AADISHWAR COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY-VENUS

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGG.

ASSIGNMENT
th
Sub: Refrigeration & Air Conditioning (2161908) Sem: 6 Mechanical

CHAPTER: 1 INTRODUCTION
Content: Brief history and need of refrigeration and air conditioning, methods of producing
cooling, ton of refrigeration. Coefficient of performance, types and application of
refrigeration and air condensing systems.
Q:1. Define refrigeration effect and one tone of refrigeration.
Q:2. Define COP of heat pump and refrigerator.
Q:3. With neat sketch explain working of an Ice Plant.
Q:4. Define terms “Refrigeration” and “Air conditioning”.

CHAPTER: 2 REFRIGERANTS

Content: Development, classification, designation of refrigerants, secondary refrigerants,

future industrial refrigerants.

Q:5. What is refrigerant? Write brief note on natural refrigerants.

Q:6. What are desirable characteristics of ideal refrigerant? Explain how refrigerants are
designated.
Q:7. Discuss thermodynamic properties of ideal refrigerant.
Q:8. Discuss Physical properties of ideal refrigerant.
Q:9. Discuss chemical properties of ideal refrigerant.
Q:10. Explain how refrigerant are designated?
Q:11. Explain classification of refrigerant.

CHAPTER: 3 AIR REFRIGERATION

Content: Refrigeration an introduction, heat load, development of refrigeration, aircraft

refrigeration, Bell-Coleman cycle, Bootstrap air refrigeration system, types of air cycles,
advantages and disadvantages.

Q:12. Define refrigeration, State the Name of different types of system used for cooling of
aircraft cabin. Explain Regenerative air refrigeration system.
Q:13. An air refrigeration open system operating between 100 KPa and 1 MPa is required to
produce a cooling effect of 2000 kJ/min. Temperature of the air leaving the cold
chamber is -5˚C and at leaving the cooler is 30˚C. Neglect losses and clearance in the
compressor and expander. Determine :
I. Mass of air circulated per min.
II. Compressor work, expander work, cycle
work. III. COP and power in kW required.
Q:14. A dense air refrigeration machine operating on Bell-Coleman cycle works between 3.4
bar and 17 bar. The temperature of air after the cooler is 15˚C and after refrigeration is
6˚C, for a refrigeration capacity of 6 tons calculate:
I. Temperature after compression and expansion.
II. Air circulation required in cycle per minute.
III. Work of compression and expansion.
IV. Theoretical COP.
 V. Rate of water circulation required in the cooler in Kg/min if rate of temperature
rise is limited to 30˚C.
Q:15. An air refrigerator working on Bell coleman cycle takes in air at 1 bar and at a
temperature of 10˚C. The air is compressed to 5 bar abs. The same is cooled to 25˚C in
the cooler before expanding in the expansion cylinder to cold chamber pressure of 1
1.35 1.3
bar. The compression and expansion laws followed are pv = C and pv = C
respectively. Determine C.O.P of the plant and net refrigeration effect per kg of
air. Take Cp = 1.009 kJ/kg K and R = 0.287 kJ/kg K for air.
Q:16. Explain in brief simple air–refrigeration system. Show processes on T-S diagram and
derive equation of COP in terms of temperatures.
Q:17. The speed of an air craft flying at an altitude of 8000m, where the ambient air is at
0.341 bar pressure and 263K temperature is 900km/h. The compression ratio of the air
compressor is 5. The cabin pressure is 1.01325 bar a nd the temperature is 27˚C. For
1kg/s flow of air ,determine following
I. Power requirement for pressurization excluding ram work.
II. Refrigerating effect.
III. power required for refrigeration excluding ram work.
Q:18. Explain with schematic diagram Bootstrap air Refrigeration system.
Q:19. A Derive equation of COP for Bell-Coleman Air-refrigerator show different processes
on P-V and T-S Diagram.
Q:20. A Refrigerator working on Bell-Coleman cycle takes air into the compressor at 1 bar
and -5˚C. It is compressed in compressor to a 5 bar and cooled to 25˚C at the same
pressure. It is further expanded in the expander to 1 bar and discharged to take cooling
load. The isentropic efficiency of the compressor = 85% and the isentropic efficiency
of the Expander = 90% find the following:
(i) Refrigerating capacity of the system if air circulation is 40kg/min.
(ii) KW capacity of motor required to run the compressor (iii) COP of the
system. Q:21. Explain limitation of carnot cycle with air as refrigerant.

CHAPTER: 4 VAPOUR COMPRESSION SYSTEM

Vapour Compression system: Simple system on P-h diagram, analysis of the simple cycle,
factors affecting the performance of the system, actual cycle considering different losses.
Compound Compression System: Need, flash tank, Compound compression with flash and
inter cooler, all evaporators working at the same temperature, evaporators with back pressure
valves and with multiple expansion valves without flash inter cooling, analysis of two
evaporators with flash inter cooler and individual and multiple expansion valve, estimation of
power requirement and COP.

