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9 Articles in Volume 13, Issue #5
Elvis Presley: Head Trauma, Autoimmunity, Pain, and Early Death
Traumatic Brain Injury: Treatment of Posttraumatic Headaches
Advances in Pharmacologic Pain Management of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Integrative Treatment Approaches for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
How Changing Hydrocodone Scheduling Will Affect Pain Management
Editor's Memo: Interpreting Indications For Electromagnetic Therapy
Specimen Validity Testing
Ask the Expert: Can buprenorphine transdermal system (Butrans) be used in the treatment of opioid addiction? How can patients on
Suboxone be converted to Butrans?
Letters to the Editor: Testosterone, Ultrahigh Dose Opioids
Traumatic Brain Injury: Treatment of Posttraumatic Headaches
Part 1 of this series described the biomechanics and pathophysiology of traumatic brain injuries, as well as their symptoms: post
concussion syndrome, posttraumatic headache, and migraine. This month, our author tackles treatment of TBI headaches.
By John Claude Krusz, PhD, MD (/author/2474/krusz)
Page 1 of 5
Increased attention to traumatic brain injury (TBI) has raised renewed interest in one of its consequences—posttraumatic headaches
(PTH). Most often these have the characteristics of migraines, migrainous headaches, and mixed tensiontype headaches (TTH) and
migraines, as was discussed in Part 1 (/pain/headache/posttraumaheadache/traumaticbraininjury) of this series.1 There have been a number of
recent articles in medical journals that have renewed the debate about TBI, including an article by Robbins and Conidi on sportsrelated
injuries. According to Seifert, there are approximately 3.8 million sportsrelated concussions occurring each year, providing unique
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treatment challenges for medical personnel.3 The presence of new onset or persistent headache following an injury often complicates
returntoplay decisions.
The second part of this series specifically addresses the treatment of PTH and does not claim to be comprehensive. It consists of three parts:
Acute treatment of postTBI headaches using migrainespecific therapy, prophylactic therapy to suppress postTBI headaches, and
interventional treatments used in our outpatient headache clinic. Part 3 (/pain/other/braininjury/traumaticbraininjuryevaluationtreatment
rehabilitation) of the series will discuss evaluation, treatment, and rehabilitation.
Acute Therapy
Quite frankly, the "classic" migrainespecific abortive medications used for treatment of acute migraines and migrainous headaches—for
example, dihydroergotamine (DHE45) and triptans—are FDA indicated for moderate to severe migraines. A reformulated diclofenac
potassium preparation (Cambia), with very rapid absorption kinetics, is also FDA indicated for mild to moderate migraine. The spectrum
of abortive medications is covered extremely well in some of the comprehensive textbooks about headaches and migraines, including the
role of opioids.46 A selective list of FDAapproved agents are highlighted in Table 1.
(https://www.practicalpainmanagement.com/sites/default/files/imagecache/lightbox
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(https://www.practicalpainmanagement.com/sites/default/files/imagecache/lightbox
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Migrainespecific abortive therapy centers on the triptan family of compounds. Theses agents primarily decrease neural activity in
trigeminovascular afferent nerves that are sending signals from dural nerve endings to the trigeminal nucleus caudalis in the brainstem.
They also have vasoconstrictive properties on blood vessels in this system, but the main effect is on neural firing. Triptans act specifically on
serotonin (5HT)1B and 1D receptors. They should be used for disabling migraines that are moderate to severe in intensity. If migraines
are present >2 to 3 times per week, it may be wise to consider a suppressive or prophylactic medication (see next section).
Triptans can be used in conjunction with antiemetics (metoclopramide [Reglan], ondansetron [Zofran], promethazine [Phenergan], etc),
and perhaps antiinflammatory compounds. They are indicated for moderate to severe migraines, but early intervention in the migraine
process is always desirable. Some of the triptans are available in faster delivery systems like injectable and nasal spray.
Nausea should always be treated alongside the migraine. Our preference is for the prescription of the more potent antiemetics, including
ondansetron or metoclopramide. In the author's practice, we successfully have used these, as well as droperidol intravenously (IV) in the
clinic (in small doses).
Preventative Therapy
When TBI migraines become disabling to one's lifestyle and occur more frequently than 3 times per week despite successful treatment with
triptans or other migrainespecific therapies, it may be time to think about suppressive or prophylactic therapy. Only four medications are
FDA approved for this indication: topiramate (Topamax), valproate sodium, propranolol, and timolol (the last of which is available as an
optic solution primarily, and is very hard to find in tablet form). In addition, Botox is currently the only medication approved for
prophylactic treatment of chronic migraine (Table 2).
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(https://www.practicalpainmanagement.com/sites/default/files/imagecache/lightbox
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The first two medications were originally approved as anticonvulsants, but were found to be effective in managing migraine, chronic daily
headaches, and cluster headaches. Sedation and cognitive side effects, such as confusion or memory problems, however, may limit the use
of topiramate. Valproate sodium has been a popular migraine preventive. The agent is usually well tolerated in the lower doses used for
headaches; however, the FDA recently issued a warning that valproate sodium can cause decreased IQ scores in children whose mothers
took the medication during pregnancy. The agency now reports that these agents are contraindicated in pregnant women for the prevention
of migraine headaches.7 The βblocker propranolol is often tried as initial prophylaxis therapy. Originally, it was noted serendipitously to
help migraine headaches when it was being used for management of blood pressure and cardiac rhythm disorders.
When we think of preventative therapy, it is wise to think about comorbid postconcussion symptoms. This might include anxiety,
depression, bipolarlike symptoms, seizures, high blood pressure, irritability, poor sleep, and mood swings. Besides these FDAapproved
medications, virtually all of the anticonvulsants (we much prefer the phrase "neuronal stabilizing agents") have been tried in small trials,
which are usually open label in nature. For example, the author published the first data on migraine and neuropathic pain management
treated with oxcarbazepine, levetiracetam, and zonisamide810 soon after they were officially released as seizure medications. Other agents
in this large group were also studied for migraines, chronic daily headaches, and neuropathic pain by the same author.11 Unfortunately, in
the vast majority of these studies the industry chose not to study the medication formally in a doubleblind, placebocontrolled fashion.
Similarly, many agents that are approved for other uses have been used offlabel for their abilities to help migraine patterns. PostTBI
migraines, when accompanied by cognitive difficulties, have been shown to respond to the treatment memantine (Namenda), officially on
the market only for management of dementia.12,13 However, many studies, primarily from Europe, have used this agent for various pain
conditions off label, and we have used it as an agent to help with cognition after TBI.14
Antidepressants, particularly the serotoninnorepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, can help depression and anxiety, but they can also reduce
pain and migraines postTBI. The author has used venlafaxine (Effexor), duloxetine (Cymbalta), and milnacipran (Savella) offlabel in his
clinical practice. Medication in other categories (socalled antipsychotic agents) have also been used to suppress migraines (eg, ziprasidone)
and can be very useful in postconcussion headaches accompanied by irritability, mood instability, and sleep disorders.15
View Sources (/pain/other/braininjury/traumaticbraininjurytreatmentposttraumaticheadaches#fieldset)
Last updated on: February 19, 2015
Vertical Health Websites
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