Technologies for Advanced Materials

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www.CrodaAdvancedMaterials.com Industrial Chemicals

 Technologies for
Advanced Materials
Croda is a leading global developer and producer of speciality
chemicals of which the majority are naturally derived. We
offer products based on a wide range of chemistries that are
able to deliver the value adding effects that our customers
desire, in order to improve their processing efficiency, product
performance or both.
The high performance products that we offer include:
l Dispersants page 1
l Aqueous Rheology Modifiers page 4
l Speciality Polymeric Gellants page 6
l Wetting Agents page 8
l Plasticisers page 9
l Corrosion Inhibitors page 10
Dispersants
Croda have a wealth of experience in dispersion technology
which has been tailored to a variety of different applications.
Our dispersants have been designed to meet the demanding
requirements of dispersing both micro and nano particles of
different metals, metal oxides and other non-oxide inorganic
Enhanced Performance
l Fast, clean burn out leading to a reduction in contamination
and rejects
l Consistent and reproducible pastes and slurries reducing

particulates. Our dispersants have been found to add value batch-to-batch variations and reducing the need to make
in applications such as; catalysts, conductive inks / pastes and process adjustments
advanced ceramics. l The range includes polymeric, oligomeric and monomeric

dispersants, which cater for a broad range of different

HypermerTM KD
particles and particle sizes
For over 10 years, Croda have been actively developing
and manufacturing high performance dispersants for niche The Right Dispersant for Your System
applications in the advanced materials markets. The Hypermer Matching the dispersant with the particle that you are trying
KD range has been developed in alignment with the evolving to disperse and the solvent that it is to be dispersed in, is
needs of our customers, notably in the advanced ceramics the best way to find the appropriate dispersant. The table
market for the production of multilayer ceramic capacitors below outlines the parameters that are to be considered
(MLCCs) and in the production of ceramic membranes for and the result this will have on the final dispersion.
solid oxide fuel cells. The diverse range of particle types and
solvents that these dispersants are able to perform in make
them ideal for demanding applications.

Dispersion Dispersant
Characteristic Characteristic Result
Surface charge of particle Appropriate anchoring group Good adsorption of dispersant anchoring groups to particle
surface
Solvent Solubility Good compatibility of dispersant in continuous phase
Particle size Molecular weight Optimal adsorption of dispersant anchoring groups to
particle surface
Solids loading Molecular weight Optimal rheology of dispersion
Particle shape Dispersant architecture Optimal adsorption of dispersant to particle surface

1
 Burn Out Molecular Weight
Product Name Form at 25°C Activity (%) Temperature (°C) * (g/mol) Recommended Applications
Anionic
Hypermer KD4 Liquid 100 526 1000 - 10000 Solvent based dispersions of Glass
Powder, Oxides,Titanates or Nickel
Hypermer KD7 Liquid 40 966 >10000 Aqueous dispersions of Oxides, Silica,
Titanates or Nitrides

Hypermer KD9 Liquid 100 514 <1000 Solvent based dispersions of Glass
Powder, Alumina, Oxides,Titanates,
Silver/Copper or Nickel
Hypermer KD16 Liquid 100 558 <1000 Solvent based dispersions of Glass
Powder or Silver/Copper
Hypermer KD20 Liquid 100 567 <1000 Solvent based** dispersions of Glass
Powder, Oxides or Titanates
Hypermer KD21 Liquid 100 970 <1000 Solvent based dispersions of Glass
Powder
Hypermer KD22 Liquid 100 782 <1000 Solvent based** dispersions of Glass
Powder or Nickel
Hypermer KD23 Liquid 100 938 <1000 Solvent based** dispersions of Glass
Powder, Alumina or Nitrides
Hypermer KD24 Semi-solid 100 768 1000 - 10000 Solvent based** dispersions of
Carbons, Glass Powder, Alumina,
Oxides, or Silver/Copper
Hypermer KD57 Solid 100 527 <1000 Solvent based** dispersions of
Carbons, Glass Powder, Oxides or
Silver/Copper
Cationic
Hypermer KD1 Solid 100 555 >10000 Solvent based dispersions of Carbons,
Oxides,Titanates, Carbides or Nitrides