Q:22. A 5 tonne R-12 refrigeration plant has saturated suction temperature of -5°C. The
condensation takes place at 32˚C and there is no undercooling of refrigerant liquid.
Assuming isentropic compression, find
(i) COP of the plant.
(ii) Mass flow rate of refrigerant.
(iii) Power required to run the compressor in
KW. Take the following properties of R-12
P Sat. Temp. hf hg Sg
(bar) (˚C) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg)
7.85 32 ˚C 130.5 264.5 1.542
2.61 -5˚C 95.4 249.3 1.557
Q:23. Explain multistage refrigeration system with intercooling between stages.
Q:24. A Two stage ammonia refrigeration system operates between overall pressure limits of 15
bar and 2 bar resply. The liquid is sub-cooled to 30˚C. The temperature of de-
superheated vapour leaving the water intercooler is also 30˚C. The flash chamber
separates the dry vapour at 5 bar pressure. The liquid refrigerant then expands to 2 bar,
the evaporator pressure. The load on the evaporator is 50 kW. Calculate :
I. Mass flow rate in different lines.
II. Power
required. III. COP.
Q:25. A single compressor using R-12 as refrigerant has three evaporators of capacity 30TR,
20TR and10TR.The temperature in the three evaporators is to be maintained at -10˚C,
5˚C and 10˚C respectively. The condenser pressure is 9.609 bar. The liquid refrigerant
leaving the condenser is sub-cooled to 30˚C. The vapour leaving the evaporators is dry
and saturated. Assuming isentropic compression, calculate (a) the mass of refrigerant
flowing through each evaporator; (b) the power required to drive the compressor; a nd (c)
C.O.P. of the system.
Q:26. Explain the working of Vapour compression refrigeration system with the help of a neat
sketch. Mention the advantages of vapour compression refrigeration system over air
refrigeration system.
Q:27. In a 15 TR ammonia refrigeration plant, the condensing temperature is 25˚C and
evaporating temperature -10˚C. The refrigerant ammonia is sub-cooled by 5˚C before
passing through the throttle valve. The vapour leaving the evaporator is 0.97 dry. Find
(1) Coefficient of performance and (2) power required. Use the following properties of
ammonia :-
Saturation Enthaply, Entropy, Specific heat,
Temperature ˚C kJ/kg kJ/kg K kJ/kg K
Liquid Vapour Liquid Vapour Liquid Vapour
25 298.9 1465.84 1.1242 5.0391 4.6 2.8
-10 135.37 1433.05 0.5443 5.4770 ---- ----
Q:28. Mention the limitations of Simple vapour compression refrigeration cycle. Briefly explain
the working of Two stage compression with water intercooler and liquid sub-cooler
employed for vapour compression system.
Q:29. Discuss effect on COP of simple vapour compression refrigeration if refrigerant is sub-
cooled using vapour refrigerant.
Q:30. A refrigeration machine is required to produce ice at 0˚C from water at 20˚C. The
machine has a condenser temperature of 25 ˚C while evaporator temperature is -5˚C. The
relative efficiency of the machine is 50% and 6 kg of Freon-12 is circulated through the
system per minute. The refrigerant enters in the compressor with dryness fraction of 0.6.
Calculate the amount of ice produced in 24 hrs. Take latent heat of ice 335 kJ/kg.
Temperature Liquid heat Latent heat Entropy of
(˚C) (Kj/kg) (Kj/kg) liquid (Kj/kg)
25 59. 7 138 0. 2232
-5 31. 4 154 0. 1251
Q:31. Explain with neat sketch and p-h diagram, two evaporators with individual compressor
with flash chamber. Derive equation for its COP.
Q:32. Explain the effect of change of suctions pressure and delivery pressure on performance of
vapour compressor refrigeration using P-H and T-S diagram.
Q:33. A vapour compression machine is used to maintain a temperature of -23˚C in refrigerated
space. The ambient temperature is 37˚C. The compressor takes in dry saturated vapour
of F -12. Aminimum10˚C temperature difference is required at the evaporator as well as
condenser. There is no sub-cooling of liquid. If refrigerant flow is
 rate is 1kg/min find (i) Tonnage of refrigeration. (ii) Power requirement. (iii) Ratio of
COP of this cycle to COP of Carnot cycle.

CHAPTER: 8 HUMAN COMFORT

Content: Air temperature and human body, body thermoregulation, effective temperature,
comfort chart and factors governing effective temperature.

Q:34. Write brief note on human comfort chart.

Q:35. What is effective temperature? What factors affect effective temperature and explain its
significance in design of air-conditioning systems.
Q:36. Sketch comfort chart and show on it the comfort zone.