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Hyperbola

Unit 1.4
A hyperbola is the set of all points on the plane,
Hyperbola the absolute value of the difference of whose
distances from two fixed points is a constant.

1 2

5
P  x, y  F1  c,0  F2  c,0 
y
4 PF1  PF2  2a
3

2
P  x, y  PF1  PF2  2a

F2  c,0  F1  c,0   x  c  y2   x  c  y 2  2 a
1 2 2

 x  c  y 2  2 a   x  c  y2
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 2 2
-1 x

 x  c  y 2  4a 2  4a  x  c  y2   x  c  y2
-2 2 2 2

-3 PF1  PF2  2a
4a  x  c  y 2  4a 2   x  c    x  c 
2 2 2
-4

4a  x  c  y 2  4a 2  4 xc
-5 2
3 4

4a  x  c  y 2  4a 2  4 xc
2

a  x  c  y 2  a 2  xc
2

x2 y2
a2  x  c  2

 y 2  a 4  2a 2 xc  x 2c 2 a 2
 2
a  c2
1

a x  2a xc  a 2c 2  a 2 y 2  a 4  2a 2 xc  x 2c 2
2 2 2 x2 y2
 2 1
a 2 x 2  x 2c 2  a 2 y 2  a 4  a 2c 2 a 2
c  a2
x2 y 2
x2  a2  c2   a2 y 2  a2  a2  c2    1 where b 2  c 2  a 2
a 2 b2
x2 y2
 2 1
a 2
a  c2
5 6

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5
y
4

x2 y 2 3
 1
a 2 b2 2

x  intercepts:  a,0  ,  a,0  F2  c,0  1

F1  c,0 
2
x
If y  0,
a2
1 -5 -4
 a,0 
-3 -2 -1
-1
1
 a,0
2
3 4
x
5

x2  a2 -2

x  a -3

-4

-5
7 8

5 5
y y
4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1
Principal Axis
-5 -4
 a,0 
-3 -2 -1
-1
1
 a,0
2
3 4 5
x
-5 -4
 a,0 
-3 -2 -1
-1
1
 a,0
2
3 4
x
5

-2 -2

-3 -3  a,0  and  a,0 

-4 -4 are the vertices.
-5 -5
9 10

Transverse Axis
5
y
4

1
The line segment connecting the vertices is transverse axis
called the transverse axis.
-5 -4
 a,0 
-3 -2 -1
-1
1
 a,0
2
3 4
x
5

-2

-3

-4

-5
11 12

2
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Conjugate Axis
5
y
4
 0,b 
3

1 conjugate axis
The segment joining  0, b  and  0, b  is the
conjugate axis.
-5 -4
 a,0 
-3 -2 -1
-1
1
 a,0
2
3 4 5
x
-2

-3

-4
 0, b 
-5
13 14

Center
5
y
4
 0,b 
3

1
The intersection of the transverse and conjugate center
axes is the center of the hyperbola. -5 -4
 a,0 
-3 -2 -1
-1
1
 a,0
2
3 4 5
x
-2

-3

-4
 0, b 
-5
15 16

x2 y 2
Equation:   1, b 2  c 2  a 2 x2 y 2
a 2 b2 Equation:   1, b 2  c 2  a 2
Graph: Hyperbola a 2 b2
Graph: Hyperbola
i. center:  0,0 
bx bx
ii. principal axis: y  0  horizontal  vi. asymptotes: y  ,y 
a a
iii. vertices:  a,0  ,  a,0  a2 a2
vii. directrices: x  , x  
iv. foci:  c,0  ,  c,0  c c
v. endpoints of the conjugate axis: c
viii. eccentricity:
 0, b  ,  0, b  a
17 18

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y 2 x2
Equation:   1, b 2  c 2  a 2 y 2 x2
a 2 b2 Equation:   1, b 2  c 2  a 2
Graph: Hyperbola a 2 b2
Graph: Hyperbola
i. center:  0,0 
ax ax
ii. principal axis: x  0  vertical  vi. asymptotes: y  ,y 
b b
iii. vertices:  0, a  ,  0, a  a2 a2
vii. directrices: y  , y  
iv. foci:  0, c  ,  0, c  c c
v. endpoints of the conjugate axis: c
viii. eccentricity:
 b,0  ,  b,0  a
19 20

