Phonon pair creation in time-

dependent 1D condensates

Scott Robertson
Laboratoire de Physique Théorique
Université Paris-Sud, Orsay
Collaborators: Xavier Busch, Florent Michel, Renaud Parentani LPT Orsay

Benasque
1 August 2018
Based on:
X. Busch, R. Parentani and S. Robertson, Phys. Rev. A 89 063606 (2014)
S. Robertson, F. Michel and R. Parentani, Phys. Rev. D 95 065020 (2017)
S. Robertson, F. Michel and R. Parentani, Phys. Rev. D 96 045012 (2017)
S. Robertson, F. Michel and R. Parentani, arXiv:1802.00739 (2018)
 Context and motivations
Slide content courtesy of Renaud Parentani

2 main predictions of Quantum Field Theory in curved spacetime:

• Black holes emit thermal radiation (S. Hawking, 1974/75)

• Expansion of universe amplifies initial vacuum fluctuations (L. Parker, 1968)

Both cases involve spontaneous creation of particles, which occur in

(maximally) entangled pairs

To these can be added (from inflationary theory):

• Coherent inflaton oscillations at the end of the inflationary era causes

resonant matter fields to grow exponentially (“preheating”) (Kofman et al., 1994)

• At large occupation numbers, the energy is redistributed among all modes

of the matter field (“reheating”)

These processes also involve stimulated creation and nonlinear interactions

Are these testable in the lab?

 Analogue Gravity: Black holes
Unruh (1981): waves in moving fluids propagate as if in curved spacetime
! ! 2
Ingredients: • fixed background gµν dx dx = c dt − ( dx − v dt )
µ ν 2 2

• linear perturbations g µν ∇ µ ∇νφ = 0

!
Event horizon where v =c
anomalous scattering
analogue Hawking effect
(both quantum and classical)
Stationarity energy conservation
Picture courtesy of Yan Nascimbene pair production ω ,−ω
 Analogue Gravity: Black holes
Unruh (1981): waves in moving fluids propagate as if in curved spacetime
! ! 2
Ingredients: • fixed background gµν dx dx = c dt − ( dx − v dt )
µ ν 2 2

• linear perturbations g µν ∇ µ ∇νφ = 0

!
Event horizon where v =c
anomalous scattering
analogue Hawking effect
(both quantum and classical)
Stationarity energy conservation
Picture courtesy of Yan Nascimbene pair production ω ,−ω

Example systems under study:

• surface waves on water (Weinfurtner et al. (2011), Euvé et al. (2016), Euvé et al. (2018))
• phonons in Bose-Einstein condensates (Steinhauer (2016))
• light in fibres/waveguides (Philbin et al. (2008), Belgiorno et al. (2011), Ciret et al. (2016))

Complications:
• generally 3-mode rather than 2-mode mixing
• nonlocal correlations make entanglement difficult to access
 Dynamical Casimir Effect
cosmological expansion • Parametric amplification due to modulation
in time (both quantum and classical)

• Homogeneity momentum conservation

pair production k,−k

Examples:
• Universe (Parker (1968))
• Josephson junctions (Wilson et al. (2011),
Lähteenmäki et al. (2013))

Planck data
• BEC (Jaskula et al. (2012))

parametric oscillation

from INFN Padova

 Dynamical Casimir Effect
cosmological expansion • Parametric amplification due to modulation
in time (both quantum and classical)

• Homogeneity momentum conservation

pair production k,−k

Examples:
• Universe (Parker (1968))
• Josephson junctions (Wilson et al. (2011),
Lähteenmäki et al. (2013))

Planck data
• BEC (Jaskula et al. (2012))

parametric oscillation Advantages:

• strictly two-mode mixing
(theoretically simpler)
• correlations local in space, so
entanglement easier to access
(via effective interferometry)

from INFN Padova

 Settings: Effectively 1D condensates
BEC: • experimental techniques well-developed, good control
• theoretical description is simple and well-understood
• quantum effects visible
1D elongated condensates:
• Proposed for analogue black holes by Garay et al. (PRL 2000)
• Used in: - DCE experiments of Chris Westbrook’s team (PRL 2012)
- BH experiments of Jeff Steinhauer (Nat. Phys. 2014, Nat. Phys. 2016)
 Settings: Effectively 1D condensates
BEC: • experimental techniques well-developed, good control
• theoretical description is simple and well-understood
• quantum effects visible
1D elongated condensates:
• Proposed for analogue black holes by Garay et al. (PRL 2000)
• Used in: - DCE experiments of Chris Westbrook’s team (PRL 2012)
- BH experiments of Jeff Steinhauer (Nat. Phys. 2014, Nat. Phys. 2016)

Field decomposition:
(
Φ̂ = Φ 0 1+ φ̂ ) Φ 0 : mean field (background)
φ̂ : relative perturbations

Mean field obeys 1 2

i ∂t Φ 0 = − ∇ Φ 0 + VΦ 0 + g Φ 0 Φ 0
2
Gross-Pitaevskii equation
(or nonlinear Schrödinger equation) 2m (direct control)

