You are on page 1of 5

$FWLYH6HQVLQJ$SSURDFKWR(OHFWULFDO/RDG

&ODVVLILFDWLRQE\6PDUW3OXJ
7LQ3HWURYLü+LUR\XNL0RULNDZD
7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI7RN\R
5&$67'HSDUWPHQWRI$GYDQFHG,QWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\6WXGLHV
7RN\R-DSDQ
^WLQPRUL`#PODEWXWRN\RDFMS
 
Abstract²&ODVVLILFDWLRQ RI HOHFWULFDO ORDGV SUHVHQWV PXOWLSOH EDVHG FODVVLILFDWLRQ KDVEHHQTXLWH H[WHQVLYH ZLWK LPSUHVVLYH
EHQHILWV )URP WKH DELOLW\ WR LQIRUP FXVWRPHU KRZ WKHLU UHVXOWV WKH DSSURDFK ODFNV WKH DELOLW\ WR GLUHFWO\ FRQWURO
DSSOLDQFHV FRQWULEXWH WR WKH RYHUDOO HOHFWULFLW\ FRVW WR DOORZLQJ HOHFWULF ORDGV 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG WKH GHFUHDVLQJ FRVWV RI
HOHFWULF FRPSDQLHV DQG YLUWXDO DJJUHJDWRUV WR LQVWLWXWH GHPDQG HOHFWURQLFV DQG WKH SUROLIHUDWLRQ RI ZLUHOHVV FRPPXQLFDWLRQ
UHVSRQVH PHFKDQLVPV ,Q WKLV SDSHU ZH SURSRVH D QHZ W\SH RI VSHFLILFDOO\ DLPHG DW VPDUW JULGV DUH PDNLQJ VPDUW SOXJV DQ
DFWLYH VHQVLQJ PHWKRG ZKLFK EUHDNV GRZQ UHDOWLPH GDWD LQWR HYHUPRUHYLDEOHRSWLRQIRUFRQWUROOLQJKRPHDSSOLDQFHV7KH\
IL[HG VHJPHQWV ZKLFK FDQ EH TXLFNO\ DQDO\]HG DQG XVHG WR DUHHVSHFLDOO\EHQHILFLDOIRUFRQWUROOLQJOHJDF\GHYLFHVZKLFK
FODVVLI\HOHFWULFDOORDGVWRKHOSUHGXFHSHDNSRZHUGHPDQG:H LV LPSRUWDQW VLQFH HOHFWULFDO DSSOLDQFHV XVXDOO\ H[SHULHQFH D
KDYH GHVLJQHG DQG LPSOHPHQWHG D VLPSOH VPDUW SOXJ ZLWK D
VORZWXUQRYHUUDWH%HFDXVHRIWKLVGLIIHUHQWVPDUWSOXJEDVHG
ELGLUHFWLRQDO WULRGH WK\ULVWRU JDWKHUHG GDWD IURP KRXVHKROG
DSSOLDQFHV DQG SHUIRUPHG FODVVLILFDWLRQ 2XU UHVXOWV VKRZ KLJK
DSSURDFKHVKDYHEHHQSURSRVHGLQWKHUHFHQW\HDUV>@>@,Q
DFFXUDF\ ZLWK VLJQLILFDQWO\ VKRUWHU WLPHV WKDQ RWKHU VLPLODU >@DPDFKLQHOHDUQLQJDSSURDFKLVXVHGWRDFKLHYHYHU\KLJK
SURSRVHGPHWKRGV FODVVLILFDWLRQ DFFXUDF\ UDWH RI  ZLWK D 5DQGRP
&RPPLWWHH FODVVLILHU DQG  GD\V¶ ZRUWK RI SRZHU
Index Terms(QHUJ\ PDQDJHPHQW +RPH DSSOLDQFHV0DFKLQH PHDVXUHPHQWV 5HIHUHQFH >@ SURSRVHV DQ DSSURDFK ZKLFK
OHDUQLQJ3OXJV6HQVRUV XVHVVKRUWHUVLJQDWXUHVRIWKHHOHFWULFDOSURSHUWLHVDQGLVDEOH
WRDFKLHYHDFFXUDF\DIWHUPLQXWHV7RRYHUFRPHWKH
, ,1752'8&7,21 ORZ VLJQDO UHVROXWLRQ LQ >@ UHVHDUFKHUV KDYH EXLOW D FXVWRP
VPDUWSOXJZLWKDPRGLILHGVRXQGFDUGZKLFKVDPSOHVDWD
(OHFWULFORDGPDQDJHPHQWLQWKHIRUPRIGHPDQGUHVSRQVH N+]UDWHDQG LVDEOHWRFRUUHFWO\ FODVVLI\ ZLWK VOLJKWO\ KLJKHU
