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Chapter 8
–
Smokestack plumes
Benoit Cushman-Roisin
Thayer School of Engineering
Dartmouth College
A bit of history…
We tend to entertain romantic ideas of pre-industrial life as somehow healthier and
more environmentally conscious than our own today. In those days, nothing was
more valuable to the survival of the human race than the use of fire for warmth,
protection and early industry. But the same fire could do serious damage to human
health and the environment.
For those people living in the plains and arid regions who lacked wood, animal dung
was the onlyy source of fuel, adding
g disease vectors and odor pproblems to already
y
harsh living conditions. Living by the open flame was hardly idyllic.
Once the chimney was invented, its use became gradually universal,
and by the 18th century, once the industrial revolution got underway,
chimneys were common features at factories, mills and forges.
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Basic plume types
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A coning plume in
Hanover, New Hampshire
A looping plume
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A looping plume
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A fanning plume
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Examples of fumigation
Unknown location
http://www.cmar.csiro.au/airquality/index.html
IIn the
h ddownwind
i d di
direction,
i a
highly advective situation is
assumed.
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Question:
Snapshots reveal
comple shapes
complex shapes.
Question:
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In the vertical
In the horizontal
cross-wind direction
Looks pretty
Gaussian to me.
With Gaussian distributions as the outcome, we view the problem as one of diffusion,
in three dimensions:
c c 2c 2c 2c
u Dx 2 D y 2 Dz 2 K c
t x x y z
steady highly no
state advective decay
Note that, although the problem is 3D, diffusion is only acting in 2D.
With x turned into travel time t = x/u, the solution is
M y2 z 2
c(t , y, z ) exp
4 D y t 4 Dz t 4D t 4D t
y z
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(Masters, 1997, p
z=H
page 407)
z=0
Then, we mind the impermeable ground surface by adding an image below ground.
With z = 0 at ground level, the actual source is at z = +H and the image is at z = –H:
M y 2 ( z H ) 2 ( z H ) 2
c(t , y, z ) exp exp exp
4 D y t 4 Dz t 4D t
y 4 Dz t 4 Dz t
We are interested only in the ground-level concentration and set therefore z to zero:
2M y2 H 2
cground (t , y ) c(t , y,0) exp
4 D y t 4 Dz t 4D t 4D t
y z
y 2Dy t 4 D y t 2 y2
z 2 Dz t 4 Dz t 2 z2
2M y2 H2
cground ( x, y ) exp 2 2
2 y z
2 y 2 z
It remains to determine the value of M.
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amount mass mass / time emission rate S
M
missing dimension x length x length / time wind speed u
S y2 H2
cground ( x , y ) exp
u y z 2 2
2 z2
y
in which
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Some of the values depend on the state of the atmosphere.
A = very unstable
B = moderately unstable Notes:
C = slightly unstable - Surface wind is measured 10 m above ground.
D = neutral - A “cloudy night” is one with more than half cloud cover.
E = slightly stable - A “clear night” is one with less than half cloud cover.
F = stable
u( z H )
p
H
u ( z 10 m) 10 m
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Pasquill curves to obtain the pair of dispersion coefficients
If you don’t want to use the graphs (ex. in creating a Matlab code), you may rely on:
y a x 0.894
with x in kilometers and values obtained in meters
z c xd f
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Or, if you are lazy and want a value from a table…
We have yet to determine the effective smokestack height H, the height at which the
plume appears to be originating.
H h h
h buoyancy
y y rise ppossible downwash
hb hd
13
A way to avoid downwash
To determine the buoyancy rise hd (more common than downwash), we first need
to calculate the buoyancy flux F:
T
F g r 2 ws 1 air
T
ffumes
in which
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Then, we need to distinguish whether the plume is “bent-over” or “vertical”.
1) Bent-over plume: for stability classes A, B, C and D (unstable and neutral states)
If F 55 m 4 / s 3 then x f 49 F 5 / 8
If F 55 m 4 / s 3 then x f 119 F 2 / 5
F 1/ 3 x 2f / 3
hb 1.6
u
xf
Distance over which plume rises
g dTair g
N2 , with
Tair dz Cp
1/ 4
F
If u 0.275 ( FN )1/ 4 then hb 4.0 3
N
1/ 3
F
If u 0.275 ( FN )1/ 4 then hb 2.6 2
N u
15
Vertical plume in Hanover on a
cold winter morning
For y = 0
(downwind direction)
(Source: Masters,
1997, page 416)
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Graph to determine maximum ground concentration and its distance from the stack
Capping by inversion
First determine the distance xL over which the capping inversion is reached:
S
then c( x, y 0) for x 2 XL
2 u y L
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Watch out for the sea breeze!
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Downdraft in wake of building
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Note how single plumes merge to
make super-plumes.
http://www.panoramio.com/photo/25258369 http://materialstechnology.tms.org/edu/article.aspx?articleID=2535
http://www.legendsofnasca
http://buckfifty.org/2009/05/12/sunday-february-26-1950/
THE END
ar.com/HudsonSmokeStack.jpg
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