Definitions Question 1

a. Flushing Agent
An inspection tool that is used to force insect from their hiding place. Flushing agent is applied
with hand-held sprayers.

b. EC (Emulsion concentration)
AI + Solvent + Emulsifier = EC

EC consist of Active ingredient dissolved in solution with hydrocarbon solvent and with an
emulsifier present. When the EC is added to water the emulsifier acts to spread the Concentrate
throughout the water column. A milky emulsion of microscopic oil droplets results.

These formulations usually contain a liquid active ingredient, one or more petroleum-based
solvents, and an agent that allows the formulation to be mixed with water to form an emulsion.
Each gallon of EC usually contains 25% to 75% (2 to 8 pounds) active ingredient. EC’s are
among the most versatile formulation

c. Synergists
Synergist are not themselves insecticidal but they inhibit the action of mixed function oxidases in
the insect metabolism. These Oxidases act to break down insecticides and so if a pesticide
product contains a synergist its efficacy may be greatly enhance.

However not all insecticides active ingredients benefit from the addition of a synergist to the
formulation. Basically pyrethrum, many Pyrethroids, some carbamates (including bendiocarb),
some organophosphate and organochlorines are effectively synergized.

d. Antidotes
Antidote" means the most practical immediate treatment in case of poisoning and includes first
aid treatment.

Antidote is a drug or agent that counteracts the effects of poison or over dosage by another drug.
It neutralizes the harmful effects of a poison.

An agent that counteracts a poison.

Chemical antidote one that interacts with a poison and changes its chemical nature to form a
harmless substance.

Mechanical antidote one that prevents absorption of the poison.

Physiologic antidote one that counteracts the effects of the poison by producing opposing
effects.
Universal antidote a mixture formerly recommended as an antidote when the exact poison is not
known. There is, in fact, no known universal antidote. Activated charcoal is now being used for
many poisons.

A drug may be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient or by the way it is used to
treat a particular condition. Each drug can be classified into one or more drug classes.

e. What is Thermal Fog?

This is thermal Fogging
Thermal fogging is the generation of ultra-fine droplets in a range of 1-50 µm using
thermopneumatic energy. Liquid substances are vaporized at the end of fogging barrel
(resonator) and form ultra-fine aerosols by condensing on contact with cool ambient air, on being
ejected, to create dense visible fog-clouds. Pure oil solutions or aqueous liquids with a glycol
component are especially suitable for this purpose.

f. IGR (Insect Growth Regulator)

IGR interfere with metabolic pathway of the insect. Since these pathways have no counterpart in
vertebrate metabolism. IGR’s are intrinsically much safer than conventional insecticides. Some
(CYROMAZINE) act by disrupting the moulting process essential for insect growth. Other
(HYDROPRENE) effectively prevent the juvenile insect from reaching sexual maturity.

Disrupting or alter the growth, maturing and or reproduction of the pest on which it is used.

g. Post Treatment of Termites

Any treatment given after damage of pest, etc. Termiticide is sprayed around the boundary of the
building. Drill the concrete and applied the Termiticide under the concrete and sealed the hole
by concrete path.

h. Secondary poisoning
Poisoning that can result when one organism comes into contact with or ingests another
organism that has poison in its system. It typically occurs when a predator eats an animal, such
as a mouse, rat, or insect that has previously been poisoned by a commercial pesticide.If the level
of toxicity in the prey animal is sufficiently high, it will harm the predator. It can affect humans,
with infants and small children being the most susceptible.

i. Anticoagulants
An agent that is used to prevent the formation of blood clots. Inhabit the enzyme responsible for
recycling of Vitamin K which reduce the certain blood clotting factor.

Many rodenticides stop normal blood clotting; these are called anticoagulants.

How do anticoagulants work?

Our livers make a special enzyme that allows our bodies to recycle Vitamin K. Our bodies need
Vitamin K to make the blood clotting agents that protect us from bleeding too much.
Anticoagulants stop this enzyme from doing its job. Our bodies store an extra supply, but if we
are exposed to enough anticoagulant, the supply will run out and internal bleeding may begin.

j. Acute Poison

Any poisonous effect produced from a single or short exposure (24 to 96 hours) resulting in
severe biological harm or death.