'5 LVFRQVLGHUHGWREHRQHRIWKHFUXFLDOSDUWVIRUWKHIXWXUH RYHUKHDG :KLOH SHUIHFW IRU FODVVLILFDWLRQ RI VWDWLF GHYLFHV
RI WKH 6PDUW *ULG >@ 7KH DELOLW\ WR FRUUHFWO\ FODVVLI\ DQG WKHVH DSSURDFKHV DUH QRW VR ZHOO VXLWHG IRU ORDGV ZKLFK DUH
FRQWURO HOHFWULF ORDGV UHGXFHV WKH EXUGHQ HOHFWULF FRPSDQLHV RQO\SOXJJHGLQGXULQJXVDJH
IDFH GXULQJ SHDN GHPDQG KRXUV LQIRUPV HQG XVHUV RI WKHLU
EHKDYLRUDQGUHGXFHVXQQHFHVVDU\ZDVWHIURPYDPSLULFORDGV 7R DFKLHYH PD[LPXP SHDN GHPDQG VDYLQJV IDVW
LQWKHIRUPRIVWDQGE\SRZHUDQGXQXVHGDSSOLDQFHV$OOWKHVH FODVVLILFDWLRQ RI HOHFWULFDO ORDGV LV QHHGHG ,URQV KHDWKHUV
KDYH SURYHQ WR HLWKHU UHGXFH WKH FRVW RI HOHFWULF SRZHU KRWSODWHVDQGVLPLODUORDGVKDYHKLJKLPSDFW>@EXWDUHRQO\
SURGXFWLRQ >@ PRWLYDWH SHRSOH WR FKDQJH EHKDYLRUV >@ RU SOXJJHGLQZKLOHLQXVHVRLWLVQRWSRVVLEOHWR FODVVLI\WKHP
FRXOGOHDGWRSRWHQWLDOVDYLQJVRIPRUHWKDQELOOLRQN:K RYHUDORQJSHULRGRIWLPH$OVRWKHPHWKRGXVHGQHHGVWREH
DQQXDOO\ LQ FRXQWULHV VXFK DV WKH 86 >@ ,W KDV HYHQ EHHQ DIIRUGDEOHWRDOORZ IRU ZLGHVSUHDG DSSOLFDWLRQ DQGSUHFLVHWR
VKRZQWKDWLWLVSRVVLEOHLQVRPHVLWXDWLRQVWRFRQWUROGHYLFHV QRW PLVFODVVLI\ )RU WKLV UHDVRQ ZH KDYH FRQGXFWHG UHVHDUFK
E\ UHGXFLQJ WKHLU SRZHU ZLWKRXW WXUQLQJ WKHP RII >@ %\ RQ IDVW FODVVLILFDWLRQ XVLQJ D ELGLUHFWLRQDO WULRGH WK\ULVWRU
FRQWUROOLQJ UHVLVWLYH ORDGV VXFK DV KHDWHUV LV SRVVLEOH WR 75,$& 6LQFHWKHHOHPHQWLVFKHDSDQGDOORZVIRUFRQWURORI
DFKLHYH VDYLQJV RI XS WR N: LQ D KRXVHKROG GXULQJ SHDN KLJK SRZHU FRQVXPSWLRQ KHDWHUV LW SUHVHQWV LWVHOI DV
GHPDQG LQWHUHVWLQJ RSWLRQ WR EH XVHG IRU IDVW FODVVLILFDWLRQ DV ZHOO
7KLV LV GRQH E\ DFWLYHO\ VHQVLQJ WKH SRZHU UHVSRQVH GXULQJ
$ ODUJH QXPEHU RI DSSURDFKHV WR FODVVLI\ DQG FRQWURO VKRUWPLOOLVHFRQGSHULRGV2XUFRQWULEXWLRQVDUHWKHIROORZLQJ
HOHFWULFDO ORDGV KDYH EHHQ SURSRVHG RYHU WKH \HDUV 7KH\
XVXDOO\IDOOLQWRWZRFDWHJRULHVQRQLQWUXVLYHORDGPRQLWRULQJ x :H SURSRVH D QRYHO PHWKRG RI HOHFWULFDO VLJQDO
1,/0 >@DQGLQWUXVLYHORDGPRQLWRULQJ ,/0 >@1,/0LV PDVNLQJ DFWLYH VHQVLQJ  WR JHQHUDWHV PRUH
EDVHGDURXQGVPDUWPHWHUVWKDWDQDO\]HWKHDJJUHJDWHHOHFWULF GLVWLQJXLVKDELOLW\ LQ D UHDOWLPH GDWD VWUHDP DQG EH
FRQVXPSWLRQE\PRQLWRULQJWKHSRZHUOLQHOHDGLQJRXWRIWKH DEOH WR FRUUHFWO\ FODVVLI\ DQ HOHFWULFDO ORDG LQ VKRUW
DSDUWPHQW RU KRXVH ,/0 IRFXV RQ VPDUW SOXJV ZKLFK DUH SHULRG RI WLPH ZLWKRXW VLJQLILFDQWO\ LQFUHDVLQJ WKH
FRQQHFWHG WR D VLQJOH GHYLFH :KLOH WKH UHVHDUFK LQWR 1,/0 SULFHRIWKHVPDUWSOXJ

