PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

University of the City of Manila

College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

HEAT TRANSFER
The transfer of energy in the form of heat occurs in many chemical and
other types of processes. Heat transfer occurs because of a temperature gradient
driving force and heat flow from the high to the low temperature region in
accordance with the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics. Transfer of thermal energy
occurs mainly through conduction, convection and radiation.

In conduction, heat is transferred by the transfer of energy of motion

between adjacent molecules. In a gas the hotter molecules, which have greater
energy and motions, impart energy to the adjacent molecules at lower energy
levels. Conduction occurs mainly in solids, as in liquids and gases the particles are
further apart, hence the chances of particles colliding and passing on thermal
energy is lowered.

In convection, the transfer of heat implies by bulk transport and mixing of

macroscopic elements of warmer portions with cooler portions of a gas or a liquid.
It is also often refers to the energy exchange between a solid surface and a fluid.
A distinction must be made between forced-convection heat transfer, where a
fluid is forced to flow past a solid surface by pump and other mechanical devices
and natural or free convection, where warmer or cooler fluid next to the solid
surface causes a circulation because of a density difference resulting from the
temperature differences in the fluid.

Radiation differs from heat transfer by conduction and convection in that

no physical medium is needed for its propagation. Radiation is the transfer of
energy through space by means of electromagnetic waves in much the same
way as electromagnetic light waves transfer light.

CHE 513 | Equipment Design | Heat Transfer Equipment Design 1

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

Shell and tube heat exchangers are the most important type of heat
exchanger used in the process industries. In these exchangers the flows are
continuous. Many tubes in parallel are used, where one fluid flows inside these
tubes. The tubes, arranged in a bundle, are enclosed in a single shell and the
other fluid flow outside the tubes in the shell side.

Heat exchangers with only one phase (liquid or gas) on each side can be
called one-phase or single-phase heat exchangers. Two-phase heat exchangers
can be used to heat a liquid to boil it into a gas (vapor), sometimes called boilers,
or cool a vapor to condense it into a liquid (called condensers), with the phase
change usually occurring on the shell side. Boilers in steam engine locomotives
are typically large, usually cylindrically-shaped shell-and-tube heat exchangers.
In large power plants with steam-driven turbines, shell-and-tube surface
condensers are used to condense the exhaust steam exiting the turbine into
condensate water which is recycled back to be turned into steam in the steam
generator.

Advantages of a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

1. The configuration gives a large surface area in a small volume.

2. Good mechanical layout: a good shape for pressure operation.
3. Uses well-established fabrication techniques.
4. Can be constructed from a wide range of materials.
5. Easily cleaned.
6. Well-established design procedures.

CHE 513 | Equipment Design | Heat Transfer Equipment Design 2

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

TYPES OF SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

The choice of shell-and-tube heat exchanger type is governed chiefly by

factors such as provision for differential movement between shell and tubes,
design pressure, design temperature, and fouling nature of the fluids, rather than
the function. Almost all exchanger types can perform any function.

The popularity of shell and tube exchangers has resulted in a standard

nomenclature being developed for their designation and use by the Tubular
Exchanger Manufactures Association (TEMA). This nomenclature is defined in
terms letters and diagrams. The first letter describes the front header type, the
second letter the shell type and the third letter the rear header type.

CHE 513 | Equipment Design | Heat Transfer Equipment Design 3

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

Many combinations of front header, shell and rear header can be made.
The most common combinations for an E-Type Shell are the following:

Essentially there are three main combinations:

1. Fixed Tubesheet Exchanger (L, M, and N Type Rear Headers)

In a fixed tubesheet exchanger, the tubesheet is welded to the shell. This

results in a simple and economical construction and the tube bores can be
cleaned mechanically or chemically. However, the outside surfaces of the tubes
are inaccessible except to chemical cleaning.

If large temperature differences exist between the shell and tube materials,
it may be necessary to incorporate an expansion bellows in the shell, to eliminate

CHE 513 | Equipment Design | Heat Transfer Equipment Design 4

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

excessive stresses caused by expansion. Such bellows are often a source of

weakness and failure in operation. In circumstances where the consequences of
failure are particularly grave U-Tube or Floating Header units are normally used.

Advantages and DIsadvantages

Advantages Disadvantages
 Provides maximum heat transfer  Shell side / out side of the tubes are
area for a given shell and tube inaccessible for mechanical
diameter. cleaning.
 Provides for single and multiple  No provision to allow for differential
tube passes to assure proper thermal expansion developed
velocity. between the tube and the shell
 Less costly than removable bundle side. This can be taken care by
designs. providing expansion joint on the
shell side.