ρ0 = Φ 0 ∝ c2
2
Condensate behaves like superfluid, with: density
(up to quantum corrections)
! 1
flow velocity v0 = ∇θ 0
m
Harmonic radial potential
1 Mean field (background)
V = mω ⊥2 r 2 Essential first step: what evolutions are available?
2
ω ⊥ can vary with time
Exact scaling: if ρ 0 (r) solves stationary problem,
1 ⎛ r ⎞
then ρ (r,t) = ρ
σ 2 (t) 0 ⎜⎝ σ (t) ⎟⎠
solves time-dependent problem,
z where σ behaves like particle in effective potential
2 −2
ω ⎛ σ ⎞ 1⎛ σ ⎞
2
Veff (σ ) = 2 ⊥
+ 2⎜ ⎟
r
1
⎜ ⎟
ω ⎝σ0 ⎠
2
⎝σ0 ⎠
⊥0 (Kagan et al., PRA 54, R1753 (1996))
Harmonic radial potential
1 Mean field (background)
V = mω ⊥2 r 2 Essential first step: what evolutions are available?
2
ω ⊥ can vary with time
Exact scaling: if ρ 0 (r) solves stationary problem,
1 ⎛ r ⎞
then ρ (r,t) = ρ
σ 2 (t) 0 ⎜⎝ σ (t) ⎟⎠
solves time-dependent problem,
z where σ behaves like particle in effective potential
2 −2
ω ⎛ σ ⎞ 1⎛ σ ⎞
2
Veff (σ ) = 2 ⊥
+ 2⎜ ⎟
r
1
⎜ ⎟
ω ⎝σ0 ⎠
2
⎝σ0 ⎠
⊥0 (Kagan et al., PRA 54, R1753 (1996))

Veff s
5
s0
1.
4
0.9
3
0.8

2 0.7

1 0.6

s
w¶ i t
0 1 2 3 s0 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Harmonic radial potential
1 Mean field (background)
V = mω ⊥2 r 2 Essential first step: what evolutions are available?
2
ω ⊥ can vary with time
Exact scaling: if ρ 0 (r) solves stationary problem,
1 ⎛ r ⎞
then ρ (r,t) = ρ
σ 2 (t) 0 ⎜⎝ σ (t) ⎟⎠
solves time-dependent problem,
z where σ behaves like particle in effective potential
2 −2
ω ⎛ σ ⎞ 1⎛ σ ⎞
2
Veff (σ ) = 2 ⊥
+ 2⎜ ⎟
r
1
⎜ ⎟
ω ⎝σ0 ⎠
2
⎝σ0 ⎠
⊥0 (Kagan et al., PRA 54, R1753 (1996))

Veff s
5
s0
1.
4
0.9
3
0.8

2 0.7

1 0.6

s
w¶ i t
0 1 2 3 s0 -10 0 10
 Harmonic radial potential
1 Mean field (background)
V = mω ⊥2 r 2 Essential first step: what evolutions are available?
2
ω ⊥ can vary with time
Exact scaling: if ρ 0 (r) solves stationary problem,
1 ⎛ r ⎞
then ρ (r,t) = ρ
σ 2 (t) 0 ⎜⎝ σ (t) ⎟⎠
solves time-dependent problem,
z where σ behaves like particle in effective potential
2 −2
ω ⎛ σ ⎞ 1⎛ σ ⎞
2
Veff (σ ) = 2 ⊥
+ 2⎜ ⎟
r
1
⎜ ⎟
ω ⎝σ0 ⎠
2
⎝σ0 ⎠
⊥0 (Kagan et al., PRA 54, R1753 (1996))

s
s0
2 behaviours: 1.
• smooth (adiabatic) cosmological expansion
• oscillatory (non-adiabatic) parametric oscillation 0.9

(at twice the trapping

0.8
frequency)
0.7

ω ⊥ (t) maps directly onto σ (t) only in adiabatic case 0.6

w¶ i t
-10 0 10
 Perturbation field: atoms

Use factorisation ansatz: (

Φ̂(r,θ , z;t) = Φ 0 (r,t) × 1+ φ̂ (z,t) )
Linear perturbations obey
Bogoliubov-de Gennes equation
i ∂t φ̂ = −
1 2
2m
(
∂ z φ̂ + g1D ρ1D φ̂ + φ̂ † )
1D effective coupling 1D atom density antilinear term
∝1 / σ 2
constant couples k and -k
 Perturbation field: atoms

Use factorisation ansatz: Φ̂(r,θ , z;t) = Φ 0 (r,t) × 1+ φ̂ (z,t) ( )

Linear perturbations obey
Bogoliubov-de Gennes equation
i ∂t φ̂ = −
1 2
2m
∂ z φ̂ + g1D ρ1D φ̂ + φ̂ † ( )
(assuming φ̂ depends only on z) 1D effective coupling 1D atom density antilinear term
∝1 / σ 2
constant couples k and -k

⎡φ̂k , φ̂k†′ ⎤ = δ k,k ′

Take Fourier transform in z, normalized so that
⎣ ⎦
φ̂k and φ̂k† are annihilation and creation operators for atoms of momentum k