Hypermer KD2 Liquid 100 419 1000 - 10000 Solvent based** dispersions of
Carbons, Alumina, Oxides,Titanates,
Carbides or Nitrides
Hypermer KD3 Liquid 100 524 1000 - 10000 Solvent based dispersions of Titanates

Hypermer KD11 Liquid 40 566 1000 - 10000 Solvent based dispersions of Nickel
Hypermer KD25 Liquid 100 598 1000 - 10000 Aqueous dispersions of Oxides or
Nitrides
Nonionic
Hypermer KD6 Liquid 33 469 >10000 Aqueous dispersions of Carbons,
Oxides , Silica or Titanates
Hypermer KD13 Liquid 100 530 1000 - 10000 Solvent based dispersions of Oxides
or Silver/Copper
Hypermer KD14 Solid 100 529 1000 - 10000 Solvent based dispersion of Carbons
or Titanates

*Thermogravimetric analysis carried out in air at 60ml/min. Heat up rate was 10°C/min, from 25°C
**Also suitable for aqueous systems

2
 Solubility
= Non-Polar

= Polar

= Aqueous
owder Alum
sP ina
Glas
KD21
KD4
KD16 KD9
KD9 KD22
KD20 KD23
KD11 KD23

Tita
KD57 KD2
KD9
kel

nat
KD20
Nic

KD9 KD24 KD24 KD1

es
KD4
KD22 KD14
KD4
KD7 KD3
KD2
KD6
KD57 KD57
KD7 KD9
KD20

Me
KD14
KD24
KD24 KD6
Carbons

KD6

t
KD25 KD1

al
KD1

O
KD13

x
KD2 KD7 KD4

ides
KD2
KD24 KD25
KD13 KD23
KD1
KD9

KD16 KD57 KD2

Silv KD2 KD1
er/
Co es
pp tr id
er Ni

Carbides

3
 Aqueous Rheology
Modifiers

Our high performance rheology modifiers are based on a range of technologies and are able to give formulators the desired
rheological characteristics to both aqueous and non-aqueous formulations. For aqueous formulations we offer:
l Liquid Dispersion Polymers (LDPs)
- Provide formulations that are temperature stable and freeze-thaw stable
- Very efficient (typical use rates 0.5-2%)
- Pseudoplastic (shear thinning) rheology
- Able to suspend particulates
- Offer both anionic and cationic functionality

On addition to water
the inverter emulsifies
the carrier fluid

Carrier Fluid

Polymer
in water

Inverter

Product as supplied The polymer particles This gives a polymer

can swell by osmosis matrix entrapping the
emulsified oil
Figure 1. Liquid dispersion polymer mode of action

Croda offer both anionic and cationic LDPs which maintain their performance over a wide pH range, these products are
offered in both mineral oil and non-mineral oil based carrier fluids. To find the best LDP for your system, please see the
table below:

Viscosity (2% w/w cP, Relative

Product Description 25°C RVT/6/10 rpm) pH Tolerance Electrolyte Tolerance
ViscOptima™ PL Anionic rheology modifier * 68000 6-12 Medium

ViscOptima SE Multifunctional anionic rheology modifier 85000 6.5-12 Medium

VisCaress™ PL Cationic rheology modifier * suitable for 68000 2.5-9 Low

low pH systems
VisCaress HPD Cationic rheology modifier suitable for 63000 3-8 Low
low pH systems
*supplied in mineral oil

4
l Aqueous Emulsion Polymers Ionic Repulsion O-
O-
Cross-linking
O-
O-
- High efficiency C=O
C=O
C=O
C=O

- Associative
O-
O-
- Unique suspension and flow properties C=O
C=O
O-
- Excellent electrolyte tolerance due to micelle structure Micellisation C=O
O- C=
- Easy to use
O O
C=
C=O O-
O-
O
CrystaSenseTM Sapphire is a unique rheology modifier; the
C=
O
C= O-