‹,(((
x :H LPSOHPHQW WKH DSSURDFK VKRZFDVH WKH XQLTXH ]HURFURVVLQJ GHWHFWLRQ >@ ZKLFK RQO\ VXSSRUWHG XS WR 
SDWWHUQVIRUVHYHUDOGHYLFHVDQGHYDOXDWHWKLVDSSURDFK DPSHUHV
E\DUWLILFLDOQHXUDOQHWZRUNWRGHWHUPLQHFODVVLILFDWLRQ
DFFXUDF\DQGRYHUDOOVSHHG
7KH UHPDLQGHU RI WKLV SDSHU LV RUJDQL]HG DV IROORZV
6HFWLRQ,,SUHVHQWVWKHV\VWHPVXVHGWRWDNHWKHPHDVXUHPHQWV
DQGKRZWKHLQSXWVLJQDOZDVPRGLILHG6HFWLRQ,,,GHWDLOVWKH
GDWD FROOHFWLRQ SURFHVV DQG SURFHVVLQJ 6HFWLRQ ,9 GHVFULEHV
WKHFODVVLILFDWLRQSURFHVVDQGUHVXOWV )LQDOO\WKHFRQFOXVLRQV
DUHGUDZQLQ6HFWLRQ9,

,, 6<67(0'(6&5,37,21
7REHDEOHWRFODVVLI\DQGFRQWUROHOHFWULFDOORDGVZHKDYH
FUHDWHGRXURZQVLPSOHWHVWEHGZKLFKLVDEOHWRPHDVXUHWKH
LQFRPLQJHOHFWULFSRZHUDQGPRGLI\WKHVLJQDO7KHV\VWHPLV
DVIROORZV