Acute toxicity describes the adverse effects of a substance that result either from a single
exposure or from multiple exposures in a short space of time (usually less than 24 hours). To be
described as acute toxicity, the adverse effects should occur within 14 days of the administration
of the substance.

k. Residual insecticides

Residual insecticides remain effective where they are applied for some length of time. The length
of time depends on the formulation (dust, liquid, etc.), the type of surface (soil, brick, wood, etc.)
and the condition of the surface (wet, greasy, etc.)

l. Dust

Active ingredient + dry carriers = Dust

Some older dust products consist of the pure active ingredients in powder form (boric acid)
Modern versions on the same theme are various diatomaceous earth product which function as
abrasive desiccants. Most dust however comprise the active ingredient with an inert diluent such
as talc or clay.

Q no 13 How will you manage bed bugs in bed room?

Inspection of the area

All possible harborages

Neighboring premises affected of not

When arranging the treatment ensure that the sleeping area are left undisturbed by house holder.

(Don’t let the person tidy up, move from furniture or bedding this may spread infestation

Procedure

 Spray a corner of the floor in the sleeping area.

  Transfer the bedding to this corner checking it for bugs as you do so. Pick the bugs with
fousep if any bugs you see and tell the occupant to wash all the bedding with the hot
water after the treatment.

DO NOT Spray the Pillow and bed sheet

 Inspect the mattress, spray the seams, buttons, label any tears.

DO NOT SOAK THE BEDDING

 Treat both sides of mattress and then stand it up against the wall the bedding.

 Inspect the bed. Spray all joints and fittings.

 If possible remove head board and spray both sides.

 Pull bed away, spray harborage on wall

 Check bedside furniture, remove ornaments, lamps, after checking them for evidence of
harborage.

 Spray furniture

 Check wardrobe. Use aerosol can of Pyrethroids to kill.

 Tv/light switch turn off and shot spray of aerosol

DO NOT TREAT BABY BEDDING

Q. No 3 One Person complaining that his dog died eating rodenticide cake, you recently
applied in the park ground sideways. What will be your responses?

• Dog will not kill with single dose, he must take several doses or eat any rodent which is
already enough poisoned in their body.

• After eating rodenticide, dog will not kill with in one day because use very least toxic
rodenticide (Warfarin containing), at least it will take 3 to 5 days to died even for rats too.
During these days dog must act like weird.

For Example:

 Dog become weak

 Nose bleed
 Blood in stool
  Bleeding from rectum
 Bruise on skin
 Swelling of the belly
 Difficulty in breathing

• At that time if you get your dog to the Vet or give him vitamin K1 at least for 1 month
which act as antidote or activated charcoal.

• Wheneveryou use the services of rodenticide always keep eye on your kids and pet.

• Check your property (inside & outside) for the dead rodents at least every morning.

 We always visited the location and check the place of bait and make sure the bait will
remain in the station.
 Our company has trained PCO and we are approved pest Control Company from Dubai
pest control section.
 We always use ‘RBS’ (Resistant bait station) and placed these station where children and
non-target animal cannot reached.
 If dog seen consuming the product, vomiting should be induced.
 We use rodenticide that contain warfarin and hydroxycumadin as a main anticoagulant
they require multiple doses that take several days to kill rodents
 Normally dog that has mild poisoning will not show sign of poisoning for several days,
but the poison begin to effect system.

Q. No.6 What do you mean by environmental control of mosquito?

There are three steps for environmental control of mosquito;

1. Environmental Modification
2. Environmental Manipulation
3. Modification or Manipulation of human Habitat

Environmental Modification:

Includes draining, filling, land leveling, Remove the stagnant water such as flower pots,
birdbath, pet water dishes, cans , gutters, rain water may trap in tires and buckets, remove all
stagnant water regularly to disrupt the mosquito breeding cycle.

Environmental Manipulation:

Plan to produce temporary condition that is unfavorable to mosquito breeding cycle.