polymer architecture has been optimised to create highly O-

pseudoplastic (shear thinning) gels. This pseudoplastic nature

O
C=

allows for the gel to flow once shear is applied, and then to
O-

recover immediately once the applied shear is removed. The O-

gels formed are non-thixotropic in their rheology, meaning
that the recovery of the viscosity once the applied shear is
removed is time independent.
Mode of Action
CrystaSense Sapphire is a polymer with a backbone of
acid groups and acrylate groups, with pendant long chain
associative groups. The product as supplied is an acidic
emulsion which needs to be neutralised with a suitable base,
such as sodium hydroxide solution or triethanolamine, to
create a clear gel.
C=O
O-
C=O
Ionic Acrylic Chain Cross-link Associative Group
Figure 2. CrystaSense Sapphire mode of action
Thickening occurs as the acid groups in the polymer are
neutralised and the ionic groups repel each other within and
between polymer chains. This repulsion is combined with
the cross-linked structure between polymer chains to give a
three-dimensional net of polymer. The hydrophobic groups
in CrystaSense Sapphire allow for the formation of micelles
within aqueous or ionic solutions. This adds additional
structure to the polymer net, meaning the aqueous solution
will have a very high viscosity at rest (zero shear).

Viscosity (2% w/w cP, pH Relative Electrolyte

Product Description 25°C RVT/6/10 rpm) Tolerance Tolerance
CrystaSense Sapphire Associative anionic rheology modifier 8500 – 15300 6 – 12 High

5
 Speciality Polymeric
Gellants
As well as a portfolio of aqueous rheology modifiers, Croda H-bonding locks
offer a range of speciality polymeric gellants based on a in structure
renewable polyamide technology. These have been designed
to thicken organics of almost any polarity. These products O O O O
form thermo reversible gels.
C C Dimer C C
l Speciality Polymeric Gellants
- Based on polyamide technology
N-CH2CH2-N N-CH2CH2-N
- High renewable carbon content
H H H H
- Wide range of terminal end groups give a range

of compatibilities O O O O
- Thixotropic rheology at low (< 5%) concentration

C C Dimer C C
l Particle Stabilisation
Polyamides contain both amine and acid functionality N-CH2CH2-N N-CH2CH2-N
making them good dispersants, providing excellent stearic
stabilisation of particles. This allows for higher solids H H H H
loading whilst maintaining a workable viscosity.
Hydrophobic
pocket collects
(traps) oils
Figure 3. Polyamide mode of action

Product Description Form at 25°C Softening Point (°C)

CrystaSense LP1 Ester terminated polyamide Solid 92
CrystaSense LP2 Ester terminated polyamide Solid 83
CrystaSense LP3 Tertiary amide terminated polyamide Solid 94
CrystaSense HP4 Polyether polyamide Solid 105
CrystaSense HP5 Polyalkyleneoxy terminated polyamide Solid 93
CrystaSense MP Polyalkyleneoxy terminated polyamide Solid 95

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The compatibility chart below can be used to identify which product will be most suited to your system.

CrystaSense LP3
CrystaSense LP1 CrystaSense HP5
CrystaSense MP
CrystaSense LP2 CrystaSense HP4
7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0

Increasing Polarity
Oil Like Mineral MEK Ethylene Glycol Water Like
Oil PEG DPG
Tolulene
N-Hexane
Silicones Glycerol
Methyl Glycols
Esters

Hydrocarbons

Ketones

Esters

Figure 4. Polyamide compatibility chart using Hildebrand solubility parameter

Thermally Irreversible Gellants Form at Recommended

Addition of isocyanurate to amine terminated polyamides leads Product Description 25°C Applications
to the formation of an irreversibly formed polyurea matrix. CrystaSense Polyamide Liquid Ideal for creating
Features IM700 polyamine thermally
irreversible gels
l Transform organic liquids (and dispersions) into a clear,
(fast setting)
tack free solid
CrystaSense Polyamide Liquid Ideal for creating
l Ambient temperature process
IM800 polyamine thermally
l Cure rate is controllable and catalyst free irreversible gels
l Can gel even dilute systems, up to 70% loadings of liquid (slower setting)

A blend of IM700 and IM800 is usually necessary to give the

desired cure rate upon addition of isocyanurate.

