD3& WLPH LW WDNHV IRU WZR ULVLQJ ]HURFURVVLQJ HYHQWV WR RFFXU
E\VHULDOFRQQHFWLRQIRUVLPSOLFLW\7ZRGLPPHUERDUGVZHUH 7KHVH PHDQV F\FOH LV HTXLYDOHQW WR PLOOLVHFRQGV %\
XVHG GXULQJ WKH ZKROH SURFHVV $ .5,'$ (OHFWURQLFV ZLWK
,(((
FRQWUROOLQJ WKHVH SDUDPHWHUV ZH FDQ TXLFNO\ PRGLI\ WKH ILHOG UHSUHVHQW WKH :DWW PHDVXUHPHQW IRU WKH JLYHQ VHVVLRQ
VLJQDO IURP YHU\ VKRUW SHULRGV RI WLPH DQG LQ WXUQ FUHDWH D %ULJKW UHG DUH WKH KLJKHVW PHDVXUHG YDOXHV IRU WKH JLYHQ
ODUJH QXPEHU RI SRVVLEOH PHDVXUHPHQW IRU HDFK GHYLFH E\ LQVWDQFHZKLOHZKLWHUHSUHVHQWVWKHORZHVWPHDVXUHGYDOXHV
DFWLYHO\ VHQVLQJ WKH FKDQJHV LQ WKH SRZHU FRQVXPSWLRQ
GXULQJWKRVHWLPHV
)LJ %UHDNGRZQRIVLQJOHLQVWDQFH
,,, $1$/<6,6
A. Data collection
(DFK PHDVXUHPHQW LV FRPSLOHG LQWR WKUHH E\
PDWULFHVZLWKWKHYROWDJHFXUUHQWDQGZDWWGDWDUHVSHFWDEO\DV
)LJ ([DPSOHRILQSXWVLJQDOPDQLSXODWLRQ VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH (DFK HOHFWULFDO ORDG ZDV PHDVXUHG
WLPHV 7KH PHDVXUHPHQWV LQFOXGH WKH IROORZLQJ LWHPV
C. Sensing strategy LQFDQGHVFHQW OLJKW EXOE VPDUWSKRQH [ HOHFWULF IDQ ODSWRS
836 EDWWHU\ /&' PRQLWRU VSHDNHUV IOXRUHVFHQW OLJKW EXOE
:H VWDUW WR PHDVXUH YROWDJH FXUUHQW DQG ZDWWDJH DW WKH 86%EDWWHU\HOHFWULFEODQNHWYDFXXPHOHFWULFEODQNHW
VWDUW RI D VHVVLRQ ZKLFK LV WKH ILUVW ]HURFURVVLQJ HYHQW DQG
VWRS PHDVXULQJ DWWKH ODVW]HURFURVVLQJHYHQWRI WKH VHVVLRQ $VZHFDQVHHLQ)LJXUHHDFKGHYLFHKDVLWVRZQXQLTXH
(DFKVHVVLRQLVGHILQHGE\WZRSDUDPHWHUV75,$&ILULQJUDWLR SDWWHUQ GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH HOHFWULFDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH
DQGQXPEHURIF\FOHVILULQJ7KH75,$&ILULQJUDWLRPLQLPXP GHYLFH 5HVLVWLYH ORDGV IROORZ D PRVWO\ VPRRWK XQEURNHQ
YDOXH LV SHUFHQW PD[LPXP SHUFHQW DQG WKHUH DUH OLQHDUGURSDFFRUGLQJWRH[SHFWDWLRQV(OHFWURPRWRUVIROORZD
OHYHOV%HWZHHQHDFKWZRVHVVLRQVWKHUHLVRQHF\FOHZKLFKLV VLPLODU EXW VOLJKWO\ PRUH RVFLOODWLQJ SDWWHUQ GXH WR WKH VZLQJ