A. Hardware
$VVKRZQLQ)LJXUHWKHLQSXWHOHFWULFSRZHULVFRQQHFWHG
WRDGLJLWDOGLPPHUERDUG)URPWKHGLPPHUERDUGWZRZLUHV
JRRXWDQGLQWRDSRZHUVRFNHWWRZKLFKDQHOHFWULFDOORDGLV
FRQQHFWHGIRUWHVWLQJ,QDGGLWLRQDFODPSLVSODFHGRQRQHRI
WKH ZLUHV WR PHDVXUH WKH FXUUHQW DQG WZR PRUH OLQHV DUH
FRQQHFWHG WR HDFK RI WKH ZLUHV WR PHDVXUH WKH YROWDJH 7KH 
FRQWUROOHU LV FRQQHFWHG WR WKH GLPPHU ERDUG DQG LV DEOH WR )LJ &RQWUROOHUDQGSRZHUPHWHUVFKHPDWLF
VHQGWKHPHDVXUHPHQWVWRWKH3&
DQGD5HVHDUFK'HVLJQ/DEGLJLWDOGLPPHUERDUG>@ZKLFK
VXSSRUWHG XS WR  DPSHUHV $Q RVFLOORVFRSH ZDV XVHG WR
FRQILUP WKDW WKH VLJQDO PDVNLQJ ZDV EHLQJ FRUUHFWO\ DSSOLHG
:H REVHUYHG D FOHDU RXWSXW VLJQDO IURP WKH GLPPHU ERDUG
FRUUHFWO\DSSOLHGDWHDFK]HURFURVVLQJIRUERWKERDUGV:HGR
QRWHWKDWWKH75,$&EHKDYLRULVVRPHZKDWHUUDWLFIRUYHU\ORZ
YDOXHV PDNLQJ XV LJQRUH WKH ILUVW WKUHVKROG $OVR GHSHQGLQJ
RQWKHVHWXSDQGGXHWRWKHIDFWWKDWWKHGLPPHUERDUGVKDYHD
OLPLWHG QXPEHU RI WKUHVKROGV VRPH RI WKH PHDVXUHPHQWV
 YDOXHVDUHVOLJKWO\GLIIHUHQWWKHQLWLVWREHH[SHFWHGDQGQRWDV
)LJ 6\VWHPDUFKLWHFWXUH
VPRRWK DV WKH\ VKRXOG EH 1HYHUWKHOHVV WKH\ DUH FRQVLVWHQW
RYHUPXOWLSOHPHDVXUHPHQWVPHDQLQJWKDWKDUGZDUHGRHVQRW
7KH H[SHULPHQW ZDV FRQGXFWHG LQ -DSDQ 7RN\R PDNLQJ FDXVHDGGLWLRQDOQRLVHEHWZHHQPHDVXUHPHQWV
WKH$&SRZHUOLQHIUHTXHQF\KHUW]DQGWKHZDYHIRUP
YROWV 7KH GLPPHU ERDUG LV XVHG WR PDVN WKH LQSXW VLJQDO B. Signal Manipulation
ZKLFKHQDEOHVDFWLYHVHQVLQJ:HH[SODLQKRZWKLVLVGRQHLQ 7KH LGHD EHKLQG DFWLYH VHQVLQJ LV WR VOLJKWO\ DOWHU WKH
GHWDLOLQWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ7KHFRQWUROOHULVGLUHFWO\FRQQHFWHG LQFRPLQJ VLJQDO EHIRUH PHDVXULQJ WKH RXWSXW LQ DQ HIIRUW WR
WRWKHGLPPHUERDUGWKHHOHFWURQLFVZKLFKPDNHXSWKHSRZHU JHQHUDWH PRUH GLVWLQJXLVKDELOLW\ LQ D UHDOWLPH GDWD VWUHDP
PHWHU DQG WKH 3& ,W VHWV DOO WKH GLPPHU ERDUGV SDUDPHWHUV 7RDFKLHYHWKLVZHXVHD75,$&WRPDVNWKHLQFRPLQJVLJQDO
EHIRUHHDFKPHDVXUHPHQWDQGSHULRGLFDOO\VDPSOHVWKHYROWDJH TXLFNO\HDVLO\DQGZLWKRXWLQFUHDVLQJWKHRYHUDOOFRVWRIWKH
DQGFXUUHQWIURPWKHFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHERDUGDQGORDG VPDUWSOXJZKLOHDOORZLQJWKHRSWLRQWRFRQWUROFHUWDLQORDGV
(IIHFWLYHYROWDJHFXUUHQWDQGZDWWDJHLWFDOFXODWHGIURPWKRVH ZLWKRXW WXUQLQJ WKHP RII WR DFKLHYH JUHDWHU VDYLQJV GXULQJ
PHDVXUHPHQWV $IWHUHDFK VHVVLRQ WKHFRQWUROOHU FDQ VHQG WKH SHDNGHPDQG
ILQDOYDOXHVWRWKH3&RUZDLWXQWLODOOWKHVHVVLRQVDUHILQLVKHG 7ZR SDUDPHWHUV DUH FRQWUROOHG WKH ³75,$& ILULQJ UDWLR´
)LJXUHVKRZVWKHHOHFWULFVFKHPDWLFZKLFKZDVXVHGIRU E\ SHUIRUPLQJ VLJQDO PDVNLQJ DQG WKH ³QXPEHU RI F\FOHV
WKHHOHFWURQLFVPDNLQJXSWKHSRZHUPHWHU)RUWKHFRQWUROOHU ILULQJ´ E\ SHUIRUPLQJ SHULRG PDVNLQJ %RWK RI WKHVH DUH
ZH XVHG DQ $UGXLQR 0HJD ERDUG 7KH VLJQDO ZDV LOOXVWUDWHGLQ)LJXUH,QWKHILUVWVLWXDWLRQD75,$&LVVHWWR
VDPSOHG HYHU\  PLOOLVHFRQGV $Q RIIWKHVKHOI ZDWWPHWHU DFWLYHPRGHIRURIWKHWLPHDQGPDVNVWKHYROWDJHWR
ZDV XVHG WR FKHFN WKHDFFXUDF\ RI RXU SRZHU PHDVXUHPHQWV RI HDFK VLJQDO ,Q WKH VHFRQG VLWXDWLRQ WKH 75,$& LV VHW WR
1R VLJQLILFDQW GLIIHUHQFH ZDV REVHUYHG EHWZHHQ RXU V\VWHP  EXW RQO\ IRU  F\FOHV 2QH F\FOH LV UHSUHVHQWHG E\ WKH
DQGWKHZDWWPHWHU7KH$UGXLQRERDUGZDVFRQQHFWHGWRD3& WLPH LW WDNHV IRU WZR ULVLQJ ]HURFURVVLQJ HYHQWV WR RFFXU
E\VHULDOFRQQHFWLRQIRUVLPSOLFLW\7ZRGLPPHUERDUGVZHUH 7KHVH PHDQV  F\FOH LV HTXLYDOHQW WR  PLOOLVHFRQGV %\
XVHG GXULQJ WKH ZKROH SURFHVV $ .5,'$ (OHFWURQLFV ZLWK