2. U-Tube Exchangers

In a U-Tube exchanger any of the front header types may be used and the
rear header is normally a M-Type. The U-tubes permit unlimited thermal expansion,
the tube bundle can be removed for cleaning and small bundle to shell
clearances can be achieved. However, since internal cleaning of the tubes by

CHE 513 | Equipment Design | Heat Transfer Equipment Design 5

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

mechanical means is difficult, it is normal only to use this type where the tube side
fluids are clean.

Advantages
 U-tube design allows for
differential thermal expansion
between the shell and the tube
bundle as well as for individual
tubes.
 Both the tube bundle and the
shell side can be inspected and
cleaned mechanically.
 Less costly than floating head or
packed floating head designs.
Disadvantages
 Because of U-bend some tubes are
omitted at the center of the tube
bundle.
 Because of U-bend, tubes can be
cleaned only by chemical
methods.
 Due to U-tube nesting, individual
tube is difficult to replace.
 No single tube pass or true
countercurrent flow is possible.
 Tube wall thickness at the U-bend is
thinner than at straight portion of
the tubes.
 Draining of tube circuit is difficult
when positioned with the vertical
position with the head side upward.

3. Floating Head Exchanger (P, S, T and W Type Rear Headers)

In this type of exchanger the tubesheet at the Rear Header end is not
welded to the shell but allowed to move or float. The tubesheet at the Front
Header (tube side fluid inlet end) is of a larger diameter than the shell and is
sealed in a similar manner to that used in the fixed tubesheet design. The
tubesheet at the rear header end of the shell is of slightly smaller diameter than
the shell, allowing the bundle to be pulled through the shell. The use of a floating
head means that thermal expansion can be allowed for and the tube bundle
can be removed for cleaning. There are several rear header types that can be
used but the S-Type Rear Head is the most popular. A floating head exchanger is
suitable for the rigorous duties associated with high temperatures and pressures
but is more expensive (typically of order of 25% for carbon steel construction) than
the equivalent fixed tubesheet exchanger.

CHE 513 | Equipment Design | Heat Transfer Equipment Design 6

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

Advantages
 Floating tube sheet allows for 
differential thermal expansion
between the shell and the tube
bundle.
 Both the tube bundle and the
shell side can be inspected and 
cleaned mechanically.
 Packing materials produce limits on
Disadvantages
To provide the floating-head cover
it is necessary to bolt it to the tube
sheet. The bolt circle requires the
use of space where it would be
possible to place many tubes.
Tubes cannot expand
independently so that huge thermal
shock applications should be
avoided.
design pressure and temperature.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE DESIGN OF SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

 Heat exchange surface

 Temperature difference
 Flow rates and specific heat of the different media
 Heat conductivity coefficient of the barrier (specific coefficient and
thickness), this one heavily affected by progressing fouling and scaling

CHE 513 | Equipment Design | Heat Transfer Equipment Design 7

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

PARTS AND FUNCTIONS

1. Tubes- the basic component, providing the heat transfer surface between one
fluid flowing inside the tubes and the other fluid flowing across the tubes

2. Tubesheet- a circular metal plate that has been suitably drilled and grooved
for the tubes, milled to accommodate the pass divider gaskets, tapped for the tie
rods, and drilled for the bolt circle.

3. Baffles- installed on the shell side to give a higher heat-transfer rate due to
increased turbulence and to support the tubes thus reducing the chance of
damage due to vibration.

CHE 513 | Equipment Design | Heat Transfer Equipment Design 8

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

4. Gaskets- mechanical seal which fills the space between two or more mating
surfaces, generally to prevent leakage from or into the joined objects while under
compression.

5. Shell- a pressure vessel which is used to contain tubes and the other fluid to
pass through it.

DESIGN PROBLEM

DESIGN DESCRIPTION

Shell and tube heat exchanger is used to cool down the fatty acids coming
from the acid hydrolysis reactor by removing its heat. The design includes tubes,
arranged in bundle, and is enclosed in a single shell. Inside the shell and tube heat
exchanger are baffles which are crossed arranged so that the fluid is forced to
flow perpendicular across the tube bank rather that parallel with it (Principles of
Transport Processes and Separation Processes, by Geankoplis).

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

The shell and tube heat exchanger is a 1-2 counter flow heat exchanger.
An amount of 20,000 kg is fed on the top of shell and tube heat exchanger and
flows inside the tubes in parallel in one pass. The cooling water at 25⁰C enters at
the other end and flows counterflow across the outside of the tubes, causing the
removal of heat in the solution. Cross baffles are used so that the fluid is forced to
flow perpendicular across the tube bank rather than parallel with it. The added
turbulence generated by these baffles increases the shell side heat-transfer
coefficient.