Fourier transformed
⎡ φ̂ ⎤ ⎡ k2
+ g1D ρ1D g1D ρ1D ⎤ ⎡ φ̂ ⎤
i ∂t ⎢ k
⎥=⎢ 2m
⎥⎢ k ⎥
BdG equation
⎢ φ̂−† k
⎣
⎥ ⎢
⎦ ⎣
−g1D ρ1D − ( k2
2m + g1D ρ1D ) ⎥ ⎢ φ̂ †
⎦ ⎣ −k
⎥
⎦
 Perturbation field: phonons
⎡ φ̂ ⎤ ⎡ u vk ⎤ ⎡ ϕ̂ k ⎤
Bogoliubov transformation: ⎢ k ⎥=⎢ k ⎥⎢ † ⎥
⎢ φ̂−† k ⎥ ⎢ vk uk ⎥ ⎢ ϕ̂ − k ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣

uk2 − vk2 = 1 Commutation relation preserved, i.e. ⎡⎣ϕ̂ k , ϕ̂ k†′ ⎤⎦ = ⎡⎣φ̂k , φ̂k†′ ⎤⎦ = δ k,k ′
ϕ̂ k and ϕ̂ k† are annihilation and creation operators for phonons of momentum k

Phonon operator wave equation: wk êmc2

⎡ ϕ̂ k ⎤ ⎡ ωk iω! k / 2ω k ⎤ ⎡ ϕ̂ k ⎤ 8

i ∂t ⎢ † ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎢ † ⎥
⎢⎣ ϕ̂ − k ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ iω! k / 2ω k −ω k ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ϕ̂ − k ⎥⎦ 6

where (ω k / mc ) = ( ck ) + 14 ( kξ )
2 2 2 4 4

g1D ρ1D 1 1 2
c =
2
∝ 2 and ξ =
m σ mc 1 2 3 4
kx

Variation of V (i.e. of ω ⊥ )
variation of σ (background response) N.B. Change suppressed for atomic
variation of c (as seen by phonons) part of spectrum at high k
Observable: Two-point function in k-space /
Spectrum of density fluctuations
Atom density ρ̂ = Φ̂ Φ̂ = Φ 0
† 2
(1+ φ̂ )(1+ φ̂ )
†

δρ̂ δρ̂ k
To linear order, = φ̂ + φ̂ † FT = φ̂k + φ̂ †− k
ρ0 ρ0
= ( uk + v k ) (ϕ̂ k + ϕ̂ −† k )

δρ̂ = δρ̂ − k , [δρ̂ k , δρ̂ − k ] = 0 δρ̂ k

† 2
k well-defined
Observable: Two-point function in k-space /
Spectrum of density fluctuations
Atom density ρ̂ = Φ̂ Φ̂ = Φ 0
† 2
(1+ φ̂ )(1+ φ̂ )
†

δρ̂ δρ̂ k
To linear order, = φ̂ + φ̂ † FT = φ̂k + φ̂ †− k
ρ0 ρ0
= ( uk + v k ) (ϕ̂ k + ϕ̂ −† k )

δρ̂ = δρ̂ − k , [δρ̂ k , δρ̂ − k ] = 0 δρ̂ k

† 2
k well-defined

δρ̂ k
2

Assuming isotropy, G2,k (t) =

i.e. nk = n− k
ρ 02
(
= ( uk + vk ) 1+ 2nk + 2 Re {ck e−2iω kt }
2
)
correlation amplitude
“structure factor” phonon
between phonons of
(vacuum value) occupation number
momenta k and -k
nk = ϕ̂ k†ϕ̂ k ck = ϕ̂ kϕ̂ − k
Observable: Two-point function in k-space /
Spectrum of density fluctuations
Atom density ρ̂ = Φ̂ Φ̂ = Φ 0
† 2
(1+ φ̂ )(1+ φ̂ )
†

δρ̂ δρ̂ k
To linear order, = φ̂ + φ̂ † FT = φ̂k + φ̂ †− k
ρ0 ρ0
= ( uk + v k ) (ϕ̂ k + ϕ̂ −† k )

δρ̂ = δρ̂ − k , [δρ̂ k , δρ̂ − k ] = 0 δρ̂ k

† 2
k well-defined

δρ̂ k
2

Assuming isotropy, G2,k (t) =

i.e. nk = n− k
ρ 02
(
= ( uk + vk ) 1+ 2nk + 2 Re {ck e−2iω kt }
2
)
Limits of oscillation: (
(uk + vk ) 1+ 2 ⎡⎣ nk ± ck ⎤⎦
2
)
Nonseparability: Δ k = nk − ck < 0 G2, k dips below vacuum value
• nonsep. can be determined using commuting measurements (single time)
• nk and ck separately require non-commuting measurements (multiple times)
 Spontaneous v. stimulated pair creation