Standard Equation
where
A hyperbola with center at  h, k  has standard
a is the distance from the center to a vertex
equation b is the distance from the center to an endpoint
of the conjugate axis
 x  h y  k
2 2
c is the distance from the center to a focus
 1 if PA is horizontal
a2 b2 c
is the eccentricty of the hyperbola
a
y  k  x  h
2 2
a2
 1 if PA is vertical is the distance from the center to a directrix
a2 b2 c
21 22

Graphing a Hyperbola Example

For the following items, identify the
i. center
ii. principal axis
i. Plot vertices and endpoints of conjugate axis.
iii. vertices
ii. Form the auxillary rectangle.
iv. foci
iii. Draw diagonals of the rectangle, and extend.
v. endpoints of the conjugate axis
iv. Draw hyperbola by considering the extended
vi. asymptotes
diagonals as asymptotes.
vii. directrices
viii. eccentricity
23
then sketch the graph of the hyperbola. 24

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x2 y 2
x2 y 2  1
1.  1 22 32
4 9
a2 b3 c  13 h0 k 0
x2 y 2
 1 i. center:  0,0 
22 32
a2 b3 h0 k 0 ii. principal axis: y  0  horizontal 
b c a
2 2 2
iii. vertices:  2,0  ,  2,0 
c  a b
2 2 2
iv. foci:  
13,0 ,  13,0 
c 2  4  9  13 v. endpoints of the conjugate axis:
c  13  0,3 ,  0, 3
25 26

5
y
x2 y 2
 1
4
 0,3
22 32 3

a2 b3 c  13 h0 k 0 2

3x 3x
   
1
vi. asymptotes: y  ,y  13,0  0,0  13,0
2 2 -5 -4
 2,0
-3 -2
 -1 1
 2,0
2
 3 4 5
x
4 4 -1
vii. directrices: x  ,x  
-2
13 13
-3

viii. eccentricity:
13  0, 3
-4
2 3 3
y x -5 y x
27 2 2 28

 y   2    x  4
2 2

 y  2  x  4
2 2

2.  1  1
16 4 42 22
a4 b2 c2 5 h4 k  2
 y   2    x  4
2 2

 1 i. center:  4, 2 
42 22
a4 b2 h4 k  2 ii. principal axis: x  4  vertical 
b c a
2 2 2 iii. vertices:  4, 2  ,  4, 6 
c  a b
2 2 2

iv. foci: 4, 2  2 5 , 4, 2  2 5  
c  16  4  20
2
v. endpoints of the conjugate axis:
c2 5
29
 6, 2  ,  2, 2  30

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5
y
y  2  2  x  4
 4, 2  2 5 
4

 y   2    x  4
2 2
3
 1 2
42 22  4, 2 
1

a4 b2 c  2 5 h  4 k  2
-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x
4 4 -1

vi. asymptotes: y  2   x  4  , y  2    x  4  -2  2, 2   6, 2 
2 2 -3  4, 2 
16 16
vii. directrices: y  2  , y  2  -4

2 5 2 5 -5
 4, 6 
-6
2 5
viii. eccentricity: -7
 4, 2  2 5 
4 -8 y  2  2  x  4 
31 -9 32

3. 4 x 2  y 2  56 x  2 y  191  0
 x   7    y  1
2 2

4 x 2  56 x  y 2  2 y  191  1
12 22
4  x  14 x    y  2 y   191
2 2
a 1 b2 h  7 k 1
4  x  14 x  49    y  2 y  1  191  196  1
2 2
b c a
2 2 2

4  x  7    y  1  4
2 2 c2  a 2  b2
c2  1  4  5
 x   7    y  1
2 2

 1 c 5
12 22
33 34

 x   7    y  1
2 2

 1  x   7    y  1
2 2

12 22  1
12 22
a 1 b  2 c 5 h  7 k 1
a 1 b  2 c 5 h  7 k  1
i. center:  7,1
2 2
ii. principal axis: y  1  horizontal  vi. asymptotes: y  1   x  7  , y  1    x  7 
1 1
iii. vertices:  6,1 ,  8,1 1 1
vii. directrices: x  7  , x  7 

iv. foci: 7  5,1 , 7  5,1   5 5

v. endpoints of the conjugate axis: 5

viii. eccentricity:
1
 7,3 ,  7, 1 35 36

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y  1  2  x  7  6
y
5

 7,3
4

 7  5,1   7,1  7  
5,1 2

End of Slides
 8,1
1
 6,1
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1
-1 x
 7, 1
-2

-3

y  1  2 x  7 -4
37 38