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 Wetting Agents
When formulating in aqueous systems, wetting aggregates
can be more difficult than in solvent borne systems due
to the higher surface tension of water. The market trend
to move away from solvent borne systems and to move
to more environmentally friendly aqueous systems often
requires the formulator to look at wetting agents.
l Multifunctional Wetting Agents
MultiwetTM additives are silicone free, non-fluorinated
surfactants for aqueous systems with excellent
environmental performance. The benefits of these
surfactants include:
- Excellent wetting of aggregates and substrates

- Reduced foaming

- Great environmental profile

- Biodegradable
- APE free
- Can formulate without silicones or fluorosurfactants

Dynamic Critical Micelle

Static Surface Surface Tension Concentration Draves Wetting
Product Description Tension (mN/m) (mN/m)* (%w/w) Time (s)
Multiwet BD Low foam wetting agent with 26.9 43.7 0.010 7
excellent biodegradability
Multiwet EF Low foam wetting agent with 27.3 52.5 0.001 72
excellent efficiency
Multiwet SO Moderate foam wetting agent with 31.3 62.2 0.100 1
excellent solids wetting properties
Multiwet SU Low foam wetting agent, best used 26.7 43.4 0.100 3
for substrate wetting
Multiwet VE Versatile wetting agent with 27.2 48.2 0.008 6
moderate foaming

*At a surface age of 305 milliseconds, 0.3 wt.%, 25°C

8
Plasticisers
Croda also offer several non-phthalate based plasticisers which can be used in many different applications including ceramics
and inks. These materials generally have better environmental profiles than traditional phthalate based products and in some
cases offer biodegradability.

Product Description Form at 25°C

PycalTM 94 Non-phthalate plasticiser, miscible with water and polar solvents, offering Liquid
increased flexibility, tack and lamination of films
PriferTM 6813 Non-phthalate plasticiser ideal for use with organic solvents, biodegradable and Liquid
odour free
SyncroflexTM 1562 Non-phthalate plasticiser based on a di-fatty acid ester, ideal for where low Liquid
viscosity is required
Syncroflex 3019 Non-phthalate plasticiser based on a di-fatty acid ester Liquid

9
 Corrosion
Inhibitors
Croda provide a wide range of corrosion inhibitors suitable for both aqueous and oil-based systems. These offer corrosion
protection at low treat rates in a variety of high performance applications including CMP slurries, batteries and inks.

Solubility
Product Name Chemical Description Form at 25°C Activity (%) Water Oil
Phosphate Esters
Crodafos™ C10/5A PPG-5-ceteth-10 phosphate Liquid 100 l l
Crodafos O3A Oleth-3 phosphate Liquid 100 l l
Crodafos O10A Oleth-10 phosphate Liquid 100 l l
Crodafos T6A Trideceth-6 phosphate Liquid 100 l l
Multitrope™ 1214 Aliphatic phosphate ester Liquid 100 l
Sarcosines and Sarcosinates
Crodasinic™ O Oleoyl sarcosine Liquid 100 l
Crodasinic LS30 Sodium lauroyl sarcosinate Liquid 30 l
Crodasinic MS30 Sodium myristoyl sarcosinate Liquid 30 l
Imidazolines
Crodazoline™ O Oleyl hydroxyethyl imidazoline Liquid 100 l
Crodazoline T Tall oil hydroxyethyl imidazoline Liquid 100 l
Other
Crodacor™ BE Borate ester Liquid 100 l
Crodacor WS1 Proprietary blend Liquid 100 l
Prisorine™ 3505 Isostearic acid (vegetable) Liquid 100 l

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Didn’t Find What You
Were Searching For?
The Croda product portfolio does not stop at the products listed in our brochure. If a specific chemistry or physical property
is required, Croda, a world leader in speciality chemicals has the facilities and expertise to help you find a tailored solution
for your application.
Please visit our website www.CrodaAdvancedMaterials.com, or contact your Croda sales representative to explore what
other products are available to meet your requirements.

11
Notes
The information in this publication is believed to be accurate and is given in good faith but no representation or warranty as to its completeness or accuracy is made. Suggestions for
uses or applications are only opinions. Users are responsible for determining the suitability of these products for their own particular purpose. No representation or warranty, express or
implied, is made with respect to information or products including without limitation warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement of any third party
patent or other intellectual property rights including without limit copyright, trademark and designs. Any trademarks identified herein are trademarks of the Croda group of companies.

©2016 Croda Europe Ltd 03/16 ICB011V2.0

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