QRWDOWHUHGGXULQJ ZKLFK FRPSXWDWLRQV DUHSHUIRUPHG $W WKH QDWXUHRIWKHPRWRU,QGXFWLYHORDGVRQWKHRWKHUKDQGVKRZD
VWDUW WKH 75,$& ILULQJ UDWLR LV VHW WR DQG WKH QXPEHU RI PXFKPRUHVFDWWHUHGSDWWHUQUHIOHFWLQJWKHIDFWWKDWWKHDGDSWHU
F\FOHV ILULQJ WR $IWHU HDFK VHVVLRQ WKH F\FOH FRXQW LV LV FRPSHQVDWLQJ IRU WKH FKDQJHV LQ WKH LQSXW 'LIIHUHQW W\SHV
LQFUHDVHGE\XQWLOLWUHDFKHVF\FOHVDIWHUZKLFKWKHF\FOH RI RWKHU UHVSRQVHV FDQ EH REVHUYHG DV ZHOO LQ FDVH RI RWKHU
FRXQWLVUHVHWDQGWKHUDWLRFXWLQFUHDVHGWRWKHQH[WOHYHO7KH W\SHVRIORDGV$IORUHVFHQWOLJKWEXOEZLOOEHHLWKHURQRURII
ZKROHSURFHVVODVWVIRUVHFRQGV GHSHQGLQJRQWKHFXUUHQWDVUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHZKLWHFHQWHULQ
WKHILJXUH6SHDNHUVRQWKHRWKHUKDQGRYHUFRPSHQVDWHDWIRU
)LJXUH VKRZV WKH GLIIHUHQW SRZHU UHVSRQVHV IURP DQ WKH ORZHU SDUW RI WKH FXW UDWLR ,W LV SRVVLEOH WR GLVWLQJXLVK
DSSOLDQFH7KHKRUL]RQWDOD[LVUHSUHVHQWVWKHSHUFHQWDJHRIWKH EHWZHHQGLIIHUHQWPRGHOVRIWKHVDPHW\SHRILWHP
VLJQDOWKDWZDVPDVNHGZLWKWKH75,$&VWDUWLQJDWSHUFHQW
DQGJRLQJDOOWKHZD\XSWRSHUFHQWLQSHUFHQWLQFUHPHQWV
7KHYHUWLFDOD[LVUHSUHVHQWVWKHQXPEHURIFRQVHFXWLYHF\FOHV
WRZKLFKWKHPDVNLQJKDVEHHQDSSOLHG7KHQXPEHUVLQHDFK
,(((
)LJ /HIWVLGHUHSUHVHQWVWKHYROWDJHFXUUHQWDQGZDWWDJHRID
LQFDGHFHQWOLJKWEXOEZKLOHWKHULJKWVLGHLVD6RQ\
;SHULD=VPDUWSKRQH
B. Classification
)RU FODVVLILFDWLRQ ZH XVHG D QHXUDO QHWZRUN DV VKRZQ LQ
)LJXUH
)LJ :DWWDJHPHDVXUHPHQWVRIPXOWLSOHGHYLFHV
$Q DUWLILFLDO QHXUDO QHWZRUN $11 ZDV FKRVHQ DV WKH
LQLWLDOFODVVLILFDWLRQPHWKRGGXH WRWKH QDWXUHRIWKHGDWD %\
DSSO\LQJ WKH DFWLYH VHQVLQJ PHWKRG LW LV HDV\ WR PHDVXUH
PXOWLSOHSRLQWVIRUHDFKHOHFWULFDOORDGFUHDWLQJDODUJHQXPEHU
RI GDWD SRLQWV ZKLFK FDQ EH XVHG ,W LV DOVR HDV\ WR FUHDWH
PXOWLSOH LQVWDQFHV RI PHDVXUHPHQWV FUHDWLQJ D ODUJH HQRXJK
GDWDVHWIRUDQ$11WRVXFFHVVIXOO\OHDUQDQGFODVVLI\/DVWO\