‹,(((
FRQWUROOLQJ WKHVH  SDUDPHWHUV ZH FDQ TXLFNO\ PRGLI\ WKH ILHOG UHSUHVHQW WKH :DWW PHDVXUHPHQW IRU WKH JLYHQ VHVVLRQ
VLJQDO IURP YHU\ VKRUW SHULRGV RI WLPH DQG LQ WXUQ FUHDWH D %ULJKW UHG DUH WKH KLJKHVW PHDVXUHG YDOXHV IRU WKH JLYHQ
ODUJH QXPEHU RI SRVVLEOH PHDVXUHPHQW IRU HDFK GHYLFH E\ LQVWDQFHZKLOHZKLWHUHSUHVHQWVWKHORZHVWPHDVXUHGYDOXHV
DFWLYHO\ VHQVLQJ WKH FKDQJHV LQ WKH SRZHU FRQVXPSWLRQ
GXULQJWKRVHWLPHV


)LJ %UHDNGRZQRIVLQJOHLQVWDQFH

%\ GRLQJ VXFK PHDVXUHPHQWV IRU YHU\ VKRUW SHULRGV RI


 WLPHZHPLQLPL]HWKHH[SRVXUHRIWKHGHYLFHWRDSRWHQWLDOO\
)LJ 6LJQDOPDVNLQJDQGSHULRGPDVNLQJ
KDUPIXOVLJQDOZKLOHJHWWLQJDGHYLFHV¶XQLTXHILQJHUSULQW
$IWHU GRLQJ H[WHQVLYH PHDVXUHPHQWV RYHU 
)LJXUH  VKRZV DQ DFWXDO PDVNHG VLJQDO 2QH VTXDUH LV LQVWDQFHV RI VLJQDO PDVNLQJ  IRU ORQJ SHULRG RI WLPH RYHU 
HTXLYDOHQW WR  PLOOLVHFRQGV 7KH OHIW JUDSK VKRZV D  KRXUV  ZH KDYH QRW REVHUYHG DQ\ ORQJ WHUP SUREOHPV ZLWK
SHUFHQW FXW IRU  F\FOHV DQG WKH ULJKW JUDSK VKRZV D  DQ\ RI WKH HOHFWULFDO ORDGV WKDW ZHUH XVHG WR PDNH WKH
SHUFHQWFXWIRUF\FOH PHDVXUHPHQWV$OOWHVWHGORDGVDUHVWLOOLQHYHU\GD\XVH$OVR
E\ PRQLWRULQJ WKH UHDO HOHFWULFLW\ IURP RXU RXWOHWV ZH GLG
REVHUYH FDVHV RI HOHFWULFDO VSLNHV DQG FKDQJHV VLPLODU WR WKDW
RIRXUH[SHULPHQW)XUWKHUPRUHZHGLVFXVVIXUWKHUSODQVKRZ
WRLPSURYHXSRQWKLVSRLQWLQWKHUHVXOWV