ϕ̂ k ( t → ∓∞ ) = b̂in/out −iω kin/outt

k e

⎡ b̂ out ⎤ ⎡ α β k∗ ⎤ ⎡ b̂kin ⎤
⎢ k ⎥=⎢ k ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ b̂−outk † ⎥ ⎢ βk α k∗ ⎥ ⎢ b̂−in†k ⎥ Bogoliubov transformation relating
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ final and initial phonon operators
α k − βk = 1
2 2

Initial thermal state:

nk ( t → −∞ ) = b̂ b̂ in† in
k k =n in
k (
nk = β k + nkin α k + β k
2 2 2
)
ck ( t → −∞ ) = b̂kinb̂−ink = 0 ck = α k β k∗ + nkin ( 2α k β k∗ )
Nonseparability is due purely to vacuum fluctuations
Classically stimulated pairs are separable (
Δ k = − βk ( α k + βk ) + n in
k )/(α k + βk )
2
Bogoliubov-de Gennes predictions
 G2, k in stationary thermal state

G2, k = ( uk + vk ) (1+ 2nk )

2

⎛ !ω k ⎞
1+ 2nk = coth ⎜
⎝ 2k BT ⎟⎠ G2,k
1
(Planck spectrum)

0.5
T / mc 2 = 0 (black)
T 1/4 (blue)
G2, k → as k→0 1/3 (red)
mc 2 1 (yellow)

(in frame of condensate, kx

and assuming nk = n− k )
0 1 2 3 4 5

See in situ measurements in

Schley et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 055301 (2013)
BdG results: “Cosmological expansion”
S. Robertson, F. Michel and R. Parentani, Phys. Rev. D 95 065020 (2017)

Planck data
 c2
Contraction
c2f
1.

c 2 1 ⎛ ci2 ⎞ 1 ⎛ ci2 ⎞
= 1+ + 1− tanh ( at )
c 2f 2 ⎜⎝ c 2f ⎟⎠ 2 ⎜⎝ c 2f ⎟⎠
0.75

0.5
2 2
Parameters are ci / c f : degree of contraction
0.25
a : rate of contraction
mc2f t
-2 -1 0 1 2
 c2
Contraction
c2f
1.

c 2 1 ⎛ ci2 ⎞ 1 ⎛ ci2 ⎞
= 1+ + 1− tanh ( at )
c 2f 2 ⎜⎝ c 2f ⎟⎠ 2 ⎜⎝ c 2f ⎟⎠
0.75

0.5
2 2
Parameters are ci / c f : degree of contraction
0.25
a : rate of contraction
mc2f t
-2 -1 0 1 2

(
G2,k (t) = ( uk + vk ) 1+ ϕ̂ k†ϕ̂ k + ϕ̂ −† kϕ̂ − k + ϕ̂ kϕ̂ − k + ϕ̂ −† kϕ̂ k†
2
)

Dependence on k (at fixed t)

G2 Ikx f , mc2f t=5M
1.

0.8

0.6

0.4 (
a = ω kξ f = 3 )
0.2 Blue: Tin = 0
Purple: Tin = mc2
k xf
1 2 3 4 5
 c2
Contraction
c2f
1.

c 2 1 ⎛ ci2 ⎞ 1 ⎛ ci2 ⎞
= 1+ + 1− tanh ( at )
c 2f 2 ⎜⎝ c 2f ⎟⎠ 2 ⎜⎝ c 2f ⎟⎠
0.75

0.5
2 2
Parameters are ci / c f : degree of contraction
0.25
a : rate of contraction
mc2f t
-2 -1 0 1 2

(
G2,k (t) = ( uk + vk ) 1+ ϕ̂ k†ϕ̂ k + ϕ̂ −† kϕ̂ − k + ϕ̂ kϕ̂ − k + ϕ̂ −† kϕ̂ k†
2
)
( {
2 g! 2,k (t) = 2 nk + Re ck e−2iω kt })
Dependence on k (at fixed t)
G2 Ikx f ,
é
g2,k
mc2f t=5M 1. Central curve gives nk
1. Amplitude gives ck

0.8
0.5
0.6

0.4 (
a = ω kξ f = 3 ) 1 2 3 4 5
k xf
0.2 Blue: Tin = 0
Purple: Tin = mc2
k xf -0.5
1 2 3 4 5
 c2
Contraction
c2f
1.

c 2 1 ⎛ ci2 ⎞ 1 ⎛ ci2 ⎞
= 1+ + 1− tanh ( at )
c 2f 2 ⎜⎝ c 2f ⎟⎠ 2 ⎜⎝ c 2f ⎟⎠
0.75

0.5
2 2
Parameters are ci / c f : degree of contraction
0.25
a : rate of contraction
mc2f t
-2 -1 0 1 2

(
G2,k (t) = ( uk + vk ) 1+ ϕ̂ k†ϕ̂ k + ϕ̂ −† kϕ̂ − k + ϕ̂ kϕ̂ − k + ϕ̂ −† kϕ̂ k†
2
)
( {
2 g! 2,k (t) = 2 nk + Re ck e−2iω kt })
Dependence on k (at fixed t) Sakharov oscillations in CMB
G2 Ikx f , mc2f t=5M
1.