 Water salinity changes. Few drops of detergent can stop mosquito breeding in small
pocket of water, if applied weekly.
 Stream flushing
  Regulation of water level in reservoir
 Removal of vegetation
 Vegetation Shedding or exposed to sunlight.
 Water tank should be covered.
 Ensure septic tanks are emptied regularly & properly covered.
 Non toxic larvicide spray on water surface, effectively smothering the air-breathing
larvae.
 Avoid water collecting from AC or faulty irrigation system
 Ensure to maintain the fountain and swimming pool, at least once a week change the
water.
 Keep windows and door screens in good working order to prevent mosquito from
entering the home.

Modification or Manipulation of human Habitat:

 If possible , wear long sleeved shirts and long pants while going outside and consider
staying inside early in the morning and evening when mosquito are most active.
 Use mosquito netting over infant while going outdoor.

Use mosquito repellent, be sure to follow the label instruction.

Q. No 8 How can you manage the insecticide resistance problem in flies?

Minimize Pesticide Use. Minimizing pesticide use is fundamental to pesticide resistance

management. IPM programs incorporating pest monitoring. Use the capturing traps rather than
use pesticide.

Use fly traps for controlling flies rather than pesticide.

Use mechanical method for controlling the flies.

Use residual spray at the site of breeding

Rotation of insecticide clases from one year to next.

(Take Idea and find more from google, this is 5 marks question)

Insecticide classes should rotate from one year to the next. Pyrethroids and organophosphates are
two classes available to be alternated. Alternating chemical classes isn’t just for the ear tags.
Insecticides used as ear tags, sprays, and powders should be rotated. Sprays and powders can be
used to supplement or instead of ear tags. Also macrocyclic lactones in the pour on form can be
used to supplement fly control with minimal resistance problems. Macrocyclic lactones are a
class of anthelmintic commonly used to deworm livestock.

Q. No.9 What are the important things regarding to buy pesticide? (Make Short Answer
Please)

The first step in choosing a pesticide is to accurately identify the organism. (e.g., the specific
insect, weed, or plant disease) that is causing the problem.

Before purchasing a pesticide, also check the label to be sure it is appropriate to use on your
plants or treatment site. For instance:

 Be sure the particular type of plant or site you plan to treat is listed on the label.
 Do not use pesticides labeled for use on ornamental plants or plants that will be eaten.
 Never use pesticides labeled for "outdoor use only" indoors.

 Pesticides can seriously damage some plants; read the label to be sure treated plants won't
be injured.

Finally, when choosing pesticides, remember that most pesticides (even the more toxic ones)
only control certain stages of the pest. Many insecticides kill only the larval (e.g., caterpillars)
stage, not the eggs or pupae. Other insecticides target only adults. Many fungicides are
preventive treatments and will not eliminate infections that have already started, although they
may slow their spread. Likewise, some herbicides (preemergence herbicides) kill germinating
weeds but not established ones, while others (postemergence herbicides) are effective against
actively growing weeds.

ALWAYS READ THE PESTICIDE LABEL

Important information regarding the pesticide can be found on the product's label. The label is a
legal document required for every pesticide registered in the Dubai. Always keep the product in
the original package. Some of the information that is contained on the label includes:

Trade name or brand name: Readily identicles the product in a given market

Active ingredients %age, Wt and other Toxic Componant: Preferably the common as
approved by ISO.

Formulation: If not included in the Trade Name this must be mention separately.
Concentration of AI and other toxic component: Expressed as grams per kg, liter or % by
weight.

Toxicity: LD50 figures or other data such as WHO hazard classification, in some countries there
is a national color coding scheme to highlight which product have higher hazard rating.

Manufacturer: Name, address and preferably phone/fax/email address. Some manufacturer

have 24hr hotline services.

In certain markets the suppliers name and contact detail may appear on the label.

Target Pest: An indication of the intended target pests.

Dosage: Instruction on dilution of product specifying amount and type of diluent.

Method of Use: Instruction on how to apply the product.

Precautions: Advice on precaution during use (eg do not eat while spraying product and
information on storage and disposal.

First Aid: Simple practical advice on emergency first aid.

Notes for Physicians: Many includes information on the mode of action and suggested antidote.

Quantity of Product: Expressed in Kg or Liter.