,,, $1$/<6,6
A. Data collection
(DFK PHDVXUHPHQW LV FRPSLOHG LQWR WKUHH  E\ 
 PDWULFHVZLWKWKHYROWDJHFXUUHQWDQGZDWWGDWDUHVSHFWDEO\DV
)LJ ([DPSOHRILQSXWVLJQDOPDQLSXODWLRQ VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH  (DFK HOHFWULFDO ORDG ZDV PHDVXUHG 
WLPHV 7KH PHDVXUHPHQWV LQFOXGH WKH IROORZLQJ  LWHPV
C. Sensing strategy LQFDQGHVFHQW OLJKW EXOE VPDUWSKRQH [ HOHFWULF IDQ ODSWRS
836 EDWWHU\ /&' PRQLWRU VSHDNHUV IOXRUHVFHQW OLJKW EXOE
:H VWDUW WR PHDVXUH YROWDJH FXUUHQW DQG ZDWWDJH DW WKH 86%EDWWHU\HOHFWULFEODQNHWYDFXXPHOHFWULFEODQNHW
VWDUW RI D VHVVLRQ ZKLFK LV WKH ILUVW ]HURFURVVLQJ HYHQW DQG
VWRS PHDVXULQJ DWWKH ODVW]HURFURVVLQJHYHQWRI WKH VHVVLRQ $VZHFDQVHHLQ)LJXUHHDFKGHYLFHKDVLWVRZQXQLTXH
(DFKVHVVLRQLVGHILQHGE\WZRSDUDPHWHUV75,$&ILULQJUDWLR SDWWHUQ GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH HOHFWULFDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH
DQGQXPEHURIF\FOHVILULQJ7KH75,$&ILULQJUDWLRPLQLPXP GHYLFH 5HVLVWLYH ORDGV IROORZ D PRVWO\ VPRRWK XQEURNHQ
YDOXH LV  SHUFHQW PD[LPXP  SHUFHQW DQG WKHUH DUH  OLQHDUGURSDFFRUGLQJWRH[SHFWDWLRQV(OHFWURPRWRUVIROORZD
OHYHOV%HWZHHQHDFKWZRVHVVLRQVWKHUHLVRQHF\FOHZKLFKLV VLPLODU EXW VOLJKWO\ PRUH RVFLOODWLQJ SDWWHUQ GXH WR WKH VZLQJ
QRWDOWHUHGGXULQJ ZKLFK FRPSXWDWLRQV DUHSHUIRUPHG $W WKH QDWXUHRIWKHPRWRU,QGXFWLYHORDGVRQWKHRWKHUKDQGVKRZD
VWDUW WKH 75,$& ILULQJ UDWLR LV VHW WR  DQG WKH QXPEHU RI PXFKPRUHVFDWWHUHGSDWWHUQUHIOHFWLQJWKHIDFWWKDWWKHDGDSWHU
F\FOHV ILULQJ WR  $IWHU HDFK VHVVLRQ WKH F\FOH FRXQW LV LV FRPSHQVDWLQJ IRU WKH FKDQJHV LQ WKH LQSXW 'LIIHUHQW W\SHV
LQFUHDVHGE\XQWLOLWUHDFKHVF\FOHVDIWHUZKLFKWKHF\FOH RI RWKHU UHVSRQVHV FDQ EH REVHUYHG DV ZHOO LQ FDVH RI RWKHU
FRXQWLVUHVHWDQGWKHUDWLRFXWLQFUHDVHGWRWKHQH[WOHYHO7KH W\SHVRIORDGV$IORUHVFHQWOLJKWEXOEZLOOEHHLWKHURQRURII
ZKROHSURFHVVODVWVIRUVHFRQGV GHSHQGLQJRQWKHFXUUHQWDVUHSUHVHQWHGE\WKHZKLWHFHQWHULQ
WKHILJXUH6SHDNHUVRQWKHRWKHUKDQGRYHUFRPSHQVDWHDWIRU
)LJXUH  VKRZV WKH GLIIHUHQW SRZHU UHVSRQVHV IURP DQ WKH ORZHU SDUW RI WKH FXW UDWLR ,W LV SRVVLEOH WR GLVWLQJXLVK
DSSOLDQFH7KHKRUL]RQWDOD[LVUHSUHVHQWVWKHSHUFHQWDJHRIWKH EHWZHHQGLIIHUHQWPRGHOVRIWKHVDPHW\SHRILWHP
VLJQDOWKDWZDVPDVNHGZLWKWKH75,$&VWDUWLQJDWSHUFHQW
DQGJRLQJDOOWKHZD\XSWRSHUFHQWLQSHUFHQWLQFUHPHQWV
7KHYHUWLFDOD[LVUHSUHVHQWVWKHQXPEHURIFRQVHFXWLYHF\FOHV
WRZKLFKWKHPDVNLQJKDVEHHQDSSOLHG7KHQXPEHUVLQHDFK

‹,(((

)LJ /HIWVLGHUHSUHVHQWVWKHYROWDJHFXUUHQWDQGZDWWDJHRID
LQFDGHFHQWOLJKWEXOEZKLOHWKHULJKWVLGHLVD6RQ\
;SHULD=VPDUWSKRQH

B. Classification
)RU FODVVLILFDWLRQ ZH XVHG D QHXUDO QHWZRUN DV VKRZQ LQ
)LJXUH

)LJ :DWWDJHPHDVXUHPHQWVRIPXOWLSOHGHYLFHV

$Q DUWLILFLDO QHXUDO QHWZRUN $11  ZDV FKRVHQ DV WKH
LQLWLDOFODVVLILFDWLRQPHWKRGGXH WRWKH QDWXUHRIWKHGDWD %\
DSSO\LQJ WKH DFWLYH VHQVLQJ PHWKRG LW LV HDV\ WR PHDVXUH
PXOWLSOHSRLQWVIRUHDFKHOHFWULFDOORDGFUHDWLQJDODUJHQXPEHU
RI GDWD SRLQWV ZKLFK FDQ EH XVHG ,W LV DOVR HDV\ WR FUHDWH
PXOWLSOH LQVWDQFHV RI PHDVXUHPHQWV FUHDWLQJ D ODUJH HQRXJK