DESIGN SELECTION

Fixed tube heat exchanger is used for cooling because of its applicability
in large flows operation and provides maximum heat transfer area (Perry’s
Chemical Engineering Handbook, 7th ed).

DATA AND ASSUMPTIONS

1. The amount of fatty acid mixture is 20,000 kg.

2. The feed enters at 120⁰C and exits at 60⁰C.
3. The density of the feed is 895 kg/m3.

CHE 513 | Equipment Design | Heat Transfer Equipment Design 9

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

4. Cooling water enters at 20⁰C and exits at 50⁰C.

5. The heat capacity of the feed is 2.10 kJ/kg-K.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

1. An allowance of 15% safety factor is used for shell and tube heat
exchanger. (Plant Design and Economics by Peters and Timmerhaus p.
39, Table 6)
2. The overall coefficient is 490 W/m2-K (Chemical Engineering Design by
Towler and Sinnott p. 1052, Figure 19.1).
3. The standard tube length varies from 1.83 m to 6.096 m long, 3.048 m the
most common. (Perry’s Chemical Engineering Handbook 7th ed. Page
11-40).
4. The standard tube diameters 5/8 inch, ¾ inch and 1 inch in outside
diameter (Perry’s Chemical Engineering Handbook 7th ed. Page 11-40).
5. The tube arrangement is triangular pitch.
6. TEMA standards for triangular pitch are 1.25 times the tube outside
diameter. (Perry’s Chemical Engineering Handbook 7th ed. Page 11-41).
7. The material of construction is carbon steel (Perry’s Chemical
Engineering Handbook 7th ed. Page 11-43).
8. The L/D ratio found most efficient in commercial practice lies between
4 and 10 (Process Heat Transfer by Kern).
9. The baffle spacing is generally 1/5 of the shell diameter and not less than
50.8 mm (Perry’s Chemical Engineering Handbook 7th ed. Page 11-42).
10. The corrosion allowance for non-corrosive conditions is 0.15 in. (Rules of
Thumb for Chemical Engineers 4th ed., by Branan)
11. The lap welded joint efficiency is 70% (Process Equipment Design by
Hesse and Rushton).

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

1. Mean Temperature Difference 7. Shell Diameter

2. Heat Duty and Heat Transfer 8. Shell Length
Area 9. Baffle Spacing
3. Number of Tubes 10. Number of Baffles
4. Tube Pitch 11. Shell Thickness
5. Bundle Diameter 12. Mass Flow Rate of Cooling
6. Bundle Diameter Clearance Water

CHE 513 | Equipment Design | Heat Transfer Equipment Design 10

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

DESIGN CALCULATIONS

1. Mean Temperature Difference

Computing the logarithmic temperature difference:
∆𝑇1 = 120 − 50 = 70
∆𝑇2 = 60 − 20 = 40
∆𝑇2 − ∆𝑇1
∆𝑇𝐿𝑀 =
∆𝑇
ln ∆𝑇2
1
40 − 70
∆𝑇𝐿𝑀 =
40
ln 70
= 53.6082
Computing for correction factor:
𝑇𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 120 − 60
𝑍= = =2
𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑡𝑖𝑛 50 − 20
𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑡𝑖𝑛 50 − 20
𝑌= = = 0.3
𝑇𝑖𝑛 − 𝑡𝑖𝑛 120 − 20

Using the correction factor graph for 1-2 heat exchangers (Figure 4.9-4
page 295, Principles of Transport Processes and Separation Processes by
Geankoplis)

FT=0.88
Computing the mean temperature difference:
∆𝑇𝑀 = 53.6082 × 0.88 = 𝟒𝟕. 𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟐°𝑪

2. Heat Duty and Heat Transfer Area

Calculating the heat duty:
20 000 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇 = × 2.10 × (120 − 60)
60 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
25 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 × 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒
= 𝟏𝟔𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝑾
According to the design consideration, the approximate heat
transfer coefficient is 490 W/m2-K. Computing for the heat transfer area:

1000 𝑊
𝑄 1680 𝑘𝑊 ×
𝐴= = 1 𝑘𝑊 = 43.2604 𝑚2
𝑈∆𝑇𝑚 490 𝑊 × 47.1752℃ × 1 𝐾
𝑚2 − 𝐾 1℃

CHE 513 | Equipment Design | Heat Transfer Equipment Design 11

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

3. Number of Tubes
To calculate for the number of tubes:
𝐴
𝑁=
𝜋𝑑𝑜 𝐿
Where:
N= number of tubes
d0=outside diameter of the tubes
A= heat transfer area
L= length of the heat exchanger
According to the design consideration, the most common standard
tube length would be 10 ft (3.048 m). For the diameter, the standard tube
diameter to be used is 1 inch 12 BWG (25.40 mm).

