EXPERIMENT N0 - 8

Object: To study of Rectifier circuits

I Half Wave Rectifier
II Full Wave Rectifier
III Bridge Rectifier
And find ripple factor and different filter circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRE
1. Experimental Kits
2. CRO
3. Connecting leads

Theory
In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal component, almost one that has electrical
properties which vary depending on the direction of flow of charge carriers through it
(this directionality is sometimes generically called the rectifying property).The most
common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to flow in one direction
(called the forward biased condition) but to block it in the opposite direction (the
reverse biased condition).Thus, the diode can be thought of as an electronic version of a
check valve. Real diodes do not display such a perfect on-off directionally but usually
have complicated and non-linear electrical characteristics, which depends on the
particular type of diode technology. Diodes also have many other functions in which
they are not designed to operate in this on-off manner.
Early diodes included “cat’s whisker” crystals and vacuum tube device is called
thermionic valves in British English). Today the most common diodes are made from
semiconductor materials such as silicon or germanium.

Rectifier-an application of Diodes

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts A.C. to D.C., a process known as

rectification. Rectifiers are used as component of power supplies and as detectors of
radio signals. Rectifiers may be made of solid state diodes, vacuum tube diodes,
mercury arc valves, and other components.
A circuit which performs the opposite function (converting DC to AC) is known as an
inverter. When only one diode is used to rectify AC (by blocking the negative or positive
portion of the waveform), the difference between the term diode and the term rectifier
is merely one of usage i.e. the term rectifier describes the diode that is being is being
used to convert A.C. to D.C. Almost all rectifiers comprise number of diodes in a
specific arrangement for more efficiently for converting A.C. to D.C. than is possible
with only one diode. Before the development of silicon rectifiers, vacuum tube diodes
and copper oxide or selenium rectifier stacks were used.
Half-wave rectification:
A half wave rectifier is a special case of clipper. In half wave rectification either the
positive or negative of the A.C. wave is passed easily, while the other half is blocked,
depending upon the polarity of the rectifier. Because only one half of the input
waveform reaches is the output, it is very inefficient if used for power transfer. Half
wave rectification can be achieved with a single diode in a one phase supply.

Circuit Diagram for Half Wave Rectifier

D 1
0 -9 V
1 3

AC 230V
P r im a r y R L
FR EQ = 50H z 2 4 1k

Procedure (a)
i. Make connections for half wave rectifier as shown in figure.
ii. Observe the input wave from on oscilloscope
(Transformer Secondary Voltage i.e 9-0-9 Volt)
iii. Observe the output wave form on oscilloscope.
iv. Measure the DC voltage VDC across the load.
v. Draw output waveform.
vi. Measure r.m.s. value of output voltage.
vii. Ripple factor γ = √ (V2rms /V2DC) -1
 Full Wave Rectifier with center tapped transformer

9 -0 -9 V D 1

1 5

AC 230V 6
P r im a r y
F R EQ = 50H z 4 8 R L

1k
D 2

Procedure for full wave rectifier

i Make connection for full wave rectifier as shown in fig.
ii) Repeat steps (ii) to (vi) in (a)
iii) calculate ripple factor ,γ

Full Wave Rectifier Without Filter

VmSinωt (Vin) RL VDC Ripple factor

 Full Wave Rectifier without center tapped transformer

b r id g e r e c t i f e r
T R N S F M R 0 -9 V

2
T4
1 5

- +
4 1
AC 230V
4 8
FR EQ = 50H z

RL

3
1k

Procedure for Bridge rectifier

i Make connection for Bridge Rectifier as shown in fig.
ii Repeat steps (ii) to (vi) in (a)
iii calculate ripple factor

Bridge Rectifier Without Filter

VmSinωt (Vin) RL VDC Ripple factor

Filter Circuit
Capacitor `input Filter

220M F D
L o a d R e s is t o r out put

C 1 1k

Inductor Filter

L1

f ilt e r in d u c t o r L o a d R e s is t o r
1k
out
put
II TYPE FILTER

L1

F ilt e r I n d u c t o r

C1 L o a d R e s is t o r
C2
IN P U T 200m fd O UTPUT
220m fd 1k

RC Filter

1k

C1 L o a d R e s is t o r
IN P U T 200m fd
C2
O UTPUT
220m fd 1k