GDWDVHWIRUDQ$11WRVXFFHVVIXOO\OHDUQDQGFODVVLI\/DVWO\
)LJ 1HXUDOQHWZRUNPRGHO IRU WKH VFRSH RI WKLV SDSHU ZH ZDQWHG WR IRFXV RQ WKH
DSSOLFDELOLW\ RI WKH DFWLYH VHQVLQJ DSSURDFK ZLWKRXW WU\LQJ WR
7KH LQSXWOD\HULVQHXURQVORQJDQGXVHVWKHZDWWDJH ILQG WKH RSWLPDO IHDWXUHV OHDGLQJ XV WR FRQFOXGH WKDW WKH
PHDVXUHPHQWV $IWHU LQLWLDO VXUYH\LQJ ZH GHFLGHG WR QRW XVH VKDOORZ$11ZRXOGEHWKHVLPSOHVWDSSURDFK
WKH YROWDJH DQG FXUUHQW GDWD EHFDXVH WKH\ GLG QRW VKRZ
VXIILFLHQW GLVWLQJXLVKDELOLW\ EHWZHHQ ORDGV DQG UHGXFHG WKH ,9 5(68/76
FODVVLILFDWLRQ DFFXUDF\ 7KH KLGGHQ OD\HU LV PDGH XS RI  7KHUHVXOWVRIFODVVLILFDWLRQDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOHDQGLQ
OD\HUV ZLWK    DQG  QHXURQV HDFK (DFK RI WKH )LJXUH  7KH FODVVLILFDWLRQ UHVXOWV VKRZ D  DFFXUDF\
OD\HUVLPSURYHVWKHDFFXUDF\$VPDOOKLGGHQOD\HUQHWZRUN DQG WKH FRQIXVLRQ PDWUL[ LV D GLDJRQDO $OO WKH GHYLFHV DUH
ZLWK VHYHUDO QRGHV FDQ VXFFHVVIXOO\ FODVVLI\ EXW ZLWK D GURS FRUUHFWO\ FODVVLILHG ZLWK D KLJK OHYHO RI DFFXUDF\ )URP WKH
DERXW  DFFXUDF\ $ ORJLFDO DFWLYDWLRQ IXQFWLRQ ZDV XVHG LQVWDQFHVRIPHDVXUHPHQWZHUHXVHGIRUWUDLQLQJDQG
$OO QRGHRXWSXW IURP RQH OD\HU ZHUH FRQQHFWHG WR WKH LQSXWV IRUWHVWLQJ
RIWKHQH[WOD\HU

‹,(((
7$%/(, &/$66,),&$7,21$&&85$&< &21&/86,21
 :HKDYHSUHVHQWHGDQRYHODFWLYHVHQVLQJPHWKRGWRZDUGV
IDVWHU HOHFWULFDO ORDG FODVVLILFDWLRQ ZKLOH QRW VDFULILFLQJ ORZ
Electrical load TP FP Precision Recalling
FRVW RU DFFXUDF\ :H GHPRQVWUDWH KRZ E\ PDQLSXODWLQJ 
 ,QFDQGHVFHQW
OLJKWEXOE
    SDUDPHWHUVZHDUHDEOHWRPDVNWKHLQSXWVLJQDOLQDVKRUWWLPH
SHULRGWRFUHDWHXQLTXHDQGHDVLO\GLVWLQJXLVKDEOHSDWWHUQVIRU
 6PDUWSKRQH    
GLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIGHYLFHV2XUPHWKRGLVDEOHWRDFKLHYH
 )DQ       DFFXUDF\XVLQJDQ$11IRUFODVVLILFDWLRQLQXQGHUVHFRQGV
:HSODQRQLPSURYLQJWKLVIXUWKHUE\DQDO\]LQJRWKHUSRVVLEOH
 /DSWRS     FODVVLILHUV WR UHGXFH WKH QXPEHU RI GDWD SRLQWV QHHGHG DQG
LPSOHPHQWLQJDQRQSOXJFODVVLILHU
 836EDWWHU\    

 /&'PRQLWRU     5()(5(1&(6


 6SHDNHUV     >@ / 'X ' +H 5 * +DUOH\ DQG 7 * +DEHWOHU (OHFWULF /RDG
&ODVVLILFDWLRQ E\ %LQDU\ 9ROWDJH±&XUUHQW 7UDMHFWRU\ 0DSSLQJ LQ
 )OXRUHVFHQW IEEE Transactions on Smart GridYROQRSS-DQ
   