Batch Number: Helpful in the event of questions arising over history of particular consignment
or problem with efficacy.

Production/Expiry date: promotes good stock control practices.

Pictograms: These are useful in highlighting the need for protective clothing, care in disposal
etc.

Q. No. 12 How will you manage German cockroach infestation in hospital kitchen? (Make
this short answer because time is not enough to attempt all answers)

1. Communication
More so than at any other kind of account, hospitals need an effective, easy-to-use
communication system that allows any staff member too quickly and efficiently report even the
most minor pest control concerns. We accomplish this through the use of centralized log books
and reporting slips that make it easy for staff members to alert us to problems without distracting
them from their medical duties.

2. Inspection, Inspection, Inspection

We will properly inspect all the area of the kitchen, we probably would have become detectives.
We look for cockroaches problems, obviously, but we also look for problems that may favor
German cockroaches’ problems in the kitchen. For example, we look for things like:

 Cracks and crevices that can provide harborage for pests.

 Missing or improperly-installed door sweeps, broken or unscreened windows, and other
potential pest ingress areas.
 Areas in need of sanitation attention. During inspection if noted a sanitation problem with
the dishwasher and several cracks/broken and missing floor and wall tiles. These issues
were discussed with the assigned maintenance staff and ask them to early repairing and
cleaning the area.
 Spilled or improperly-stored food items.
 Overflowing or damaged dumpsters (those with poorly-fitting lids, for example).
 Leaks and other moisture problems.

To assist us in inspecting, we use a variety of non-toxic traps and monitoring devices, including
pheromone traps. These traps not only provide early warning, but also serve a control purpose,
especially in the case of stored food pests.

3. Non-Chemical Control Measures

Our cockroaches control plan should be rely on non-chemical control as the primary pest control
strategy.

Depending on kitchen and Garman cockroaches’ infestation, the non-chemical control measures
we’ll employ will consist of some combination of the following:

 Inspection, of course. (Never stop inspecting)

 Identification and sealing or potential pest entry and harborage areas. This is known as
“pest exclusion” in the lingo of our profession.
 Caulking of cracks and crevices in the kitchen, food storage, and food service areas.
German cockroaches can survive in harborage areas above suspended ceilings.
  Correction of moisture problems (clogged drains, leaky faucets, etc.).
 Non-toxic pheromone traps, light traps, sticky traps, or mechanical rodent traps, if needed
at your hospital. It is common for large commercial dishwashers to have pipes and
supports extending into the ceiling above the unit. German cockroaches can survive in
harborage areas above suspended ceilings. Use gel trap for that area.
 Air curtains at entrances and exits, if needed.
 Pest-resistant chimney caps and ventilation covers, bird spikes, and other wildlife-
exclusion measures, if needed.

Notify kitchen maintenance or housekeeping staff so they may address them. In either case, we
will report our findings, actions, and recommendations to your designated contact person, and
record same in your pest control log book.

4. Application of Pesticides

When absolutely needed, we apply the smallest, most precise dosages of the least-hazardous pest
control products. Treat the cracks, crevices and voids by only a few grams of insecticide, applied
as a gel bait pyrethrum, and injected into cracks with a syringe into the targeted areas. The
amount of product applied depends on the size of the area. Leaving the tip in the crack or
opening after releasing the trigger allows the air stream to circulate the pyrethrum mist and
increases its penetration into complex areas. It’s important to inject cracks in tile floors and walls
adjacent to the dishwasher and floor drains, which are difficult harborages to reach and often
hidden under the unit.

Crack and Crevice were made directly with the pressurized container and injection tubes. Placed
the injection tube into cracks, crevices and holes and released a one-second dose. The “running
method” of crack and crevice application is used with pyrethroids and involves running the
injection tube tip along the crack at a rate of one foot per one second when applying. This is the
clean out rate. If this was a slight infestation or maintenance service, the rate is one second per
three linear feet of crack.

Communication: Discussing these recommendations with the supervisor, point out why these
steps are essential in improving the overall pest control program and sanitation in the kitchen.

Follow-up: Follow-up every treatment with an inspection and evaluation.