0.8

0.6

0.4 (
a = ω kξ f = 3 )
0.2 Blue: Tin = 0
Purple: Tin = mc2
k xf
1 2 3 4 5
 −2
c2 ⎛σ ⎞
=⎜ ⎟ Contraction
2
cf ⎝σ f ⎠
1.

c 2 1 ⎛ ci2 ⎞ 1 ⎛ ci2 ⎞
= 1+ + 1− tanh ( at )
c 2f 2 ⎜⎝ c 2f ⎟⎠ 2 ⎜⎝ c 2f ⎟⎠
0.75

0.5
2 2
Parameters are ci / c f : degree of contraction
0.25
a : rate of contraction
mc2f t
-2 -1 0 1 2

(
G2,k (t) = ( uk + vk ) 1+ ϕ̂ k†ϕ̂ k + ϕ̂ −† kϕ̂ − k + ϕ̂ kϕ̂ − k + ϕ̂ −† kϕ̂ k†
2
)
( {
2 g! 2,k (t) = 2 nk + Re ck e−2iω kt })
é
Dependence on ci2 / c 2f and a ( at nkin = 0 )
g2,k é
2
g2,k
1. c 1 1. ci2 1
=
i
2 2
=
c f2 cf 8
0.5 0.5

k xf k xf
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

-0.5 -0.5
BdG results: Parametric oscillation
X. Busch, R. Parentani and SR, Phys. Rev. A 89 063606 (2014)
SR, F. Michel and R. Parentani, Phys. Rev. D 95 065020 (2017)

from INFN Padova

 Frequency modula/on
ω (t)2 ω pt
= 1+ Asin (ω pt ) N=
2
ω0 2π
AR 2ω 0 − ω p
=
4 ωp
1.10

1.05
w
R=-1 A = 0.1
1.00
w0 N max = 15
0.95 R=1

0.90
0 5 10 15
N
 G2 measurement

(
G2,k (t) = ( uk + vk ) 1+ ϕ̂ k†ϕ̂ k + ϕ̂ −† kϕ̂ − k + ϕ̂ kϕ̂ − k + ϕ̂ −† kϕ̂ k†
2
)
(
2 g2,k (t) = 2 nk + Re ck e
! {
−2iω k t
})
nin = 0 12

(zero temperature)
10

R=0 8
(exactly at resonance)
g2,k HtL

6
é

Δ k = n k − ck
0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
N
 G2 measurement

(
G2,k (t) = ( uk + vk ) 1+ ϕ̂ k†ϕ̂ k + ϕ̂ −† kϕ̂ − k + ϕ̂ kϕ̂ − k + ϕ̂ −† kϕ̂ k†
2
)
(
2 g2,k (t) = 2 nk + Re ck e
! {
−2iω k t
})
nin = 0 12

(zero temperature)
10

R=0 8
(exactly at resonance)
g2,k HtL

6
é

“Visibility” of
4
entanglement
decreases as n
2
becomes large!

Δ k = n k − ck
0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
N
 G2 measurement

(
G2,k (t) = ( uk + vk ) 1+ ϕ̂ k†ϕ̂ k + ϕ̂ −† kϕ̂ − k + ϕ̂ kϕ̂ − k + ϕ̂ −† kϕ̂ k†
2
)
2 g2,k (t) = 2 nk + Re ck e
! (−2iω k t
{ })
nin = 0

1.0
R=0 1.0
R=2 1.0
R=5
0.8 0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 0.4

g2,k HtL

g2,k HtL

g2,k HtL
0.2 0.2 0.2
é

é
0.0 0.0 0.0

-0.2 -0.2 -0.2

-0.4 -0.4 -0.4

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
N N N
 G2 measurement

(
G2,k (t) = ( uk + vk ) 1+ ϕ̂ k†ϕ̂ k + ϕ̂ −† kϕ̂ − k + ϕ̂ kϕ̂ − k + ϕ̂ −† kϕ̂ k†
2
)
1
2 g2,k (t) = 2 nk + Re ck e
! (−2iω k t
{ })
nin =
4
1.0
R=0 1.0
R=2 1.0
R=5
0.8 0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 0.4

g2,k HtL
g2,k HtL

g2,k HtL

0.2 0.2 0.2

é
é

0.0 0.0 0.0

-0.2 -0.2 -0.2

-0.4 -0.4 -0.4

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
N N N
 G2 measurement

(
G2,k (t) = ( uk + vk ) 1+ ϕ̂ k†ϕ̂ k + ϕ̂ −† kϕ̂ − k + ϕ̂ kϕ̂ − k + ϕ̂ −† kϕ̂ k†
2
)
2 g2,k (t) = 2 nk + Re ck e
! (−2iω k t
{ })
nin = 1

1.0
R=0 1.0
R=2 1.0
R=5
0.8 0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 0.4

g2,k HtL

g2,k HtL
g2,k HtL

0.2 0.2 0.2

é

é
é

0.0 0.0 0.0

-0.2 -0.2 -0.2

-0.4 -0.4 -0.4

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
N N N
 Summary of BdG observations
Thermal state:

• ( ) 2
in phonon vacuum state, G2, k = u k + vk , and this (in general) is the threshold
for nonseparability of the corresponding two-mode state

• temperature (in units of mc2) can be read off from limit as k→0
Expansion/Contraction case:

• low-k modes see “sudden” expansion and high-k modes see “zero”
expansion, with transition at ω k ∼ a

• initial temperature destroys entanglement at low k (stimulated creation)

Oscillatory case:

• resonant growth (rate ∝ A) within a frequency window (width ∝ A )

• nonseparability always reached at resonance, while an initial temperature can

exclude the possibility off-resonance

• however, for large phonon number, the visibility of nonseparability is greatly

reduced (since Δ k = nk − ck is bounded from below)
Observations in Jaskula et al., PRL 109, 220401 (2012)

1st experiment 2nd experiment

Observations in Jaskula et al., PRL 109, 220401 (2012)

1st experiment 2nd experiment

Broad, featureless spectrum

(after 60 oscillations)

Very far from nonseparability

(g2 > 2)
Beyond BdG: Weak dissipation
 Weak dissipa1on (Constant dissipation rate
introduced “by hand”,
Busch et al., 2014)

Growth of n

R=0 R=2
1000 Γ / ω0 = 0
500 1.2

1.1
100 Γ / ω 0 = 0.01
1.0
50
n n
0.9
10
Γ / ω 0 = 0.02
0.8
5
Γ / ω 0 = 0.03
0.7
Γ / ω 0 = 0.04
1
0.6
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
N N
 Weak dissipation (Constant dissipation rate
introduced “by hand”,
G2 measurement Busch et al., 2014)

(
G2,k (t) = ( uk + vk ) 1+ ϕ̂ k†ϕ̂ k + ϕ̂ −† kϕ̂ − k + ϕ̂ kϕ̂ − k + ϕ̂ −† kϕ̂ k†
2
)
1 Γ
2 g2,k (t) = 2 nk + Re ck e
! (−2iω k t
{ })
nin = =0
4 ω0

1.0
R=0 1.0
R=2 1.0
R=5
0.8 0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 0.4

g2,k HtL
g2,k HtL

g2,k HtL

0.2 0.2 0.2

é
é

0.0 0.0 0.0

-0.2 -0.2 -0.2

-0.4 -0.4 -0.4

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
N N N
 Weak dissipation (Constant dissipation rate
introduced “by hand”,
G2 measurement Busch et al., 2014)

(
G2,k (t) = ( uk + vk ) 1+ ϕ̂ k†ϕ̂ k + ϕ̂ −† kϕ̂ − k + ϕ̂ kϕ̂ − k + ϕ̂ −† kϕ̂ k†
2
)
1 Γ
2 g2,k (t) = 2 nk + Re ck e
! (−2iω k t
{ })
nin = = 0.01
4 ω0

1.0
R=0 1.0
R=2 R=5
1.0

0.8 0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 0.4

g2,k HtL

g2,k HtL

g2,k HtL
0.2 0.2 0.2
é

é
0.0 0.0 0.0

-0.2 -0.2 -0.2

-0.4 -0.4 -0.4

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
N N N
 Weak dissipation (Constant dissipation rate
introduced “by hand”,
G2 measurement Busch et al., 2014)

(
G2,k (t) = ( uk + vk ) 1+ ϕ̂ k†ϕ̂ k + ϕ̂ −† kϕ̂ − k + ϕ̂ kϕ̂ − k + ϕ̂ −† kϕ̂ k†
2
)
1 Γ
2 g2,k (t) = 2 nk + Re ck e
! (−2iω k t
{ })
nin = = 0.02
4 ω0

1.0
R=0 1.0
R=2 R=5
1.0

0.8 0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 0.4

g2,k HtL

g2,k HtL

g2,k HtL
0.2 0.2 0.2
é

é
0.0 0.0 0.0

-0.2 -0.2 -0.2

-0.4 -0.4 -0.4

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
N N N
 Weak dissipation (Constant dissipation rate
introduced “by hand”,
G2 measurement Busch et al., 2014)

(
G2,k (t) = ( uk + vk ) 1+ ϕ̂ k†ϕ̂ k + ϕ̂ −† kϕ̂ − k + ϕ̂ kϕ̂ − k + ϕ̂ −† kϕ̂ k†
2
)
1 Γ
2 g2,k (t) = 2 nk + Re ck e
! (−2iω k t
{ })
nin = = 0.03
4 ω0

1.0
R=0 1.0
R=2 R=5
1.0

0.8 0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 0.4

g2,k HtL

g2,k HtL

g2,k HtL
0.2 0.2 0.2
é

é
0.0 0.0 0.0

-0.2 -0.2 -0.2

-0.4 -0.4 -0.4

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
N N N
 Weak dissipation (Constant dissipation rate
introduced “by hand”,
G2 measurement Busch et al., 2014)

