Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Daniel Ribeiro
Outline
●
Power number/torque
●
Mixing time/residence time
●
Turbulent quantities
●
Reaction yield
●
Flow field details
Symbols
●
Fluid density, ρ (kg/m3)
●
Fluid viscosity, ν (kg/ms)
●
Impeller diameter, D (m)
●
Rotational speed, N (rad/s)
●
Tank diameter, T (m)
●
Impeller width, W (m)
●
Fluid depth, H (m)
●
Impeller power requirement, P (W)
Power Number
●
Impeller power requirement represents the
rate of energy dissipated within the fluid.
●
Power number
P ρND 2 N 2 D T W H
= fn( , , , , , etc )
ρN D
3 5
µ g D D D
Where
P
ρN 3 D 5
is the Power number, Po
ρND 2
is the Reynolds number, Re
µ
N 2D
is the Froude number, Fr
g
Power Number
●
In the case where the Froude number effect
can be neglected (gross vortexing non-
existent), Power number
●
Po = fn(Re, geometrical ratios)
●
For geometrically similar systems:
●
Po = fn(Re)
Project variables – dimensionless numbers
•
Reynolds
–
Used to identify flow regime
•
Froude number
–
Includes gravitational forces that act over the system,
and normally is uded tpo evaluate free surfaces effects
and central vortices often found in system without
baffles
D = Impeller diameter
g = gravity acceleration
Projects variable – dimensioless numbers
● Pumping number
● Pumping is defined as the impeller capacity in
moving the fluid, relating the flow generated to the
impeller are
Q
●
Bo= 3
ND
Power Curve
Po = kp/Re
Po = Constant, C
log(Po)
log(Re)
Power Curve
●
At low Reynolds number, less than 10, a
laminar regime exists and flow is dominated
by viscous forces
● Po = Kp/Re
● where Kp is a constant depending only upon
the system geometry.
●
At high Reynolds number, greater than 104,
the flow is turbulent and mixing is rapid due
to the motion of turbulent eddies.
●
Po = C
●
In between, there exists a transition regime in
which no simple mathematical expression
exists.
Power Requirement
●
The electrical power required to drive the
motor will exceed impeller power requirement
by the motor, gearbox and bearing losses.
●
Power curve is system specific and only
appropriate for single phase fluid and should
be used with caution.
●
For scale up applications, dynamic similarity
comes from the power number.
Mixing Time
●
The mixing time is the time measured from
the instant of addition of ‘tracer material’ until
the tank contents have reached a specified
degree of uniformity.
art nec noc r ecart
●
Experimental techniques
●
Acid/base/indicator reactions
●
Electrical conductivity variations
●
Temperature variations
●
Refractive index variations
●
Light-sorption techniques
●
Factors need to be considered:
●
The manner of tracer addition
●
The position and number of recording points
●
The sample volume of detection system
●
The criterion adopted for deciding the cut-off point of the
end of experiment
Mixing Time
●
In order to eliminate the influence of the
position and number of detectors, at any time,
the concentration variance, σ2 can be
calculated:
σ2
2
1 n
σ =
2
∑
n − 1 i =0
(Ci − C∞ )
oit art nec noc
●
CFX: The mixing time
Validation CFX vs. Experiement was determined from the
variance of the
45
40
concentration in the
Experiment
35 vessel.
Mixing Time (sec)
CFX-4
30 ●
Experiment: The mixing
25 time was determined
20
from an acid-base colour
15
10
change reaction. (‘Mixing
5 Times in Stirred
0 Suspensions’, Kraume,
0 500 1000 1500 Chemical Engineering
Impeller Speed (RPM) Technology, pp.313-318,
vol 15, 1992)
Other Quantities of Interest
●
Turbulent kinetic energy
●
Indication of turbulent mixing intensity
●
Shear stress/shear rate
●
Flow field details
●
Regions of poor mixing
– Stagnation region
●
Effect of baffles
– Change of flow path
●
Optimum location for draft tubes
– Location of good mixing
Summary
●
Power input
●
Mixing time
●
Turbulent quantities
●
Shear rate
●
Flow field details