)LJ 1HXUDOQHWZRUNPRGHO IRU WKH VFRSH RI WKLV SDSHU ZH ZDQWHG WR IRFXV RQ WKH
DSSOLFDELOLW\ RI WKH DFWLYH VHQVLQJ DSSURDFK ZLWKRXW WU\LQJ WR
7KH LQSXWOD\HULVQHXURQVORQJDQGXVHVWKHZDWWDJH ILQG WKH RSWLPDO IHDWXUHV OHDGLQJ XV WR FRQFOXGH WKDW WKH
PHDVXUHPHQWV $IWHU LQLWLDO VXUYH\LQJ ZH GHFLGHG WR QRW XVH VKDOORZ$11ZRXOGEHWKHVLPSOHVWDSSURDFK
WKH YROWDJH DQG FXUUHQW GDWD EHFDXVH WKH\ GLG QRW VKRZ
VXIILFLHQW GLVWLQJXLVKDELOLW\ EHWZHHQ ORDGV DQG UHGXFHG WKH ,9 5(68/76
FODVVLILFDWLRQ DFFXUDF\ 7KH KLGGHQ OD\HU LV PDGH XS RI 7KHUHVXOWVRIFODVVLILFDWLRQDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOHDQGLQ
OD\HUV ZLWK DQG QHXURQV HDFK (DFK RI WKH )LJXUH 7KH FODVVLILFDWLRQ UHVXOWV VKRZ D DFFXUDF\
OD\HUVLPSURYHVWKHDFFXUDF\$VPDOOKLGGHQOD\HUQHWZRUN DQG WKH FRQIXVLRQ PDWUL[ LV D GLDJRQDO $OO WKH GHYLFHV DUH
ZLWK VHYHUDO QRGHV FDQ VXFFHVVIXOO\ FODVVLI\ EXW ZLWK D GURS FRUUHFWO\ FODVVLILHG ZLWK D KLJK OHYHO RI DFFXUDF\ )URP WKH
DERXW DFFXUDF\ $ ORJLFDO DFWLYDWLRQ IXQFWLRQ ZDV XVHG LQVWDQFHVRIPHDVXUHPHQWZHUHXVHGIRUWUDLQLQJDQG
$OO QRGHRXWSXW IURP RQH OD\HU ZHUH FRQQHFWHG WR WKH LQSXWV IRUWHVWLQJ
RIWKHQH[WOD\HU
,(((
7$%/(, &/$66,),&$7,21$&&85$&< &21&/86,21
:HKDYHSUHVHQWHGDQRYHODFWLYHVHQVLQJPHWKRGWRZDUGV
IDVWHU HOHFWULFDO ORDG FODVVLILFDWLRQ ZKLOH QRW VDFULILFLQJ ORZ
Electrical load TP FP Precision Recalling
FRVW RU DFFXUDF\ :H GHPRQVWUDWH KRZ E\ PDQLSXODWLQJ
,QFDQGHVFHQW
OLJKWEXOE
SDUDPHWHUVZHDUHDEOHWRPDVNWKHLQSXWVLJQDOLQDVKRUWWLPH
SHULRGWRFUHDWHXQLTXHDQGHDVLO\GLVWLQJXLVKDEOHSDWWHUQVIRU
6PDUWSKRQH
GLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIGHYLFHV2XUPHWKRGLVDEOHWRDFKLHYH
)DQ DFFXUDF\XVLQJDQ$11IRUFODVVLILFDWLRQLQXQGHUVHFRQGV
:HSODQRQLPSURYLQJWKLVIXUWKHUE\DQDO\]LQJRWKHUSRVVLEOH
/DSWRS FODVVLILHUV WR UHGXFH WKH QXPEHU RI GDWD SRLQWV QHHGHG DQG
LPSOHPHQWLQJDQRQSOXJFODVVLILHU
836EDWWHU\
,(((