(
G2,k (t) = ( uk + vk ) 1+ ϕ̂ k†ϕ̂ k + ϕ̂ −† kϕ̂ − k + ϕ̂ kϕ̂ − k + ϕ̂ −† kϕ̂ k†
2
)
1 Γ
2 g2,k (t) = 2 nk + Re ck e
! (−2iω k t
{ })
nin = = 0.04
4 ω0

1.0
R=0 R=2 R=5
1.0 1.0

0.8 0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 0.4

g2,k HtL

g2,k HtL

g2,k HtL
0.2 0.2 0.2
é

é
0.0 0.0 0.0

-0.2 -0.2 -0.2

-0.4 -0.4 -0.4

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
N N N
 Weak dissipation (Constant dissipation rate
introduced “by hand”,
G2 measurement Busch et al., 2014)

(
G2,k (t) = ( uk + vk ) 1+ ϕ̂ k†ϕ̂ k + ϕ̂ −† kϕ̂ − k + ϕ̂ kϕ̂ − k + ϕ̂ −† kϕ̂ k†
2
)
1 Γ
2 g2,k (t) = 2 nk + Re ck e
! (−2iω k t
{ })
nin = = 0.05
4 ω0

1.0
R=0 R=2 R=5
1.0 1.0

0.8 0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4 0.4

g2,k HtL

g2,k HtL

g2,k HtL
0.2 0.2 0.2
é

é
0.0 0.0 0.0

-0.2 -0.2 -0.2

-0.4 -0.4 -0.4

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
N N N
 Weak dissipation (Constant dissipation rate
introduced “by hand”,
Busch et al., 2014)

Summary of observations:

• increasing Γ decreases the rate of growth of nk , eventually causing it to

saturate

• increasing Γ increases the final value of Δ k = n k − ck for all modes

• there is a value of Γ at which nonseparability is never achieved, even at

resonance
 Weak dissipation (Constant dissipation rate
introduced “by hand”,
Busch et al., 2014)

Observations:

• increasing Γ decreases the rate of growth of nk , eventually causing it to

saturate

• increasing Γ increases the final value of Δ k = n k − ck for all modes

• there is a value of Γ at which nonseparability is never achieved, even at

resonance

But… what about the broad spectrum in the

first experiment?
 Have we reached nonlinear regime?

Theoretical prediction
nk

109 N = 60

106
N = 30

103 N = 15

k xf
1. 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.

J.-C. Jaskula et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 220401 (2012) kξ = vz / c c ∼ 1 cm/s
• Broad spectrum
• No peak at resonance
• No peak at k=0 (condensate)
Beyond BdG: Nonlinearities
 Investigating nonlinear effects
SR, F. Michel and R. Parentani, arXiv:1802.00739 (2018)

Truncated Wigner Approximation:

• solve classical field equations for a large number of initial realisations

• initial state is member of statistical ensemble whose probability distribution is

given by the Wigner function of the state

• quantities averaged over all realisations are identified with expectation values of
corresponding symmetrized operators
 Investigating nonlinear effects
SR, F. Michel and R. Parentani, arXiv:1802.00739 (2018)
1
Factorisation ansatz: Ψ(r,θ , z;t) = ψ (r,t) × φ (z,t)
2π
∞ L

∫ dr r ψ =1 ∫ dz φ = N atoms
2 2
with normalisation
0 0

(N.B. For the purpose of numerical simulations,

the condensate is assumed to live on a torus of length L)

Effective 1D Gross-Pitaevskii equation

1 2
i ∂t φ = − ∂ z φ + g1 (t) ⎣ φ − n1 ⎤⎦ φ
⎡ 2

1 2m
where g1 (t) ∝ 2
σ (t)
Imposing total energy conservation, we derive a correction to the effective
potential seen by σ .
This correction depends on the total energy of longitudinal phonons.

2 nonlinearities: • self-interaction of φ field

• back-reaction on oscillations of σ
 Nonlinear effects: Early times
SR, F. Michel and R. Parentani, arXiv:1802.00739 (2018)

G2, k at fixed t as function of k G2, k at fixed k as function of t

GH2L
GH2L
k
k

1000 1000

100
100
10

10
1

1 0.1

Nosc
k a¶ -10 -5 5 10 15 20
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

Red: BdG thermal state (T/mc2 = 0.5) Solid lines: BdG prediction for maxima and minima
Green: 0 oscillations Dashed lines: nonseparability threshold
Black: 14 oscillations
Blue: 28 oscillations

- Exponential growth of resonant - Initial agreement with BdG

peak (as in BdG) - First deviation is in minimum, which turns
around at N osc ∼ 10
- Appearance of harmonic(s) due to - Nonseparability is lost at N osc ∼ 17
nonlinearity of solution - Maxima start to deviate from BdG at
- Broadening of peaks (including N osc ∼ 17
condensate at k=0)
 Nonlinear effects: Early times
SR, F. Michel and R. Parentani, arXiv:1802.00739 (2018)