43.2604 𝑚2
𝑁= = 177.8656 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑠
25.40
𝜋 × 1000 𝑚 × 3.048𝑚
= 𝟏𝟕𝟖 𝒕𝒖𝒃𝒆𝒔

4. Tube Pitch
According to Perry’s Chemical Engineering Handbook 7th ed. Page
11-41, TEMA standards for triangular pitch are 1.25 times the tube outside
diameter.

𝑃𝑇 = 1.25𝑑𝑜 = 1.25 × 25.4𝑚𝑚 = 31.75 𝑚𝑚

USE: Pt= 31.8 mm

5. Bundle Diameter
The equation for Bundle Diameter is given by:
𝑁𝑡 1
𝐷𝑏 = 𝑑𝑜 ( )𝑛1
𝐾
Values for n1 and K are obtained
from Table 19.4 of Sinnott, Chemical
Engineering Design page 1063.

1
178 2.207
𝐷𝑏 = 25.40 ( )
0.249
= 498.99 𝑚𝑚 = 𝟒𝟗𝟗. 𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎

CHE 513 | Equipment Design | Heat Transfer Equipment Design 12

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

6. Bundle Diameter Clearance

From the figure:

USE: Bc= 13 mm

7. Shell Diameter

𝐷𝑠 = 𝐷𝑏 + 2(𝐵𝑐 )

= 499 + 2(13)

= 525 𝑚𝑚

According to the design consideration, a 15% safety factor must be

used for shell and tube heat exchangers. Therefore,

𝐷𝑠 = 525(1.15) = 603.7384 𝑚𝑚

= 0.6037 𝑚

𝐷𝑠 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 𝒎

CHE 513 | Equipment Design | Heat Transfer Equipment Design 13

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

8. Shell Length

According to the design considerations, The L/D ratio found most efficient
in commercial practice lies between 4 and 10 (Process Heat Transfer by Kern).
Using the average:

𝐿 = 7𝐷𝑠

𝐿 = 7(0.6037) = 4.23 𝑚

USE: L=4.50m

9. Baffle Spacing
1
𝐵𝑠 = × 𝐷𝑠
5
1
𝐵𝑠 = × 603.7384 = 120.75 𝑚𝑚
5

10. Number of Baffles

𝐿
𝑁𝑏 + 1 =
𝐵𝑠
3.048
𝑁𝑏 + 1 =
120.75
1000
3.048
𝑁𝑏 = − 1 = 24 𝑏𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑠
120.75
1000
11. Shell Thickness

Shell Thickness formula (Process Equipment Design, Hesse and Rushton):

Allowable working stress formula is:

1
𝑆 = 𝑆𝑢
4

CHE 513 | Equipment Design | Heat Transfer Equipment Design 14

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

Where Su is 9,000 psi for temperatures -20⁰F to 650 ℉ (Process Equipment

Design, Hesse and Rushton)
1
𝑆 = (9000) = 2250 𝑝𝑠𝑖
4
Internal Pressure:
𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝑃 = 𝜌𝐻𝑔 + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 895 × 0.6037𝑚 × 9.81 + 101325 𝑃𝑎 = 106.62𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑚3 𝑠2
1000𝑚𝑚
(106.62 𝑘𝑃𝑎)(0.6037𝑚)(
𝑡𝑠 = 1𝑚 ) + 0.15 𝑖𝑛 ×
25.4𝑚𝑚
= 3.3601 𝑚𝑚
101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 1 𝑖𝑛
2 × 2250 𝑝𝑠𝑖 × 0.70 × 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖 − 106.62 𝑘𝑃𝑎

USE: ts= 3.50 mm

12. Mass Flowrate of Cooling Water

𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇

𝑄 1680𝑘𝑊 𝒌𝒈
𝑚= = = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟖
𝐶𝑝 (𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛 ) 𝑘𝐽 𝒔
4.185 (50 − 20)
𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾

CHE 513 | Equipment Design | Heat Transfer Equipment Design 15

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

Operating Data
Method of Operation Batch
Number of Units 1
Residence Time 25 minutes
Compound Fatty Acid
Feed
Density 895 kg/m3
Operating Temperature (⁰C) 60-120
Operating Pressure (kPa) 101.325
Rated Capacity (kg) 20,000
Equipment Data
Designed Parameter Proposed Existing
Heat Transfer Area (m )
2 43.26 -
Number of Tubes 178 -
Tube Pitch (mm) 31.8 10-50
Bundle Diameter (mm) 499 200-1000
Bundle Diameter Clearance (mm) 13 2-30
Shell Diameter (m) 0.65 Up to 2
Shell Length (m) 4.5 -
Length of Tube (m) 3.048 2-10
Tube Diameter (in) 1 5/8, ¾, 1
Baffle Spacing (mm) 120.75 -
Number of Baffles 24 -
Shell Thickness (mm) 3.5 -
Mass Flowrate of Cooling Water (kg/s) 13.38 -
Existing Equipment
Supplier Bernabe Construction and Industrial Corporation of Asia
Supplier Address Valenzuela City, Philippines
Materials of Construction
Heat Exchanger Shell SS317
Ancillary Equipment
Instrumentation and Control Pump
Level Indicator
Thermocouple

CHE 513 | Equipment Design | Heat Transfer Equipment Design 16

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

Design Configuration

CHE 513 | Equipment Design | Heat Transfer Equipment Design 17

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER

Double pipe heat exchangers are the simplest exchangers used in

industries. On one hand, these heat exchangers are cheap for both design and
maintenance, making them a good choice for small industries. A double pipe
heat exchanger is a type of heat exchanger comprising a 'tube in tube' structure.
As the name suggests, it consists of two pipes, one within the other. One fluid flows
through the inner pipe (analogous to the tube-side in a shell and tube type
exchanger) whilst the other flows through the outer pipe, which surrounds the
inner pipe (analogous to the shell-side in a shell and tube exchanger).

Double pipe heat exchangers are usually assembled in 12-, 15-, or 20-ft
effective lengths, the effective length being the distance in each leg over which
heat tranfer occurs. The advantages and disadvantages of a double pipe heat
exchanger are as follows:

Advantages Disadvantages
 Suited to high pressure  Limited to low heat duties
applications. requiring surface areas less than
 Flexibility, units can be added or 47 m2
removed as required.  The time and expense required
for dismantling and periodically
cleaning are prohibitve.

CHE 513 | Equipment Design | Heat Transfer Equipment Design 18

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

PRINCIPLES

Counter and parallel flow heat exchanger temperature profiles are as

shown below. From this easily can be concluded that the counter flow is in any
case more efficient than the parallel flow since the pipe fluid gets further cooled
using this counter flow. While the temperatures T (of the cooled fluid) and t (of the
warmed fluid) in the parallel flow heat exchanger can only approach each other,
they can pass each other in the counter flow (Tout < tout) and in this case there
has to be more heat been transferred.

But there is one other advantage for the counter flow, since the maximum
temperature differences between the two flows are much smaller, they suffer less
thermal forces.

CHE 513 | Equipment Design | Heat Transfer Equipment Design 19

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

PARTS OF A DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER

The most widely used double pipe heat exchanger is the hair pin. The high
stresses produced by differential thermal expansion between outer and inner
pipes are more easily handled.

1. Concentric Pipes- a double pipe heat exchanger consists of two sets of

concentric pipes in which the fluid will pass through countercurrently, or
cocurrently.
2. Packing Glands- used to to support the inner pipe within the outer pipe.
3. Tees- permits the entry and exit of annulus fluid which crosses from one leg
to the other.
4. Return Bend- used to connect two lengths of inner pipe and does not
provide effective heat transfer surface.

CHE 513 | Equipment Design | Heat Transfer Equipment Design 20

 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

REFERENCES
Branan, C. (2002). Rules of Thumb for Chemical Engineers. Elsevier.

Geankoplis. (2012). Principles of Transport Processes and Separation Processes.

New Jersey: Pearson Education.

Green, D., Maloney, J., & Perry, R. (1997). Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook.
McGraw-Hill.
Kern. (1950). Process Heat Transfer.

McCabe, W., Smith, J., & Harriott, P. (1993). Unit Operations of Chemical
Engineering. Mcgraw-Hill.

Peters, M., & Timmerhaus, K. (1991). Plant Design and Economics for Chemical
Engineers. McGraw-Hill.
Sinnott, R., & Towler, G. (2013). Chemical Engineering Design. Elsevier.
Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association . (2015). TEMA Exchanger Types.

CHE 513 | Equipment Design | Heat Transfer Equipment Design 21