Q.NO.15 Types or ways by which insecticides affects and PCO what measures adopted to
avoid their contact.

Pesticides can enter your body during mixing, applying, or clean-up operations. There are
generally three ways a chemical or material can enter the body:
  Through the skin (dermal),
 Through the lungs (inhalation), or
 By mouth (ingestion)

Measures:

The PPE depends on the activity and, certainly, on the type of insecticides used. In general, the
following PPE list is recommended as a minimum:
- cotton coveralls;
- long rubber (or PVC) gloves;
- rubber (or PVC) boots;
- cotton or hard hat;
- face shield, glasses or mask.

 Avoid eating smoking, drinking when handling pesticide.

 Avoid touching your face or eye with contaminated gloves or hand when handling
pesticide.
 Wash your hand, face with water and soup immediately after using pesticides.
 Be alert to pesticide reaction on your body, during treatment.

Q NO 4. If someone tell you in evening an untrained person sprayed phosphine in a

residential flat and one person collapsed because of inhalation what will be your reaction
on it as a professional.
What will be necessary action?

Inhalation: Move person to fresh air. If person is not breathing, call 911 or an ambulance, and
then give artificial respiration.
Monitor andsupport vital functions.
No antidote is available for phosphine/phosphide poisoning.
Early recognition and management of the poisoning isessential.
Properly ventilate the area at least two days.
As a professional check the area with measuring device indicate that this area is free from
phosphine.
There is no antidote for phosphine, but its effects can be treated, and most exposed persons get
well. Persons who have experienced serious symptoms may need to be hospitalized.

ABOVE MENTIONED IS THE RIGHT ANSWER OTHER JUST FOR INFO

a. Take him away in open air.

b. Loosen the cloth.
c. Call the ambulance for first aid.
Professional PO try to determine what the victim was exposed to and what part of the body was
affected before you take action.
Give needed first aid first.

Remove the patient from exposure site, and keep at rest.

Take the person to the fresh air.
If the patient is unconscious and breathing stops, immediately ventilate artificially and if the
heart stops, begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Ingestion: Not an expected route of exposure.

Skin Contact: Take off contaminated clothing and allow clothes to aerate in ventilated room
prior to laundering. Call a poison control center or doctor for treatment advice.
Do not give direct mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if swallowed, use the self-continue respirator.
Call the ambulance.
Q NO 11.Separate the insecticide according to their groups.
ORGANOPHOSPHATES (OP’s) CARBAMATES PYRETHROIDS
Finotrothion Propoxur Cypermethrin
Pirimiphos Methyl Bendiocarb Permethrin
Dichlorvos Methomyle Bagon
Diazinon Carbaryl
Chlorpyrifos

2nd time EXAM Paper

These are the IPM technique plan for treating wasp in school ground. (Make it short its just 5
marks question)

 Inspection
 Prevention
 Monitoring
 Least toxic control method
 Record keeping
PREVENTION

The best way to accomplish this goal is through sanitation and maintenance. This may require
time and effort but can be a permanent fix to the problem if done correctly.

Below are some of the most effective methods of prevention using sanitation and maintenance:
1. Keep all outside trash receptacles tightly covered.
2. Remove trash from within all receptacles frequently. This will assure that trash will not
prevent the lid from closing securely over the receptacle. Hornet Nest in a Tree

3. Clean dumpsters frequently.

4. Remove any dependable water source near the structure. Repair leaky outdoor faucets.
Direct air conditioner drainage to areas where water will not pool. If you have depressed areas
where water pools after a rain, level the areas to prevent future pooling.

5. Caulk any holes and cracks in the building that can be used by wasps to gain access into the
structure. Bees and wasps may use these as entryways to establish nesting sites within the
structure.

MONITORING AND INSPECTION

Detection and monitoring are important in controlling wasp problems. Killing individual wasps
will not solve the problem; entire nests must be destroyed orremoved. In order to treat a nest,
one must first find it.

Nests can be found underground, under eaves, in wall voids, and in trees.

Inspect bushes, logs, rock piles, and other protected sites for the presence of nests. In order to
determine the continued success of your management plan and to locate new nests, continue
monitoring on a regular basis throughout your integrated pest management (IPM) program.