GH2L
k
Ê
Ê Ê
Ê Ê Ê
Ê
1000 Ê Ê ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡
‡ ‡ ‡ ‡
Keeping only maxima Ê
‡
ʇ ‡
Ê
Ê ‡ ‡ ʇ
and minima of G2, k Ê
‡ ‡ ‡
Ê ‡ ‡ Ê
‡ ‡ Ê
‡ Ê
‡ Ê
‡
‡ Ê
Ê Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï‡Ï Ï ÏÊ Ï Ï Ï
10 ‡
Ê
Ê Ï Ï
‡ ÏÏ ‡
ÏÏÏÏÏ
Ê
Ï
‡
Ê ÏÊ Ï
‡
Ï
‡
‡
Ï Ï Ï ÊÏ
Ï Ï‡
Ê Ï Ï
Ï
‡
Ê
χ
Ê
‡
Ê
Ï ÏÏ ‡ Ê
Ï ‡ Ê
Ï
‡ Ï ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ
Ê ‡ Ï ‡ Ê
Ê ‡ ‡
0.1 Ê ‡
Ê ‡ ‡ Ê
Ê ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ Ê
Ê Ê ‡ ‡ ‡
Ê Ê Ê Ê
Ê Ê Ê Ê Ê

Nosc
0 5 10 15 20 25

Blue, green and red:

as
different values of parameter / N atoms (which drops out of BdG description)
1.7 x 10-4 / 4.5 x 105 (blue) a⊥
1.7 x 10-3 / 4.5 x 104 (green)
1.7 x 10-2 / 4.5 x 103 (red)

Deviations from BdG occur earlier for stronger nonlinearities

- loss of nonseparability included
 Nonlinear effects: Early times
SR, F. Michel and R. Parentani, arXiv:1802.00739 (2018)

( nk + )
Extracting effective dissipative rates

exp ( − ∫ Γ dt ) =
2
1

lnHnk as êa¶ L
2
lnHGL

( nk + 2 )BdG
1
2
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
‡-2
Ê
‡‡
‡ ÊÊ
‡
ÊÊ
‡Ê
‡Ê ‡Ê
‡ ‡
Ê
‡ Ê
‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡
Ê
Ê -4
‡ Ê
Ê
Ê
Ê Ê Ê -6
Ê
Filled points: effective dissipative -8
rate of nk (at resonance)
-10
Γ k ∝ nk as / a⊥
Blue and green:
as
different values of parameter / N atoms
1.7 x 10-4 / 4.5 x 105 (blue) a⊥
Open points: difference between 1.7 x 10-3 / 4.5 x 104 (green)
effective dissipative rates of ck
and nk (at resonance)

ΔΓ k ∝ ( nk as / a⊥ )
2
 Nonlinear effects: Late times
SR, F. Michel and R. Parentani, arXiv:1802.00739 (2018)

GH2L
k GH2L
k GH2L
k

104 Nosc = 28.6 104 Nosc = 41.0 104 Nosc = 66.8

100 100 100

1 1 1

k a¶ k a¶ k a¶
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Broadening and gradual disappearance of peaks manifest

(Qualitatively similar to the experimental observations)

 Nonlinear effects: Late times
SR, F. Michel and R. Parentani, arXiv:1802.00739 (2018)

104 Nosc = 14.3 Nosc = 28.6 Nosc = 41.0 Nosc = 66.8

1000
nat
k 100
10
1
1

é
hat
k

0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
k a¶ k a¶ k a¶ k a¶

Top row: atom occupation number (on logarithmic scale)

Bottom row: coherence level, nonseparability threshold

Spectrum becomes broad and featureless

Initial nonseparability not very visible

Coherence gradually lost

 Nonlinear effects: Late times
SR, F. Michel and R. Parentani, arXiv:1802.00739 (2018)

Entropy of phonon state Coherence at antipodal points on torus

S
†g1 HLê2L§
500
1.0
400
0.8
300
0.6
200
0.4

100
0.2

Nosc 0.0 Nosc

0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Blue, green and red:
as
g1 (Δz) = φ̂ † ( z )φ̂ ( z + Δz )
different values of parameter / N atoms
1.7 x 10-4
/ 4.5 x 105
(blue) a⊥
-3 4
1.7 x 10 / 4.5 x 10 (green)
1.7 x 10-2 / 4.5 x 103 (red)

- Entropy calculated from nk and ck , - Coherence drops quite suddenly

vanishes when state is pure
(See Campo-Parentani, PRD 72, 045015 (2005))
- Coincides with peak broadening
- Growth coincides with peak and maximum growth of entropy
broadening
 Nonlinear effects
SR, F. Michel and R. Parentani, arXiv:1802.00739 (2018)
Early-time observations:

• nonseparability is lost at well-defined time, and shortly thereafter the growth

rate diminishes

• these are associated with effective damping rates due to interactions

between phonons, which grow with the phonon occupation number

Late-time observations:

• growth saturates and peaks broaden, distinctive features are gradually

smoothed out

• (classical) coherence is lost for all two-mode phonon states (k,-k)

• condensate coherence is lost rather suddenly

Open questions / Work in progress:

• How to explain the observed damping rate?

• Is there a residual damping rate when the phonon number is small?