OLJKWEXOE >@ % )HOGPDQ 0 7DQQHU DQG & 5RVH 3HDN GHPDQG UHGXFWLRQ
 86%EDWWHU\     VWUDWHJ\$GYDQFHG(QHUJ\(FRQRP\:DVKLQJWRQ'&2FWREHU
>@ -LQ+R .LP $QDVWDVLD 6KFKHUEDNRYD &RPPRQ IDLOXUHV RI GHPDQG
 9DFXXP     UHVSRQVH(QHUJ\9ROXPH,VVXH)HEUXDU\3DJHV
,661
 (OHFWULF
    >@ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory: Standby Power Home Page
EODQNHW
>RQOLQH@$YDLODEOHKWWSVWDQGE\OEOJRY
 )DQ       >@ *:+DUW1RQLQWUXVLYHDSSOLDQFHORDGPRQLWRULQJLQProceedings
of the IEEEYROQRSS'HF
$YHUDJH     >@ 2 (OPD DQG 8 6 6HODPR÷XOODUL $ KRPH HQHUJ\ PDQDJHPHQW
DOJRULWKP ZLWK VPDUW SOXJ IRU PD[LPL]HG FXVWRPHU FRPIRUW Electric
 Power and Energy Conversion Systems (EPECS), 2015 4th
International Conference on6KDUMDKSS
>@ $5HLQKDUGWet al2QWKHDFFXUDF\RIDSSOLDQFHLGHQWLILFDWLRQEDVHG
RQ GLVWULEXWHG ORDG PHWHULQJ GDWD Sustainable Internet and ICT for
Sustainability (SustainIT), 20123LVDSS
>@ $ 5LGL & *LVOHU DQG - +HQQHEHUW 3URFHVVLQJ VPDUW SOXJ VLJQDOV
XVLQJ PDFKLQH OHDUQLQJ2015 IEEE Wireless Communications and
Networking Conference Workshops (WCNCW) 1HZ 2UOHDQV /$
SS
>@ ) (QJOHUW 7 6FKPLWW 6 .Rࡇ‰OHU $ 5HLQKDUGW DQG 5 6WHLQPHW]
³+RZ WR $XWR&RQILJXUH <RXU 6PDUW +RPH" +LJK5HVROXWLRQ 3RZHU
0HDVXUHPHQWV WR WKH 5HVFXH´ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH WK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO
&RQIHUHQFHRQ)XWXUHHQHUJ\V\VWHPV H(QHUJ\ SS±
>@ ' =XIIHUH\ & *LVOHU 2 $ERX .KDOHG DQG - +HQQHEHUW ³0DFKLQH
OHDUQLQJ DSSURDFKHV IRU HOHFWULF DSSOLDQFH FODVVLILFDWLRQ´ LQ 3URFHHG
LQJV RI WKH WK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ ,QIRUPDWLRQ 6FLHQFH
6LJQDO3URFHVVLQJDQGWKHLU$SSOLFDWLRQV ,663$ SS±
>@ 7.DWR+&KR'/HH77R\RPXUDDQG7<DPD]DNL³$SSOLDQFH
UHFRJQLWLRQ IURP HOHFWULF FXUUHQW VLJQDOV IRU LQIRUPDWLRQHQHUJ\
LQWHJUDWHG QHWZRUN LQ KRPH HQYLURQPHQWV´ $PELHQW $VVLVWLYH +HDOWK
DQG:HOOQHVV0DQDJHPHQWLQWKH+HDUWRIWKH&LW\YROSS±
 
>@ 0,WR58GD6,FKLPXUD.7DJR7+RVKL<0DWVXVKLWDDQG.
)LJ &RQIXVLRQPDWUL[IRUHDFKDSSOLDQFH
+DFKLRML ³$ 0HWKRG RI $SSOLDQFH 'HWHFWLRQ %DVHG RQ )HDWXUHV RI
 3RZHU :DYHIRUP´ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH WK ,(((,36- ,QWHUQDWLRQDO
6\PSRVLXPRQ$SSOLFDWLRQVDQGWKH,QWHUQHW 6$,17 SS±
7KHVH UHVXOWV FRQILUP WKDW DQ DFWLYH VHQVLQJ DSSURDFK WR 
HOHFWULF ORDG FODVVLILFDWLRQ FDQ EH EHQHILFLDO WRZDUGV >@ .5,'$ (OHFWURQLFV ³&KDQQHO $&'LJLWDO /LJKW 'LPPHU ZLWK ]HUR
LQFUHDVLQJDFFXUDF\DQGLPSURYLQJWKHVSHHGRIFODVVLILFDWLRQ FURVV GHWHFWLRQ´ $YDLODEOH RQOLQH
8VLQJPRUHIHDWXUHVVXFKPD[LPXPSRZHUPLQLPXPSRZHU KWWSVZZZIDFHERRNFRPNULGDHOHFWURQLFV
DQG VLPLODU YDOXHV ZKLFK FDQ TXLFNO\ PHDVXUHG DW WKH VWDUW >@ 5HVHDUFK'HVLJQ/DE³6HULDO&KDQQHO$&9665DQG'LPPHU´
$YDLODEOH RQOLQH KWWSVUHVHDUFKGHVLJQODEFRPPRGXOHVGLPPHU
VKRXOG DOVR FRQWULEXWH WR WKH DFFXUDF\ 2XU QH[W VWHS LV WR PRGXOHVHULDOFKDQQHODFYVVUDQGGLPPHUKWPO
UHGXFHWKHQXPEHURIPHDVXUHPHQWLQRQHLQVWDQFHWRLPSURYH 
WKHVSHHGE\H[SORULQJRWKHUFODVVLILFDWLRQPHWKRGV%\GRLQJ
VRZHIXUWKHUUHGXFHWKHLPSDFWRQWKHV\VWHP
6LQFH HDFK PHDVXUHG ORDGV¶ SDWWHUQ KDV VKRZQ WR EH TXLWH
XQLTXH ZH EHOLHYHWKDWWKDWWKH PHWKRGDQGUHVXOWVVKRXOGEH
VFDODEOHWRDQHYHQODUJHUQXPEHURIGHYLFHV


‹,(((

You might also like