Regularly inspect the premises during the spring and early summer.

Inspecting during the spring and early summer will allow you to detect incipient nests.
Incipient nests are easier to remove than mature nests.

LEAST TOXIC CONTROL METHODS

The purpose of integrated pest management is to reduce two things:

The pest population and the amount of pesticides needed to accomplish that goal.

With the exception of emergency situations, all other available control methods should be used
prior to using a pesticide.

Most effective and least toxic methods available for ant control.

One suggestion that is applicable in most wasp situations is to perform the control measures at
night.

Nighttime removal reduces the risk of being stung since the insects are slower and may have a
more difficult time finding the source of the disturbance. In addition, at night wasps are not
foraging but are in their nests. Finally, at night children are not present on school grounds,
reducing the risk that a stinging event will occur.

Physical Removal

Due to their stinging nature, the physical removal of wasps is difficult. Yet, if careful action is
taken physical removal is possible.

It is advisable to wear protective clothing or to simply ask a professional pestcontrol operator

to physically remove the pests.

Effective recommendations for removing bees and wasps:

1. Trapping for wasps (particularly yellowjackets) can be an effective tool for reducing foraging
wasps in an area. Several traps on the market utilize bait to attract wasps. Other traps, such
as sticky traps, use colors (especially yellow) to attract the wasps. Trapped wasps die when
placed in a freezer for a few hours.

3. Vacuumingout entire nests is another option. Vacuuming can be particularly useful when
wasps are found within a wall void or found in an environmentally sensitive area where
pesticides cannot be used. If a vacuum is used, it is well to remember that once the vacuum is
turned off, the wasps will be able to find their way out of the vacuum. Therefore, it is
important that the vacuum bag is quickly sealed and removed from the vacuum cleaner.
Wasps die upon placement of the bag within a freezer for a few hours.

Chemical Management

Sometimes sanitation, maintenance, and physical removal alone may not be enough to control
an existing bee or wasp problem. If bees and wasps persist or if an emergency situation
warrants immediate control of a problem, chemical pesticides may be needed. Remember
that Virginia law requires that all pesticides applied on school grounds must be applied by a
certified applicator. All pesticides should be applied according to labeled directions.
Applicators must wear protective clothing. Pesticides should never be applied where they
might runoff into storm drains or sanitary sewers.

Whatever the control method you choose, it is imperative that you keep clear, accurate records
of all actions taken. Some pesticides are more environmentally friendly than others. Below
are listed different chemically based management options. They are listed in the order of most
environmentally friendly to least environmentally friendly.

1. Aerosol can be quickly knockdown and kill individual nuisance bees and wasps. Only a
small amount of spray is needed to kill the individual. Aerosols can also be used once a
nest has been removed and placed into a bag. A small amount of the insecticide can be
sprayed into the bag, providing the necessary lethal dosage.
 2. Silica aerogel dust can be applied along with aerosol sprays to destroy underground
nests. The Pyrethroid acts as a quick knockdown agent and the silica aerogel acts as a
long-term insecticide. The silica aerogel works by absorbing the outer waxy layer on
insect bodies. Without the waxy layer, insects dehydrate relatively quickly.
3. Silica aerogel dust can be applied along with aerosol sprays to destroy underground
nests. The Pyrethroid acts as a quick knockdown agent and the silica aerogel acts as a
long-term insecticide. The silica aerogel works by absorbing the outer waxy layer on
insect bodies. Without the waxy layer, insects dehydrate relatively quickly. 3. Do NOT
use gasoline in any situations. Gasoline is highly flammable and volatile. In addition,
gasoline renders the treated soil infertile. Soil often absorbs the gasoline before it
contacts the nest. The resulting fumes, instead of having the desired effect, actually
irritate the wasps and may worsen the problem. Using gasoline is a very dangerous
procedure.

RECORD KEEPING

Record all chemicals applied in a pesticide application IPM logbook on the facility’s premises.
Include the name of the applicator, the date of the application, the formulation, and the brand
name of the chemical used. Be sure to also document the location of application and the pest
problem that initiated the chemical treatment.